Uncooled Thermal Imaging Arrays, Systems, and Applications

Author(s): Paul W. Kruse

Published: 2001

PDF ISBN: 9780819480484 | Print ISBN: 9780819441225

DESCRIPTION

Be sure to take the SPIE online course Uncooled Thermal Imaging Detectors and Systems, with course instructor Charles Hanson. Click here to register.

This introduction to uncooled infrared focal plane arrays and their applications is aimed at professionals, students, and end users. Topics include principal uncooled thermal detection mechanisms; fundamental performance limits and theoretical performance; the state of the art; and applications, technical trends, and systems employing uncooled arrays.

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Front Matter

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CHAPTER 1.

An Overview of Uncooled Thermal Imaging Detection Mechanisms and Their Figures of Merit

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1.1 Terminology
1.2 Detection Mechanisms
1.2.1 Photon detection mechanisms
1.2.2 Thermal detection mechanisms
1.2.3 Wave interaction effects
1.3 Figures of Merit
1.3.1 Responsivity
1.3.2 Noise equivalent power and D*
1.3.3 Noise equivalent temperature difference
1.3.4 Minimum resolvable temperature difference
1.3.5 Thermal response time
References

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CHAPTER 2.

Fundamental Limits

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2.1 Introduction
2.2 Photon Noise Limitations of Thermal Detectors
2.3 Temperature Fluctuation Noise in Thermal Detectors
2.4 Temperature Fluctuation Noise Limit to Focal Plane Array Performance
2.5 Background Fluctuation Noise Limit to Focal Plane Array Performance
2.6 Discussion
References

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CHAPTER 3.

Thermoelectric Arrays

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3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Heat Flow Equation
3.3 Responsivity
3.4 Noise
3.5 D*
3.6 Noise Equivalent Temperature Difference
3.7 Pixel Design Optimization
References

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CHAPTER 4.

Resistive Bolometers

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4.1 Introduction
4.2 Responsivity
4.2.1 Case I: No Joulean heating; constant bias
4.2.2 Case II: Joulean heating; constant bias
4.2.3 Case III: Joulean heating; pulsed bias
4.3 Noise
4.4 Noise Equivalent Temperature Difference
4.5 Choice of Resistive Materials
4.5.1 Vanadium oxide
4.5.2 Amorphous silicon
4.5.3 Thermistor materials
4.5.4 Titanium
4.5.5 P-N junction diodes
References

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CHAPTER 5.

Pyroelectric Arrays

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5.1 Introduction
5.2 The Heat Flow Equation
5.3 Responsivity
5.4 Johnson Noise
5.5 Temperature Fluctuation Noise
5.6 Noise Equivalent Temperature Difference
References

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CHAPTER 6.

State of the Art and Technical Trends

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6.1 Introduction
6.2 Resistive Bolometer Arrays and Their Applications in Thermal Imagers and Imaging Radiometers
6.2.1 The Honeywell silicon microstructure resistive bolometer array and thermal imager
6.2.2 Improvements on the Honeywell VOx 240 × 332 pixel bolometer array
6.2.3 Use of amorphous silicon rather than vanadium oxide as the resistive material
6.2.4 Use of diodes rather than resistive materials
6.2.5 Thermal imagers employing uncooled VOx bolometer arrays
6.2.6 Imaging radiometers based on 320 × 240 pixel uncooled VOx bolometers
6.2.7 Summary
6.3 Pyroelectric and Ferroelectric Bolometer Uncooled Arrays and Thermal Imagers that Employ Them
6.3.1 Introduction
6.3.2 The Texas Instruments (now Raytheon) hybrid ferroelectric bolometer array and imagers
6.3.3 Monolithic pyroelectric array development
6.4 Uncooled Thermoelectric Arrays and Thermal Imagers and Imaging Radiometers that Employ Them
6.4.1 Introduction
6.4.2 Monolithic linear arrays
6.4.3 Imaging radiometer employing linear thermoelectric arrays
6.5 Status and Trends of Uncooled Arrays
6.5.1 Status and trends of uncooled arrays for military systems
6.5.2 Status and trends of commercial uncooled arrays and systems
References

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CHAPTER 7.

Choosing the Proper Technical Approach for a Given Application

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7.1 Introduction
7.2 Thermal Imaging Applications
7.3 Comparison of the Principal Types of Uncooled Thermal Detectors

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Back Matter

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Back Matter — Errata

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