Handbook of Medical Imaging, Volume 3. Display and PACS

Author(s): Yongmin Kim, Steven C. Horii M.D.

Published: 2000

PDF ISBN: 9780819481207 | Print ISBN: 9780819436238

DESCRIPTION

This volume describes concurrent engineering developments that affect or are expected to influence future development of digital diagnostic imaging. It also covers current developments in Picture Archiving and Communications System (PACS) technology, with particular emphasis on integration of emerging imaging technologies into the hospital environment.

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Front Matter

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CHAPTER 1.

Three-Dimensional Visualization: Principles and Approaches

Chapter Outline +

1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Scope
1.1.2 Background
1.1.3 Classification of 3D imaging operations
1.1.4 Terminology
1.1.5 Object characteristics in images
1.2 Preprocessing
1.2.1 Volume of interest (VOI)
1.2.2 Filtering
1.2.3 Interpolation
1.2.4 Registration
1.2.5 Segmentation
1.3 Visualization
1.3.1 Scene-based
1.3.2 Object-based
1.4 Manipulation
1.4.1 Rigid
1.4.2 Deformable
1.5 Analysis
1.5.1 Scene-based
1.5.2 Object-based
1.6 Sources of difficulty in 3D imaging
1.6.1 Validation: qualitative
1.6.2 Validation: quantitative
References

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CHAPTER 2.

Virtual Reality and Clinical Applications

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2.1 Virtual reality: definition and history
2.1.1 Introduction
2.1.2 Definition of virtual reality
2.1.3 Terminology
2.1.4 Some milestones of the history of virtual reality
2.2 Interaction and visualization—basic components of virtual reality in medicine—state of the art
2.2.1 Visualization
2.2.2 Interaction
2.3 Classification of virtual reality systems
2.3.1 Desktop virtual reality systems
2.3.2 Immersive systems
2.3.3 Augmented reality or enhanced reality
2.3.4 Distributed virtual reality systems
2.4 The technical components of virtual reality
2.4.1 Virtual reality display techniques
2.4.2 Position and orientation tracking
2.4.3 Interaction techniques with virtual environments
2.5 Applications of virtual reality in medicine
2.5.1 INVITOVR—an interactive visualization and image processing tool in virtual reality
2.5.2 INVITOVR as virtual reality tool in radiology
2.5.3 Virtual endoscopy systems
2.5.4 Virtual reality systems in surgery
2.5.5 Medical education and training
2.6 Conclusion
References

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CHAPTER 3.

Image-Guided Surgery

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3.1 Scope
3.2 History
3.2.1 Image-guided surgery
3.3 Imaging
3.3.1 X rays
3.3.2 Angiography
3.3.3 Stereoscopic radiography
3.3.4 3D imaging modalities
3.3.5 Conventional CT
3.3.6 MRI
3.3.7 MR angiography (MRA)
3.3.8 Ultrasound
3.4 Stereotactic frames
3.5 Computerized planning and guidance systems
3.5.1 Frame-based systems
3.5.2 Frameless systems
3.5.3 Patient-based registration systems
3.6 Tracking systems
3.6.1 Coordinate transformations
3.7 Multi-modality imaging
3.7.1 General
3.7.2 Video
3.7.3 Microscopes
3.7.4 Endoscopes
3.8 Functional imaging
3.8.1 fMRI
3.8.2 PET
3.8.3 MRSI
3.9 Tissue movement during image-guided procedures
3.9.1 Brain-shift measurement
3.9.2 Correction for intrasurgical brain shift
3.10 Display systems
3.10.1 Multiplanar
3.10.2 Three-dimensional
3.10.3 Stereoscopy
3.10.4 Virtual reality
3.10.5 Head-mounted displays
3.10.6 Haptic interfaces
3.10.7 Robotics
3.11 Minimally invasive techniques
3.11.1 General
3.11.2 Use of atlases
3.11.3 Lesioning devices
3.12 Interventional systems
3.12.1 MRI
3.12.2 Ultrasound
3.13 Non-neurological applications
3.13.1 Breast
3.13.2 Prostate
3.13.3 Spinal and orthopedic applications
3.14 Operating room environment
3.15 Future directions
References

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CHAPTER 4.

