This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 13446, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, and Conference Committee information.

To further enhance the photoelectric performance and conversion efficiency of monocrystalline silicon PERC solar cells, it is necessary to optimize the back surface process. This paper studies the polishing, passivation coating, and grooving processes on the back surface of monocrystalline silicon PERC solar cells. Through experimental comparison, alkaline polishing was chosen as the polishing method, resulting in a 4.7% increase in cell efficiency, a 0.35 A increase in short-circuit current, and a significant 19.1 mV increase in open-circuit voltage (Voc). For the coating equipment, N devices with uniform film formation, good passivation effect, low fragmentation rate, and less dust were selected. In terms of the SiNx film thickness process, a thickness of 150 nm was adopted for optimization. The experiment found that as the film thickness increases, the open-circuit voltage (Voc) also increases. However, the change in electrical performance forms a barrier layer between the paste and the silicon substrate, reducing the contact area between the paste and the substrate and increasing the series resistance (Rs). Comparing the back surface grooving experimental data, it was found that the Dot pattern had the best effect at the same aperture width.

This paper study the propagation characteristics of single and double vortex beams in the turbulent atmosphere, and firstly, the light intensity distribution and the evolution of the optical axis scintillation factor during the propagation of beams with different topological loads in the turbulent atmosphere are investigated. The results show that the propagation stability of vortex light is better than that of Gaussian beam during turbulent atmospheric propagation, and double-vortex beam is more stable than that of single-vortex beam and the absolute value of the difference in topological charge is larger. This may mean that in practical applications, the performance of the double-vortex beam can be optimized by selecting the appropriate topological load to provide better transmission stability in strong turbulent atmospheres.

The active precision guided weapons in various countries around the world consider optoelectronic signals as key data, mainly using visible light, near-infrared, 3-5μm, and 8-12μm bands; This article provides an explanation of the preparation method and performance testing of a new type of passive interference smoke screen material in optoelectronic countermeasures. Octahedral Cu₂O nano-powders were successfully synthesized at room temperature and constant pressure, by typical ordinary chemical co-precipitation and reduction synthesis processes etc., starting from different reductants. Different impacts of the selected reductants to the chemical-physical properties of the products were compared and screened. X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy and BET specific surface area test were subsequently applied to comprehensively and accurately characterize the crystal structure and morphology of the Cu₂O particles prepared. Concluded from the testing and characterization, the crystal morphology of the Cu₂O particles could be stably controlled, and the particle size of the produced powders distributed evenly, as ascorbic acid was used as reduction reagent. It also indicated that the obtained octahedral Cu₂O powders from ascorbic acid, have huge number of crinkle topography on their crystal surface, which make the powder possess high specific surface area, and this is also very important for light adsorption. Subsequently, the light absorption and photo-electric shield capabilities of the produced powders were checked in as smoke testing box. The experiment indicated that, for the powders reduced by ascorbic acid, the transmittance to visible light was 0.9%, to 3-5μm infrared smoke screen was 0.86% and 8-12μm infrared light 0.89%. The extinction coefficient of the visible light of the shielding smog, formed by the powders from ascorbic acid was 1.5 to visible light, 2.1 to 3-5μm infrared light, 1.6 to 8-12μm light, means the smog possesses stronger shielding abilities in a wide range of wavelengths.

Series concentration of Eu²⁺ doped Sr₂SiO₄ were synthesized by traditional high temperature solid method. The phase and luminescence properties of the phosphors were characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and fluorescence spectrophotometer. The analysis results show that the XRD patterns of phosphors were consistent with Sr₂SiO₄ standard card PDF No.39-1256, illustrated no impurity phase was generated. The luminescence intensity of the phosphors increases first and then decrease with increasing of concentration (molar fraction) of Eu²⁺, when the Eu²⁺ doped concentration is 4%, the luminescence intensity of phosphors is the strongest. The quenching mechanism of phosphors is further studied, the analysis results showed that the quenching mechanism is electric dipole-electric dipole interaction. With increasing of ventilation rate, the luminescence color of the phosphors gradually transitions from blue-green to yellow.

The study on the properties of barium carbonate in different crystal systems is play an important role for the evolution of electronic products requiring miniaturization and high performance. Here, the electrical and optical properties of BaTiO₃ crystal structures with three space groups (Pm3m, P4mm, and P4/mmm) were systematically studied using the first-principles method. The structural are confirmed to be stable by the Born criterion The evolution energy band structures under HSE06 functional were more consistent with other theoretical and experimental results compared to the PBE functional. The band gaps of BaTiO3 for Pm3m, P4mm, and P4/mmm space groups up to 3.42, 3.24, and 3.26 eV and exhibit indirect semiconductor behavior. The optical parameters show that the light absorption rate and loss function of all three BaTiO₃ were almost zero in the lower energy range. However, the tetragonal phase BaTiO₃ with P4/mmm space group has a lower light reflection rate and higher light refractive index compared to the tetragonal phase BaTiO₃ with P4/mmm and the cubic phase BaTiO₃ with Pm3m space group, indicating its potential application value in electro-optic modulation.

