This pdf file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 7797, including Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, and Conference Committee listing.

Scaling of high performance, many-core, computing systems calls for disruptive solutions to provide ultra energy efficient and high bandwidth density interconnects at very low cost. Silicon photonics is viewed as a promising solution. For silicon photonics to prevail and penetrate deeper into the computing system interconnection hierarchy, it requires innovative optical devices, novel circuits, and advanced integration. We review our recent progress in key building blocks toward sub pJ/bit optical link for inter/intra-chip applications, ultra-low power silicon photonic transceivers. In particular, compact reverse biased silicon ring modulator was developed with high modulation bandwidth sufficient for 15Gbps modulation, very small junction capacitance of ~50fF, low voltage swing of 2V, high extinction ratio (>7dB) and low optical loss (~2dB at on-state). Integrated with low power CMOS driver circuits using low parasitic microsolder bump technique, we achieved record low power consumption of 320fJ/bit at 5Gbps data rate. Stable operation with biterror- rate better than 10^-13 was accomplished with simple thermal management. We further review the first hybrid integrated silicon photonic receiver based on Ge waveguide photo detector using the same integration technique, with which high energy efficiency of 690fJ/bit, and sensitivity of ~18.9dBm at 5Gbps data rate for bit-error-rate of 10^-12 were achieved.

A novel optical switching technique based on two electrically coupled SOAs (S-SOAD) operating in reverse-bias mode is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The device produces electrical and optical outputs with both non-inverted and inverted hysteresis behavior. The S-SOAD operates on the basis of two optoelectronic effects. The first is an electrical bistability resulting from the connection of two p-i-n structures in series. The second is the quantum-confined Stark effect in the multi-quantum-well structure of the SOA which is responsible for the optical bistability. This effect causes an electro-absorption modulation of the transmitted light based on the switching voltages across the p-i-n structures. Experiments show optical switching at MHz frequencies and rise/fall times lower than 1.1 us, limited mainly by the electrical capacitance of the SOAs and the parasitic inductance of the connecting wires. The electrical effects can be mitigated by photonic integrated circuit manufacturing. Predictions of the device performance at high frequencies are based on a proposed hybrid optoelectronic model of the S-SOAD. In this model each SOA is modeled as a set of parallel and series electronic components including optical parameters such as the responsivity and optical transmission of the SOA. System simulations confirm that for capacitance values in tens of femto-Farads the switching-speed increases up to GHz range. Results for the bistability behavior and switching time as a function of the electrical and optical parameters will be presented.

The radio-over-fiber (RoF) network has been a proven technology to be the best candidate for the wireless-access technology, and the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technique has been established as the core technology in the physical layer of next generation wireless communication system, as a result OFDM-RoF has drawn attentions worldwide and raised many new research topics recently. At the present time, the trend of information industry is towards mobile, wireless, digital and broadband. The next generation network (NGN) has motivated researchers to study higher-speed wider-band multimedia communication to transmit (voice, data, and all sorts of media such as video) at a higher speed. The NGN would offer services that would necessitate broadband networks with bandwidth higher than 2Mbit/s per radio channel. Many new services emerged, such as Internet Protocol TV (IPTV), High Definition TV (HDTV), mobile multimedia and video stream media. Both speed and capacity have been the key objectives in transmission. In the meantime, the demand for transmission bandwidth increased at a very quick pace. The coming of 4G and 5G era will provide faster data transmission and higher bit rate and bandwidth. Taking advantages of both optical communication and wireless communication, OFDM Radio over Fiber (OFDM-RoF) system is characterized by its high speed, large capacity and high spectral efficiency. However, up to the present there are some problems to be solved, such as dispersion and nonlinearity effects. In this paper we will study the dispersion and nonlinearity effects and their elimination in OFDM-radio-over-fiber system.

The Amphibious Assault Ship, USS Makin Island (LHD 8) encompasses multiple systems to support the Navy's missions. The USS Makin Island systems include ballast, steering, propulsion, fresh water, power distribution as well as many damage control systems. The systems utilize various signal types to operate the systems while receiving signals to monitor the system components via the Machinery Control System (MCS). Many input/output (I/O) signals exchange information between the MCS and the various systems' equipment. The MCS monitors and controls the system components using a Human Machine Interface (HMI). The user-friendly HMI permits authorized operators to perform many daily operations remotely allowing operators to address system issues from multiple MCS units located throughout the ship. The MCS utilizes a fiber optic network that serves as the backbone connecting the Local Area Network (LAN) switches via blown optical fiber. Each MCS unit is intricately connected to the LAN switches for maximum redundancy via fiber optic connections to non-adjacent LAN switches to ensure system communications continuity. The LAN switches are connected in a star configuration for added system survivability. The backbone's blown fiber is designed and installed with a sufficient percentage of spare blowing tubes to ensure the potential of future growth. Conventional optical fiber is used to interconnect the MCS consoles, workstations, and Data Acquisition Units (DAU) to each other and the LAN switches. The conventional fiber also contains sufficient spare conductors in a combination of eight and four conductor optical fiber. The network backbone is redundantly connected allowing for continuous transmission of information throughout the ship.