The Monochrome Cathode Ray Tube Display and Its Performance

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4.1 Introduction
4.2 Overview of construction and operation
4.2.1 The electron gun
4.2.2 Focusing and deflection
4.2.3 The phosphor screen
4.2.4 Flicker
4.2.5 Raster lines and raster modulation
4.2.6 The video signal
4.2.7 Analog and digital controls of CRT operation
4.2.8 Effect of ambient light
4.2.9 Limiting spatial resolution
4.2.10 The display controller
4.2.11 The human observer
4.3 Display system performance parameters
4.3.1 Parameters
4.3.2 Distortion
4.3.3 Maximum and minimum luminance
4.3.4 Luminance range
4.3.5 Luminance uniformity
4.3.6 Luminance transients and stability
4.3.7 Characteristic curve
4.3.8 Calibrated display function
4.3.9 Veiling glare and contrast
4.3.10 Spatial resolution and resolution uniformity
4.3.11 Raster modulation
4.3.12 Spatial noise
4.4 Measuring performance parameters in a test laboratory
4.4.1 Tools to generate, display, and evaluate test patterns
4.4.2 Evaluation
4.5 Examples of measured performance parameters and discussion
4.5.1 Characteristic curves
4.5.2 Distortion
4.5.3 Luminance uniformity
4.5.4 Calibration
4.5.5 Measurement of veiling glare
4.5.6 Pixel-emitted intensity
4.5.7 Spatial resolution, modulation transfer function
4.5.8 Raster modulation
4.5.9 Spatial noise
4.6 Conclusion
4.7 Acknowledgements
References

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CHAPTER 5.

JPEG Compression in Medical Imaging

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5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 The role of compression in medical imaging systems
5.1.2 Types of image compression
5.1.3 The importance of compression standards
5.1.4 DICOM and image compression
5.2 Basic components of a compression system
5.2.1 Transformation
5.2.2 Quantization
5.2.3 Source modeling/encoding
5.3 Lossless JPEG
5.3.1 Transformation
5.3.2 Source modeling/encoding
5.4 Lossless/near-lossless JPEG-LS
5.4.1 Transformation
5.4.2 Source modeling/encoding
5.4.3 Near-lossless mode
5.5 Performance of lossless JPEG and JPEG-LS
5.5.1 Compression ratio results for lossless methods
5.5.2 Compression ratio/quality results for near-lossless method
5.6 Lossy JPEG
5.6.1 Transformation
5.6.2 Quantization
5.6.3 Source modeling/encoding
5.7 JPEG 2000
5.7.1 Background
5.7.2 Transformation
5.7.3 Quantization
5.7.4 Source modeling/encoding
5.8 Comparison of current JPEG and JPEG 2000
5.8.1 Compression ratio results for lossless methods
5.8.2 Compression ratio/quality results for lossy methods
References

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CHAPTER 6.

Extended-Field-of-View Ultrasound Imaging

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6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 History of ultrasound imaging
6.1.2 Sound interactions in the body
6.1.3 Image quality
6.1.4 How is the image made?
6.1.5 Imaging limitations and artifacts
6.2 Motivation
6.3 The generalized programmable image processor
6.4 Extended field of view imaging
6.4.1 Image registration
6.4.2 XFOV computation stages
6.4.3 XFOV display modes
6.5 Clinical applications
6.6 Summary
References

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CHAPTER 7.

Telemedicine

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7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Assessment of quality and effectiveness
7.2 Enabling technologies
7.2.1 Digital communications
7.2.2 Digital imaging, video and audio
7.2.3 Compression
7.2.4 Electronic medical records
7.2.5 Security
7.3 Past and present applications
7.3.1 Teleradiology
7.3.2 Telemedicine in correctional facilities
7.3.3 Distance learning for medical education
7.3.4 Discussion
7.4 Future applications
7.4.1 Home monitoring
7.4.2 Telesurgery
7.4.3 Battlefield telemedicine
7.5 Conclusion
7.6 Further reading
7.6.1 Books
7.6.2 Journals
7.6.3 Conference proceedings
7.6.4 Web sites
References

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CHAPTER 8.