As intelligent sensing technology advances in areas like smart morphing aircraft, precision medicine, and continuum robots, reconstruction accuracy in optical fiber shape sensing becomes increasingly important. This paper presents a shape reconstruction algorithm combining the Bishop frame with the Runge-Kutta method. The Runge-Kutta method significantly improves complex curve reconstruction accuracy. Experiments show that with a 5 mm sampling interval, the algorithm's error is 11.26 mm (1.13% of the total length). Compared to the Euler method, accuracy improves by 37%. In addition, this paper further validates the general applicability of the algorithm through simulations of cylindrical and conical helical curves. The algorithm effectively reduces error accumulation, especially with sparse sampling. This research supports the advancement of optical fiber shape sensing and highlights broad application potential.

Twisted interface structure of two-dimensional materials offers nearly limitless platforms for the design of novel metamaterials. The natures of these twisted systems depend strongly on the twisted angle between adjacent layers. Due to the intriguing optical and electronic properties observed in twisted graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides, this field has attracted increased attention. Here, we employ conductive atomic force microscopy (CAFM) to investigate the vertical conductivity of small twisted bilayer MoS₂ (ST-MoS₂). We find that different atomic configurations exhibit distinct vertical conductivities, and it exhibits uniform conductivity within the domains, providing insights into the design and optimization of its optical and electronic natures.

This paper proposes a scalable and highly flexible distributed optical switching network system based on a V-coupled cavity tunable laser and a cyclic array waveguide grating router. The bandwidth utilization and queuing delay of the network are greatly optimized by using wavelength resource scheduling algorithm.

The study investigates the acoustic vibration coupling in a Gold-PVP-Gold nanostructure at low temperature (78K) using a femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy. The experimental results reveal that, compared to room temperature (294K), both the coupling strength (g) and the spring constant (α) of the spacer layer (Polyvinylpyrrolidone, PVP-40K) exhibit an increase of approximately 10% at 78K, indicating a temperature effect on vibration coupling. We also derived a theoretical formula that accurately describes the variation of coupling peaks with temperature, aligning well with the experimental data. This research provides valuable insights into the phonon transfer processes in nanomaterials at low temperatures.

As the multi-user wireless communications in Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) scenarios are increasingly demanded, conventional visible light communication (VLC) solutions suffer from the problems such as the inter-cell crosstalk and the latency when switching the cells. The introduction of reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) supplies new approach of reconfigurable optical cells based on digital holography. This paper proposes the prototype model of the holography-based multi-user VLC system. The computer-generated holograms (CGH) generation quality is analyzed, and the lens system to adjust the positions and the sizes of the generated cells is designed. The feasibility of the system is verified by simulation, which shows that the method can support 5 users data transmission.

A simulation study on thermal analysis of laser gain medium was reported for resonant pump lasers. On the basis of analyzing the main sources of heat in the gain medium and the essence of reducing quantum losses through resonant pumping mechanism, this study considers the thermal conduction model of laser gain medium and proposes a simulation method for the internal thermal distribution of laser gain medium under resonant pumping mechanism, and compares it with traditional pumping mechanism. The simulation results show that using resonant pumping mechanism and appropriately increasing the pump spot can effectively reduce the thermal effect of the laser, which plays an important role in improving the conversion efficiency and beam quality of the laser. This simulation study is applicable to quasi continuous, Q-switched lasers pumped by semiconductor laser end faces.

This paper undertakes a systematic classification of laser warning technology. Based on this classification, the operational principles of diverse laser warning devices, along with their merits and demerits, are discussed. Focusing specifically on the technical challenges encountered in this field, the paper combs through the emerging technologies and provides an insightful analysis of the evolutionary path and anticipated trends in laser warning technology.

Aiming at glare and driving safety caused by unreasonable adjustment of backlight brightness of electronic rearview mirrors under different lighting conditions, a fuzzy PID based electronic rearview mirrors brightness adjustment system is designed in this paper. The system monitors the illumination of the front and rear of the car in real time through the ambient light sensor. The fuzzy PID controller is used to dynamically adjust the backlight brightness of the electronic rearview mirrors according to the ambient light changes, which can help to ensure that the driver gets the best visual experience under different lighting conditions. The experimental results show that the proposed fuzzy PID dimming system has good performance, and can effectively adapt to different ambient light intensities to improve driving safety and comfort.

A porous nanoparticle film composed of Cd_0.5Zn_0.5S and TiO₂ was constructed on Ti plate using screen printing technology. Based on this, the photocatalytic activity of the film for the degradation of methyl orange in a simulated flow bed was investigated. The results showed that the prepared photocatalytic system exhibited high photocatalytic activity for the degradation of methyl orange in water. Additionally, it demonstrated good flexibility and mechanical stability, was easy to recover, and could be used on various carriers with complex shapes. This suggests that the system has promising application prospects in large-scale organic wastewater treatment in the future.