Electromagnetic (EM) propagation velocities play an important role in the determination of power and energy flow in materials and interfaces. It is well known that group and phase velocities need to be in opposition in order to achieve negative refractive index. Recently, we have shown that considerable differences may exist in phase, group and signal/energy velocities for normal and anomalous dispersion, especially near dielectric resonances. This paper examines the phase and group velocities in the presence of normal and anomalous dispersion, and group velocity dispersion (GVD), which requires introduction of the second order coefficient in the permittivity and permeability models.

Reflections from a multilayer medium overlap when a source pulse is longer than the travel time between layers, as arises in geophysics and ground penetrating radar for mine detection. We propose an optical system to deconvolve out the source pulse by spectral factorization. The received signal is entered into a liquid crystal joint transform correlator to compute an autocorrelation function. The autocorrelation function is used in an optical dataflow computer to compute the linear prediction or autoregressive coefficients which are then used to provide the reflection coefficients for each layer.

The laser Megajoule (LMJ) project was launched in 1995 by the French Atomic Energy Commission and is aimed at developing a facility to achieve inertial confinement fusion. The LMJ architecture is based on 176 laser beamlines. To provide these 176 high-powered beams when required for subsequent operations, one of the main issues consists in reliably aligning the laser amplifier sections. This paper provides an overview of the image processing techniques developed to identify and measure the beam centering and pointing directions. These techniques have been developed and tested thoroughly against sets of up to 450 images representing both nominal and extreme conditions acquired during the initiation and power rising of the Laser Integration Line (LIL). This facility is fully consistent with the LMJ requirements, a complete laser chain with 4 beamlines. After presenting the basic design principles, we focus on the demonstrated performances measured.

The Megajoule laser (LMJ) project was launched in 1995 by the French Atomic Energy Commission and is aimed at developing a facility to achieve inertial confinement fusion. The LMJ architecture is based on 176 laser beamlines. To provide these 176 high-powered beams when required for subsequent operations, one of the main issues consists of aligning reliably the laser Transportation Section (TS) not only during the normal operation of the installation but also during the power rising of each laser chain, its initial alignment and after major maintenance. They also must be compatible with the fact that the entire installation should be maintained by a limited staff. Consequently, the goals of the techniques involved in this processing design are essentially robust detection and identification of the relevant items of information present in images, but also the reduction of the number of parameters accessible to the operators. This paper provides a general overview of how the TS is aligned before focusing on the image processing techniques developed to identify and measure the beam centering, since the major difference between the LIL and LMJ TS is the type of centering detector. These techniques have been developed and tested thoroughly against sets of up to 57 images representing both nominal and extreme conditions acquired during recent experiments on the Laser Integration Line (LIL). This facility is fully consistent with the LMJ requirements, a complete laser chain with 4 beamlines. After presenting the basic design principles, we focus on the performances as demonstrated and measured.

Cellular simultaneous recurrent networks (CSRN)s have been traditionally exploited to solve the digital control and conventional maze traversing problems. In previous works, we investigated the use of CSRNs to register simulated binary images with in-plane rotations between ±20° using two different CSRN architectures such as one with a general multi-layered perceptron (GMLP) architecture; and another with modified MLP architecture with multilayered feedback. We further exploit the CSRN for registration of realistic binary and gray scale images under rotation. In this current work we report results of applying CSRNs to perform image registration under affine transformations such as rotation and translation. We further provide extensive analyses of CSRN affine registration results for appropriate cost function formulation. Our CSRN results analyses show that formulation of locally varying cost function is desirable for robust image registration under affine transformation.