Chapter on Enabling Technologies: Communications

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8.1 Introduction
8.2 The open systems interconnection (OSI) model
8.3 The Internet suite of protocols
8.3.1 Transmission control protocol (TCP)
8.3.2 Network connection types
8.3.3 WAN digital switching
8.3.4 Circuit switching
8.3.5 Local area networks
8.3.6 MAC protocols
8.3.7 Local area network implementations
8.3.8 100-Mbps fast Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)
8.3.9 LAN switching (below IP layer, the OSI data link layer)
8.3.10 Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)
8.4 Physical layer considerations
8.4.1 Synchronous, asynchronous, and isochronous transmission
8.4.2 Multiplexing
8.5 Remote manageability
8.6 Putting it all together—a PACS network
References

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CHAPTER 9.

Storage and Database

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9.1 Introduction
9.2 Storage requirements and concepts
9.2.1 Storage concepts
9.2.2 Storage media
9.3 Archive design, architecture, and database
9.3.1 Automation and the layered storage model
9.3.2 Archive architecture options
9.3.3 Other considerations
9.4 Archive technologies
9.4.1 Film
9.4.2 Optical technologies
9.4.3 Magnetic tape
9.4.4 Archive costs
9.5 Archive considerations
9.5.1 Archive availability
9.6 Conclusion

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CHAPTER 10.

Displays

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10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 The difficult task of the display device
10.1.2 The resolution question
10.2 Display technologies
10.2.1 Present and near-term display devices
10.2.2 Frame buffers and A to D converters
10.3 Displays to workstations
10.3.1 Workstation uses
10.3.2 Radiology workstation functions and operations
10.3.3 User interface
10.4 Quality assurance for workstations
10.4.1 Display device setup and adjustment: qualitative and quantitative aspects
10.4.2 Standardization of image display via the Grayscale Standard Display Function and the Softcopy Presentation State Storage DICOM standards
10.4.3 Image quality of the display system
10.5 Workstation environments
10.5.1 Ergonomic considerations of the workstation environment
10.5.2 Suggestions for reading rooms for workstations
10.6 Conclusions
References

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CHAPTER 11.

Systems Integration

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11.1 Introduction
11.2 Approaching integrated systems: what the user needs to know
11.2.1 Domain boundaries
11.2.2 Modalities, where do they fit?
11.2.3 Examples of connectivity in a digital radiology environment
11.2.4 Options for connectivity
11.2.5 Testing the connectivity options
11.2.6 Administration of the PACS
11.3 Automation and systems integration
11.3.1 Terms and acronyms
11.3.2 Processes in radiology: How many people and systems are needed to support the work of the radiologist?
11.3.3 A workflow-centered view on radiology
11.3.4 Process integration in digital departments: Where do we stand today?
11.3.5 A view on radiological processes: generic activities in a typical department
11.3.6 Process automation (workflow management)
11.3.7 Looking to the future: architectures for workflow management (WfM) in radiology
11.3.8 Proposed workflow interfaces and workflow-enabled application systems
11.4 Conclusion
References

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CHAPTER 12.

PACS Acquisition Issues

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12.1 Introduction
12.2 The acquisition process
12.2.1 The project team
12.2.2 Implementation strategy
12.2.3 Economic analysis
12.2.4 The specification
12.2.5 Product selection
12.2.6 Acceptance testing
12.3 Product requirements
12.3.1 Standards
12.3.2 Architecture
12.3.3 Performance
12.3.4 Data security
12.3.5 System components
12.3.6 Failure strategies
12.4 Conclusions
References

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CHAPTER 13.

Evaluation of PACS: Clinically Driven Methods

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13.1 Introduction
13.2 Operational parameters
13.3 Technical parameters
13.4 Educational parameters
13.5 Outcome studies
13.6 Conclusion
References

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Back Matter

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Back Matter — Errata

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