This study explores the scattering characteristics of linearly polarized supercontinuum light when interacting with target objects, focusing on how changes in the polarization state relate to the surface structure of the objects. Polarization detection significantly enhances the ability to detect and identify targets, making it a vital area of research both domestically and internationally. In the classification of detection light sources, existing infrared polarization detection technologies are primarily divided into hyperspectral polarization detection techniques utilizing halogen lamps and single-wavelength polarization laser detection techniques. In contrast, employing infrared polarization supercontinuum lasers for direct target detection offers advantages such as superior beam quality and a broad detection wavelength range. We establish a measurement system to assess the polarization extinction ratio (PER) of near-infrared supercontinuum light and conduct experiments to evaluate the PER of the backscattered light from targets with varying surface roughness at different observation angles. The results reveal that increased surface roughness corresponds to a lower PER of the backscattered light and a higher degree of depolarization. Moreover, the PER initially increases and subsequently decreases with increasing angle of incidence, with the angle at which the PER reaches its maximum showing a correlation with the target's surface roughness. By investigating the interplay between surface roughness and observation angles on near-infrared PER, this study demonstrates the potential for effective target detection and identification.

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the development, working principles, and catalyst evaluation parameters in the realm of electrochemical water electrolysis, with a primary focus on the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER). The discussion encompasses the historical perspective, reaction mechanisms, and fundamental principles underlying water electrolysis, with a strong emphasis on the pivotal role of electrocatalysts in driving efficient hydrogen production. Furthermore, this paper delves into a specific study that involves the fabrication of 3D hierarchical NiFeP/CoP nano-arrays on conductive carbon cloth. This innovative catalyst architecture, realized through a combination of hydrothermal methods and phosphating treatments, showcases remarkable performance in the Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) electrocatalysis. The hierarchical structure of this catalyst maximizes the electrochemically active area, exposing a higher number of active sites and facilitating efficient reaction kinetics. The catalytic performance of NiFeP/CoP/CC is distinguished by its low overpotentials, a small Tafel slope, and exceptional stability over prolonged durations. This promising performance positions it as a potential substitute for precious metal catalysts in the pursuit of sustainable energy conversion. In essence, this research significantly contributes to the ongoing endeavor to discover cost-effective, resource-efficient, and highly active electrocatalysts. It marks a notable step forward in the journey towards achieving green energy transformation, aligning with the imperative for sustainable and environmentally friendly energy solutions.

Characteristics and application of functional continuous conductive fibers (CCF) are studied. CCF was fabricated using a spinning coating strategy, in which the conductive fiber in the core layer was tightly encapsulated by triboelectric materials with the help of staple fibers to effectively address interfacial compatibility issues. Importantly, the CCFs have the potential to act as self-powered wearable sensors for wearable sensing applications, including tracking hand movements or functioning as a compact textile keyboard. They could be made into CCF-TENG energy fabric for harvesting energy from human motions based on their flexible and weavable characteristics, which provides a new sight for further wearable e-textiles.

Currently, traditional tumor treatments have their own damaging and side effects, so new treatment methods have attracted much attention. Among them, "phototherapy", as an emerging treatment modality, has attracted a lot of attention because of its less traumatic and more targeted characteristics. This paper reviews the research progress of nanoenzymes in tumor phototherapy. Based on the introduction of photothermal therapy and photodynamic therapy, the performance of traditional phototherapy nanomaterials is discussed, and the challenges that still exist in current tumor phototherapy are pointed out. Subsequently, the current research status of nanoenzymes in tumor photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, and the combination of the two is further introduced, demonstrating their potential as an important tool for future tumor therapy. The introduction of nanoenzymes is expected to improve the shortcomings of traditional phototherapy and achieve better therapeutic effects. It is believed that there will be more in-depth research and application in this field in the future, which will bring new hope for tumor treatment.

Based on the principle of minimum potential energy combined with the modified Hellinger-Reissner (H-R) variational principle, one kind of noncompatible symplectic isoparametric equation can be established that includes displacement and out-of-plane stress variables. And it can be easily extended to engineering materials containing multi-physics fields or related smart structures. The method shows better numerical performance than similar compatible element by introducing the noncompatible shape function of the displacement variable for discretisation. Since the control equation contains only two types of variables, displacement and out-plane stress, the space occupied by linear equations is less than that of the mixed method. Numerical examples show that the method with generalized displacement and generalized out-of-plane stress variables gives high accuracy and fast convergence of the force and current results obtained in this paper.

In order to explore the relationship between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level of hole transport materials (HTM) and the performance of organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs), nine HTMs based on the triphenylamine framework were studied. It is determined through experimental and simulation methods that the device performance is optimized when the HOMO energy level is within the range of -5.40 eV to -5.45 eV. The impedance characteristics of OLEDs also verify that with the increase in the HOMO energy level, the hole injection mechanism gradually shifts from tunneling injection to thermionic emission injection. This study serves as a valuable reference and inspiration for optimizing material matching in OLEDs, thus contributing to the further development of OLED technology.