We simulate an optical time-domain mixer that can be used to make a photonic analog-to-digital converter (ADC) or a digital demodulator for high-speed optical communications signals. In the basic mixer, a high frequency RF signal modulates a repetitively chirped optical carrier; this RF/optical waveform then is dispersed in one transverse dimension, and imaged onto a 2-dimensional transparency or spatial light modulator whose pixels are modulated with randomly chosen transmission or reflection coefficients (the optical mixing matrix). Following transmission through or reflection from the mixing matrix, the optical waveform from each row of the matrix is recombined and directed to a photodiode and electronics that integrate over the repetition period of the chirped source. Finally, each of these signals is digitized by an independent ADC sampling at a rate equal to the pulse repetition rate of the chirp source. A digital replica of the input RF signal can be recovered by digital signal processing from the digital output of the ADCs and the values of the transmission or reflection coefficients of the mixing matrix. The effective sampling rate is given by the number of pixels per row of the mixing matrix times the repetition rate of the chirp source while the effective resolution is controlled by the resolution of the electronic ADCs and the distortions introduced by the optical mixing process.

A hohlraum is a cylindrical structure that holds a laser fusion target at the National Ignition Facility. It must be aligned properly for all the 192 laser beams to hit the target and cause a fusion reaction. Video images of the hohlraum are used to align the hohlraum to the required position. A matched filtering based approach is used to locate the circular alignment fiducial of the hohlraum. One of the challenges of the automatic alignment algorithm is the presence of a number of nearly concentric features from which only one will provide the valid position information. The problem is compounded by blurring of relevant features by defocus or insufficient illumination and amplification of non-relevant features. It is shown that to identify the appropriate fiducial; the shape (or size) in addition to amplitude of correlation peak must be considered.

Quantum technology is one of the most promising technologies for future computing systems, since quantum algorithms solve problems much more efficiently than classical algorithms. All quantum algorithms are made up of quantum logic circuits. A quantum logic circuit is made up of quantum gates (reversible in nature) and is designed using reversible logic synthesis methods. For a given Hilbert space, ternary quantum system requires 0.63 times qutrits than the corresponding number of qubits. Thus, the ternary quantum system provides a much more compact and efficient information encoding. Beside other technologies, ternary quantum logic system can be realized using photon polarization. These advantages of ternary quantum system open avenue for developing ternary quantum algorithms. Galois field sum of products (GFSOP) based synthesis of ternary quantum logic circuit is the most practical approach, since any ternary logic function with many inputs can be represented as GFSOP expression and the GFSOP expression can be implemented as cascade of ternary quantum gates. Here we discuss minimization of ternary logic function as GFSOP expression using quantuminspired evolutionary algorithm. We also discuss a method of realization of ternary GFSOP expression using ternary quantum gates. Experimental results are given to show the effectiveness of the ternary GFSOP minimization technique.

The recording density limit of the collinear holographic memory purely determined by the optical system, that is under the assumption that the recording material is ideal, is estimated. Signal to noise ratio is decreasing with the increase of the number of overlapped hologram pages because of the increase of the off- and degenerated-Bragg diffraction from the gratings in the holograms increases. The signal to noise ratio is calculated with the plane wave model accompanied with statistical considerations. It is shown that 5 Tbyte recording in a compact disc size is possible in ideal case.

This paper presents a novel optical leaky integrator for an all-optical A/D converter based-on sigma-delta modulation. The device consists of two main components: a fiber ring resonator (FRR) and a wavelength converter. The FRR comprises a SOA and an optical filter that defines the resonance wavelength λ₂. The modulated input signal, at wavelength λ₁, changes the gain of the loop through cross-gain modulation (XGM) and thus modifies the loop accumulation. A theoretical model for the system is developed that accounts for critical design parameters such as the loop coupling ratio, length, and XGM in the SOA. The system is characterized for square input signals ranging 0.5- 5MHz. The integrator time constant is adjusted between 5% and 25% of the input signal period through modifications in the loop coupling ratio and the SOA driving-current. Experimental results show excellent agreements with the numerical simulations. Due to the length of the fiber-loop, the operation frequency of the integrator is limited to the MHz range. However, the operating frequency can be increased up to hundreds of MHz by shrinking the components' optical fibers, or up to GHz range, by using current photonic integration technologies.

In the pursuit of improved platforms for computing, communications and internet connectivity, all-optical systems offer excellent prospects for a speed and fidelity of data transmission that will greatly surpass conventional electronics, alongside the anticipated benefits of reduced energy loss. With a diverse range of sources and fiber optical connections already in production, much current effort is being devoted towards forging optical components for signal switching, such as an all-optical transistor. Achievement of the desired characteristics for any practicable device can be expected to depend crucially on the engagement of a strongly nonlinear optical response. The innovative scheme proposed in the present work is based upon a third-order nonlinearity - its effect enhanced by stimulated emission - operating within a system designed to exploit the highly nonlinear response observed at the threshold for laser emission. Here, stimulated emission is strongly driven by coupling to the coherent scattering of a signal input beam whose optical frequency is purposely off-set from resonance. An electrodynamical analysis of the all-optical coupling process shows that the signal beam can significantly modify the kinetics of emission, and so lead to a dramatically enhanced output of resonant radiation. The underlying nonlinear optical mechanism is analyzed, model calculations are performed for realizable three-level laser systems, and the results exhibited graphically. The advantages of implementing this all-optical transistor scheme, compared to several previously envisaged proposals, are then outlined.