The ultrasonic grating method, known for its advantages of requiring a small amount of liquid and high measurement accuracy, is commonly used for detecting the physical properties of transparent liquids. However, this method often results in significant measurement errors for alcohol-based associated liquids, such as ethanol, which are sensitive to temperature changes due to variations in the detection environment. To address this issue, this paper proposes a new method: temperature controllable ultrasonic grating method. This method can prevent the evaporation of alcohol and, by using the controlled variable method, investigates the relationship between sound speed and temperature, thereby deriving the relationship between elastic modulus and temperature. Experimental results show that the sound speed and elastic modulus of 23%-41% alcohol solutions decrease monotonically in the temperature range of 10°C-40°C, with reductions of approximately 160 m/s and 20 MPa, respectively. This study reflects the properties of alcohol-based associated solutions, represented by ethanol, and has certain guiding significance for medical ultrasound imaging and hydrodynamic modeling.

3D printing technology is widely used in industry due to its numerous advantages. These include material savings, short manufacturing cycles, and a high degree of manufacturing freedom. Fiber-reinforced composite materials are ideal for producing high-precision parts because they are lightweight, strong, and highly resistant to wear and corrosion. By using 3D printing to create fiber-reinforced composites, the limitations of traditional manufacturing processes can be overcome. This method speeds up the manufacturing process and allows for free design of the material's internal structure. Currently, this technology shows great potential in aerospace. This article introduces the matrix and reinforcement materials of continuous fiber-reinforced composite materials, along with their design and synthesis methods. It also explains the principles behind these materials. Additionally, the article summarizes their application status and prospects in satellite antennas. It highlights the significance of this technology for on-orbit manufacturing and discusses the future development trends and potential challenges.

The application of Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) in international aviation has evolved from its initial focus on monitoring aircraft structural loads to encompassing damage detection, localization, and structural lifespan prediction. Traditional systems face challenges such as complex cable arrangements and limitations imposed by battery life and replacement difficulties. In response, this study explores a novel approach using vibration energy harvesting (VEH) to power helicopter SHM systems. By leveraging piezoelectric materials and VEH technology, we designed a miniature vibration energy harvester based on the key piezoelectric material Pb(Mg₁/₃Nb₂/₃)O₃-PbTiO₃ (PMN-PT). Finite element simulations and experimental validations demonstrate stable performance of the system under varying temperatures and accelerations, showcasing its potential reliability in practical applications. This research not only contributes technical insights for the development of Helicopter Health and Usage Monitoring Systems (HUMS) but also underscores the significant potential of vibration energy harvesting technology in enhancing energy sustainability.

Polycarbonate materials display excellent transparency, comparable to glass, while also boasting impressive mechanical properties, including high flexural strength and stiffness. Consequently, polycarbonate serves as a vital substitute for metals and glass, with wide-ranging applications across various fields. However, polycarbonate materials also face challenges, such as stress cracking, frequently leading to performance failures in practical applications, so necessary measures need to be taken to address these issues. Against this background, this paper utilizes finite element analysis (FEA) to perform a mechanical analysis of polycarbonate structural components, aiming to identify fracture points and optimize structural design.The results indicate that this method effectively analyzes stress distribution in polycarbonate structural components and identifies stress-cracking locations. Employing this method, the design of an LED light shell is optimized, leading to a significant improvement in its mechanical properties and the elimination of stress cracking issues. With continuous technological advancements, the performance of polycarbonate materials is expected to further improve, broadening their application potential.

Acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive (APSA) has the characteristics of good wetting, easy drying, and simple synthesis. In this experiment, butyl acrylate, isooctyl acrylate, isooctyl methacrylate, methyl methacrylate, and acrylic acid were used as polymerization monomers, and a metal crosslinking agent, ammonium zirconium carbonate (AZC), was introduced to crosslink with acrylic ester copolymers to prepare AZC modified waterborne APSA. It was characterized and analyzed using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and other methods, and the effect of AZC addition on APSA performance was studied.

At present, there are many methods of non-destructive detection, but due to the characteristics of material characteristics and detection accuracy, the traditional testing method has its limitations, resulting in insufficient test results. In recent years, with the continuous deepening of photoelectric technology, Terahertz has gradually entered people's vision. As an electromagnetic wave, Terahertz contains a lot of physical and chemical information. According to the characteristics of Terahertz wave recognition ability and good penetration ability, nearby, nearby, recent In the past ten years, it has been widely used in nondestructive testing in various fields. This article first introduces the traditional detection method of composite materials; secondly introduces the principle of Terahertz testing; then, the research on the nondestructive testing application of Terahertz; The analysis of some problems currently existing in this technology, and looking forward to its future research direction and application prospects. Compared with traditional nondestructive testing technology, Terahertz technology has more accurate detection accuracy and can be suitable for multiple types of composite materials. However, the current limit is that the detection process is not enough. There is more in-depth research.

Due to the phase transition characteristics of VO₂, VO₂ materials have great application prospects in the field of photodetector and protection. We use optical simulation software to analyze and study the transmittance of VO₂ in the mid-infrared band at different wavelengths and different material thickens, and establish the best protective effect of VO₂ composite film model. Then the relevant photoelectric properties and protection functions are verified through the platform experiment operation, which is helpful for the design and guidance of subsequent relevant studies.

In the study, a terahertz metamaterial absorber with an asymmetric dual U-shaped structure on top of a polyimide dielectric spacer is proposed. The calculated simulation results indicated that the structure provides an absorption peaks over 90% at the peak frequency. By adjusting the length of one of the two-parallel U-shaped metal strip, the structure can provide a wide tuning range in 0.95 THz. Geometrical parameter analysis has been carried out to justify the similarity of the results of adjusting each metal strip. Furthermore, the tuning range can reach 2.06 THz by equivalently adjusting the length of the two sides, and the absorption rate of each peak frequency point is higher than 90%. The study of this dual asymmetric U-shaped structure will have applications in filtering, detection and terahertz tunability.

Two-dimensional monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides have attracted a lot of attention owing to their excellent physical properties. The significant polarization field induced by external strain within two-dimensional piezoelectric semiconductor materials can effectively regulate the properties of the materials. In this article, the edge-state of MoS₂/WS₂ lateral heteroribbon has been theoretically investigated by three-orbital tight-binding model. And the piezotronic effect on the edge state is also studied. The external in-plane stress can induce a metallic-to-semiconducting phase transition. This study offers an effective way to module the electric properties of lateral heterostructure.

Ionic Polymer Metal Composites (IPMCs) are advanced composites, where a conductive metal is deposited on an ion-exchange membrane, enabling actuation akin to muscle movement in bionic systems. The choice of ion-exchange membrane as the matrix significantly influences IPMC performance. This study compares two types of membranes in IPMC fabrication, assessing their displacement and deformation characteristics. The analysis shows an elliptic parabolic surface deformation for both. However, IPMCs fabricated with nafion117 exhibit enhanced stability in actuation, outperforming the alternative in displacement and current response.

This paper presents the design of a low-scattering material based on two-dimensional zero-backtracking method. Building upon the direction-backtracking characteristics of the traditional Van Atta array, the proposed material structure modifies the topology of the transmission lines to achieve phase inversion between adjacent antenna elements, resulting in phase cancellation of the reflected echoes and thereby reducing the backward RCS of the structure. Simulation results and testing in a microwave anechoic chamber demonstrate that, compared to a metal plate of the same size, the Structured material achieves approximately 10 dB reduction in RCS across most angles, with a peak reduction of up to 20 dB at the RCS null position, effectively decreasing RCS for two-dimensional incident waves, reflecting excellent low-scattering characteristic.

High-voltage cable laying volume increases year by year is the inevitable trend brought about by the development. The insulation performance of the cable insulation layer reacts to whether the cable meets the standard, so the testing of the insulation layer material has an important significance on the safe and stable operation of the cable. This paper first introduces the structure of the cable and the main analysis methods of the insulation layer, focusing on the spectral method. Secondly, this paper summarizes the system structure of infrared spectroscopy in the application of cable insulation layer and the current level of technology. Finally, this paper describes the main problems of the current application of infrared spectroscopy in the cable insulation layer. In summary, infrared spectroscopy has a broad application prospect in cable insulation detection.

Luminescent solar concentrators are very attractive due to their potential application in Building-integrated photovoltaics. In this work, the CaF₂: Tb³⁺ nanoparticles chosen as the luminescent center in transparent substrate of luminescent solar concentrators. The PMMA chosen as the optical waveguide of luminescent solar concentrators. A series of CaF₂: Tb³⁺ nanoparticles with different Tb³⁺ doping concentrations and CaF₂: Tb³⁺ / PMMA optical waveguides with different CaF₂: Tb³⁺ nanoparticles doping concentrations were prepared, and identified by X-ray powder diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscope, the relationship between emission intensity and irradiation time, thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry, UV - vis excitation spectra, emission spectra, decay dynamics and and photoluminescence quantum efficiency. The obtained nanoparticles are uniform and mono-disperse. The CaF₂: Tb³⁺/PMMA optical waveguides are transparent under sunlight. The photoluminescence properties fluorescence dynamics have been investigated. The results indicate that CaF₂: Tb³⁺/PMMA optical waveguides emit characteristic green light of Tb³⁺ ions, the lifetimes are longer and photoluminescence, thermal and chemical stability are relatively high, which are very suitable for luminescent solar concentrators.

Here, CuO/InBO₃ nanocomposites were synthesized in one step using the sol-gel method. UV diffuse reflectance (DRS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize the CuO/InBO₃ nanocomposites. The results showed that CuO/InBO₃ nanocomposites were successfully prepared and their ability to absorb light was significantly enhanced with respect to InBO₃. Experiments on photo-oxidation of tetracycline (TC) were performed under simulated sunlight illumination. The kinetic constant of the photo-oxidation of TC by CuO/InBO₃ was 0.0150 min^-1 , which was enhanced by a factor of 4.7 with respect to the intrinsic InBO₃. Finally, the mechanism of photooxidation of TC is proposed by free radical quenching experiments, in which the hydroxyl radical plays the most important role.

With the rapid integration of sports technology and material synthesis technology, a large number of new polymer materials with excellent performance have been applied to sports equipment. Although these new materials make sports equipment functional, lightweight and stable, the problem of poor wear resistance of sports equipment has not been solved. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄), due to its stable molecular structure and excellent photocatalytic properties, has been successfully applied in the fields of antibiotic degradation, imaging, drug delivery and optoelectronic devices in the past decade. This article, from the view of wear resistance, reviews the application of g-C₃N₄ as an additive to reinforce lubricants, coatings/films and polymer materials. The structure, stability, preparation, modification, application and the wear-resisting mechanism are focused on in this paper. This paper proposes the prospect of g-C₃N₄ application in sports equipment and the possible problems.

The article presents the industrialization status of AlGaAs Light Emitting Diode (AlGaAs-LED) Thin-Film Reflect substrate (RS) series of chip products. By adopting many advanced technologies and quality control techniques, the epitaxial slices and chips of Infrared RS-LED produced by industrialization have good performance and reliability. In epitaxial layer with MQW InGaAs, increasing opposed stress between the barrier layer AlGaAsP and MQW InGaAs to restrain the defect producing in active layer to improve the light efficiency. The Infrared RS-LED chips have the high-current and current spreading characteristics by using key processing technologies including Low-temperature Ag Omni directional reflector (ODR), substrate transfer, Low-melting metallic bonding, and lead to a large rise in brightness. Based on the characteristics of production technique, the article has analyzed the key process, the quality control point and key parameter in industrialization process, proposed the effective produced process quality control method and put it into practice.

The enhancement of electromagnetic fields remains a primary focus of research in electromagnetic materials, with wideranging applications in industries such as wireless communications and radar systems. However, high-magnification devices often involve complex manufacturing processes and oversized dimensions, which impede their seamless integration into compact systems. We successfully fabricated an EMNZ medium using a T-shaped Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) and the principle of dielectric doping, and based on this, proposed a field enhancement device with frequency selectivity. Through theoretical examination and full-wave electromagnetic simulations, we have verified the device's ability to accurately amplify the incoming magnetic field at two specific frequency points, with substantial amplification factors reaching 105 and 76 times, respectively. This device is characterized by low loss, high power capacity, ease of integration, and has broad application prospects.

Lead(II) and arsenic(III) in water samples were simultaneously detected with a nano-coral gold (NCG)-coated graphite pencil electrode (GPE) employing square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). The nano-coral structure significantly enhances the electrode's range of surface active sites, resulting in a remarkable improvement in sensitivity. The electrode shows a linear responses toward Pb(II) and As(III) in the ranges of 5-200 μg.L^-1 for As(III) and 10-60 μg.L^-1 for Pb(II), with quantification limits of 5 μg.L^-1 for both Pb(II) and As(III), which are below 10 μg.L^-1.

The increase of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentration will increase the cholesterol content in blood, which will pose a serious threat to vascular health and lead to a series of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) with high mortality. In this study, a two-dimensional titanium carbide@hemin nanoenzyme (MXene@Hemin) with good peroxidase activity was prepared, and its enzymatic activity was verified. Then, the sandwich colorimetric aptamer sensor of LDLApt/LDL/MXene@Hemin-LDL_Apt was constructed and applied to the detection of actual human serum. Under optimal experimental conditions, the colorimetric aptamer sensor showed a good linear relationship with LDL concentration from 0.5 to 80.0 μg/mL with a minimum detection limit(LOD) of 0.277 μg/mL. In the detection of LDL concentration in actual serum samples, the relative standard deviation (RSD) and relative error (SD) of the sensor are 0.641%~6.717% and 0.428%~3.205%, respectively. It has good sensitivity and specificity, and provides a simple and sensitive means for the prevention and evaluation of cardiovascular diseases.

To improve the precision of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for detecting Sr in solutions, the study employs nanoparticle-enhanced laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (NELIBS) technique. Nanogold particles (Au NPs) are introduced into the test solution, and their impact on the LIBS is analyzed. The study investigates the influence of Au NPs on various parameters such as spectral intensity, plasma electron temperature, electron density, etc. The results indicated that by incorporating gold nanoparticles, the enhancement factor reached 10 at low concentrations and 2.5 at higher concentrations, thereby improving the spectral signal intensity of Sr elements. The coefficient of determination (R²) of the calibration curve improved from 0.925 to 0.963. The spectral intensity's RSD underwent a notable reduction, shifting from 40.808% to 17.394%, and the root mean square error (RMSEP) of the predicted concentration improved, falling from 7.859 to 4.082. Therefore, NELIBS improves the accuracy of R² of the calibration curve and the quantitative analysis results. Support vector regression (SVR) is employed for the quantitative analysis of Sr element content in NELIBS samples, yielding an R² of 0.984 and RMSEP of 3.949. Compared to the external standard method, the relative error between the predicted concentration and the true concentration of the samples is reduced under SVR.

Based on measuring principle of surface acoustic wave(saw) technology, the paper introduces saw delay line and SAW-RFID sensor associated with demand for multiple parameter measurement. Presents single chip structure based saw delay line for multiple parameter test and further with focus on discussing interpretation method of time series obtained from transformation of reflection coefficient of sweeping frequency measures. Sweeping bandwidth and FFT data length are discussed as crucial for obtaining clear reflection peaks on time domain plots. Finally, experienced specification which suggests designing single SAW substrate is presented.

Aiming at the time-of-flight (ToF)-based laser ranging technology which is susceptible to high-frequency interference pulses, this study proposes an anti-interference laser ranging system based on chaotic time delay. The system adopts a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) and superimposes a random time delay based on Lorenz chaotic system on the periodic pulse signal, which effectively circumvents the continuous interference generated by interference pulses to the ranging system. In the experimental part, we set the repetition frequency of the chaotic time-delayed pulse signal to 50 kHz and the pulse width to 10 ns. The periodic interference pulses were tested in the range of 200 kHz to 300 kHz with a test interval of 10 kHz. 1000 measurements were taken under each experimental condition to count the probability of success in ranging. The experimental results show that the probability of success reaches 99.89% on average under the interference of periodic pulses from 200kHz to 300kHz. This result proves that the proposed anti-jamming laser ranging system has a good ability to resist interference under high-frequency pulse interference conditions.

In order to meet the challenges of extracting high precision Doppler frequencies and the low measurement accuracy in laser Doppler velocimetry systems, a high-precision laser speed measurement system based on a dual-beam dual-scattering optical path is designed. First, optical frequency shifting technology and a high-pass filter is employed in dual-beam dualscattering optical path to effectively enhance the signal-to-noise ratio. Next, an adaptive sampling algorithm is introduced to further reduce system errors and improve accuracy at low speeds. Subsequently, energy centrobaric correction method is applied for spectral calibration, resulting in accurate Doppler frequency measurement. Experimental results indicate that the system's relative measurement error is less than 0.3%, fully meeting the requirements for speed measurement in modern industries such as cable manufacturing.

In order to reduce the influence belonging to angle error of the measurement accuracy and improve the measurement accuracy of a laser Doppler velocimetry. The mechanisms of three types of angular errors are analyzed by taking a dual-beam dual-scatter laser Doppler velocimetry as an example in this paper. And then, the impact on measurement precision is analyzed. Subsequently, the methods and principles of automatic correction are discussed. Finally, an experimental system is constructed. Experimental results demonstrate that the system's accuracy significantly improved with correction which enhances from 2.1% to better than 0.3%.

Real-time temperature monitoring during fiber laser ablation surgery on biological tissues is necessary to improve the safety and optimize the treatment effect of the surgery. For optical fiber laser ablation surgery using a 980nm infrared laser, this article applies CaWO₄:Er³⁺/Yb³⁺ nanoparticles to adhere to the end of the optical fiber. The 980nm laser excites the CaWO₄:Er³⁺/Yb³⁺ nanoparticles to generate up-conversion green light. The green fluorescence peak ratio is used for real-time measurement of the temperature at the optical fiber's end, which corresponds to the temperature of the heated tissue. This article designs the optical path, calibrates the relationship between the fluorescence peak ratio and temperature, and obtains a fitting expression for the temperature and fluorescence peak ratio. This temperature sensor is expected to be used for automatic temperature measurement in optical fiber laser ablation surgery of biological tissues. Compared to existing technologies, this experiment uses a 980nm laser for ablation while simultaneously excited the fluorescence at the end of the optical fiber with this wavelength.

Off-axis reflective systems have become one of the preferred solutions for space optical payloads because of their high energy efficiency and small point spread function ellipticity. However, restricted by structural asymmetry, off-axis mirrors’ integrated assembly accuracy is always difficult. To achieve higher integrated precision during assembling, an optical-mechanical integration method based on dual quaternion (DQ) is proposed in this paper to evaluate the off-axis reflective system’s wave aberration. Firstly, static analysis of the off-axis reflective optomechanical system is carried out before and after loading installation error respectively. Then, based on the DQ, the rigid body displacements (RBDs) of the off-axis mirrors are calculated to ensure the accurate extraction of the node displacement residual caused by the mirror deformation. Furthermore, the Zernike coefficients of the off-axis mirrors’ surf, obtained through the vector height of the topological nodes, are used to estimate the system’s wavefront change. Finally, compared with the integrated analysis software Sigfit, the reliability of the wave aberration evaluation obtained by the optical-mechanical integration method based on DQ is verified. Simulation and experimental results show that the optical-mechanical integration method based on DQ provides a more accurate reference for predicting the integrated assembly precision of the off-axis reflective optomechanical system.

In the study of optical systems, accurately calculating Fresnel diffraction patterns is crucial for understanding and designing various applications, from imaging systems to laser technologies. However, existing commonly used calculation methods each have their limitations. This paper proposes an approximate algorithm for calculating Fresnel diffraction to address these shortcomings. The algorithm is based on the oscillatory characteristics of the quadratic phase exponential function in the Fresnel diffraction integral. By convolving this quadratic phase exponential function with another slowly varying function, it is found that the rapidly oscillating parts cancel each other out, having little impact on the final calculation result. Therefore, only the areas that primarily contribute to the diffraction need to be computed. The study shows that this algorithm significantly reduces the computational load while maintaining a certain level of accuracy. Compared to the direct integration method, it shows a notable improvement in calculation speed. It also maintains high accuracy compared to both the direct integration method and the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm. Additionally, since it does not involve the frequency domain transformation used in FFT, it avoids under-sampling issues. This algorithm offers a feasible method for calculating diffraction patterns while ensuring a balance between accuracy and computational efficiency.

This paper develops a metrological atomic force microscopy system for nanoscale grid pitch characterization. Firstly, the principle of metrological atomic force microscopy and the roughness measurement method are introduced. Second, analyzed the evaluation principle of micro nano feature structures, mainly analyzed the evaluation algorithm of grid pitch, and developed an evaluation program using MATLAB. Then multiple methods are applied to measure grid pitch, and an evaluation program was developed using MATLAB to evaluate and calculate the measurement data, verifying the feasibility and reliability of each evaluation algorithm. Finally, the same grid pitch is compared and measured using metrological AFM and white light interferometer. The results show that the average measurement value is 200.14 nm, the standard deviation is 0.20 nm, and the difference is within the allowable error range. In addition, the metrological atomic force microscopy measurement method has the characteristics of high measurement accuracy, small measurement range, slow speed and no requirement for material, which provides technical support for process personnel how to choose the measurement scheme.

In order to improve the detection capability of small targets such as UAVs, this paper uses a self-developed multi-band polarization imaging detection system to obtain UAV intensity images and polarization images in different ground backgrounds. Through comparative research, it is found that in visible light, near-infrared and far-infrared bands, whether in sunlight or shadow, using polarized images can better find UAVs located on sandy, stone and concrete backgrounds. However, drones on grassy backgrounds are easier to be found in polarized images only when they are not exposed to direct sunlight. Based on various detection results, it is easier to find UAVs in various ground backgrounds by using polarization detection systems, which lays the foundation for improving UAV detection capabilities in complex ground backgrounds.

The current infrared/visible image fusion methods cannot adapt to different low brightness environments, and solve the problems of low contrast, weak detail information and poor universality. An adaptive image fusion and enhancement method based on HSV (Hue Saturation Value) space is proposed. Based on the HSV color space of the image, the method can better adapt to the image fusion of low brightness images under different environmental conditions and suppress the loss of image details by enhancing the main structure and edge details of low light image with adaptive image original conditions. Firstly, the infrared/visual images are input for feature extraction. Then the fusion image is processed and fused by Resblock, and the fused image is converted to HSV space for HSV adaptive processing. Finally, the main structure of the extracted V-channel image is extracted and the contour edge is preserved by using relative total variation filtering (RTV). The V-channel image is reconstructed to complete image enhancement. Through experimental verification, the regularization coefficient and adaptive parameters are determined. The adaptive image fusion method in HSV space can significantly improve the fusion effect of infrared/visual images in various low brightness conditions, and perform well in detail and edge processing.

This study proposes a high-power laser bevel cutting roughness prediction method based on the whale algorithm optimized least squares support vector machine. The 40kW laser bevel cutting system is used to carry out a 30°V-bevel cutting test on 50mm-thick Q235 carbon steel; based on the results of the orthogonal test, a regression prediction model between the laser bevel cutting process parameters and the roughness of the bevel cut surface is established by the least-squares support vector machine; the whale optimization algorithm is used to realize the optimization of the penalty parameter and the kernel parameter in the model of the least-squares support vector machine; the optimized model is used to predict the roughness of the bevel cut surface. The optimized model is used to predict the roughness of bevel cut. The experimental results show that compared with BP neural network, RBF neural network, least squares support vector machine and particle swarm optimization least squares support vector machine model, this model is more accurate in predicting the roughness of bevel cut, and the coefficient of determination of this prediction model is 0.9576, the root mean square error is 0.0326, and the mean bias error is 0.0409.This study can get the prediction of bevel cut roughness with high accuracy, and it can be used to predict the roughness of bevel cut. This study can get the bevel cutting roughness prediction model with high accuracy and realize the effective prediction of high power laser bevel cutting roughness.

During flight, ice may accumulate on the windward side of all components of an aircraft, posing varying degrees of hazards to flight safety. Generally speaking, different types of ice, varying degrees and intensities of ice accumulation, as well as ice accumulation in different parts, are important factors determining the degree of ice accumulation. Hyperspectral images have the advantage of "integrating spectra". This article analyzes the spectra of different ice types based on the organic combination of high-resolution spectral features and two-dimensional geometric features of hyperspectral images, achieving real-time measurement of ice thickness with a measurement error of about 2mm, and obtaining key indicators that affect flight safety.

This paper proposes an enhanced target detection algorithm based on background subtraction, designed to facilitate the rapid identification of weak flash targets in complex backgrounds. The algorithm establishes a background model devoid of foreground elements by subtracting the current frame from the background model, thereby facilitating the iterative updating of the background model and enabling the reflection of the overall contour of the moving object in a more comprehensive manner. Additionally, the algorithm exhibits a fast detection speed, a low false alarm rate, a significant improvement in ghosting and voiding, and a superior effect in moving target detection.