The National Ignition Facility in Livermore, California, completed it's commissioning milestone on March 10, 2009 when it fired all 192 beams at a combined energy of 1.1 MJ at 351nm. Subsequently, a target shot series from August through December of 2009 culminated in scale ignition target design experiments up to 1.2 MJ in the National Ignition Campaign. Preparations are underway through the first half of of 2010 leading to DT ignition and gain experiments in the fall of 2010 into 2011. The top level requirement for beam pointing to target of 50μm rms is the culmination of 15 years of engineering design of a stable facility, commissioning of precision alignment, and precise shot operations controls. Key design documents which guided this project were published in the mid 1990's, driving systems designs. Precision Survey methods were used throughout construction, commissioning and operations for precision placement. Rigorous commissioning processes were used to ensure and validate placement and alignment throughout commissioning and in present day operations. Accurate and rapid system alignment during operations is accomplished by an impressive controls system to align and validate alignment readiness, assuring machine safety and productive experiments.

We propose a high-speed multispectral three-dimensional imaging system based on a compact and thin compound-eye camera called TOMBO. Wavelengths and times are assigned to the lenses in TOMBO. The time delays are introduced by the rolling shutter of CMOS image sensors, and wavelength decomposition is realized by attaching several kinds of wavelength filters to the lenses. A depth map is reproduced based on disparities in the unit images captured at the same timing. In reproducing the depth map, sum of sum of absolute differences (SSAD) is evaluated after average equalization to compare images for different wavelengths. A prototype of TOMBO is built with a SXGA monochrome CMOS image sensor with a rolling shutter, optical crosstalk barriers, a commercial 5x5-element microlens array, and commercial gelatin color filters. Enhancement of the frame rate and reproduction of a depth map and a 5-band deep-focus image are demonstrated.

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) routinely fires high energy shots (> 6 kJ per beamline) through the final optics, located on the target chamber. After a high fluence shot, exceeding 4J/cm² at 351 nm wavelength, the final optics are inspected for laser-induced damage. The FODI (Final Optics Damage Inspection) system has been developed for this purpose, with requirements to detect laser-induced damage initiation and to track and size it's growth to the point at which the optic is removed and the site mitigated. The FODI system is the "corner stone" of the NIF optic recycle strategy. We will describe the FODI system and discuss the challenges to make optics inspection a routine part of NIF operations.

In this paper, the characterization and the optimization of a parallel aligned (PA) liquid crystal on silicon display (LCoS) has been conducted with the aim to apply it to the generation of a microlenses array in a Shack-Hartmann (SH) sensor. The entire sensor setup has been experimentally implemented from scratch. Results obtained for several aberrated wavefront measurements show the suitability of these devices in this particular application. Due to the well-known dynamic properties of LCoS, these devices allow for an easy choice of the parameters of the SH sensor, i.e. the selection of the suitable focal length and aperture of the microlenses of the array, which will definitely determine the dynamic range and the lateral resolution of the SH sensor.

Fingerprint identification is one of the most prolific and well-regarded modalities in the field of biometrics for its high recognition rates. Fingerprints remain consistent throughout a person's lifetime and are relatively simple and inexpensive to capture with techniques ranging from inked fingerprint cards to Livescan devices. In this paper, we present an algorithm and a working device that is capable of capturing high quality 3D fingerprints based on Structured Light Illumination using a novel approach called the sub-window technique. The various benefits of this unique approach and applications in fingerprint biometrics are presented.

Three-dimensional (3D) display has attracted considerable attention in recent years because of development in display technology. Various methods for realizing 3D display have been proposed; among them, multi-view display could be practical to implement before aspiring 3D display. The term of multi-view display system based on autostereoscopic display has the meaning of view splitting; the view images are projected to the pre-defined positions from the same display device. Therefore the users located at the correct positions can see corresponding images. Although the multi-view display technique has been studied by many research groups, the fundamental importance of the sound with display has not, so far, been noticed nor has been examined in detail. The purpose of this paper is to realize a multi-view display system with directional sound, which allows the individual observer to experience directional sound in multi-view display environment. The explanation and experimental results of the proposed system are provided.

In this work, we present the design, optimization and experimental implementation of complete Stokes polarimeters based on parallel aligned and twisted nematic liquid crystal displays. The liquid crystal elements are used as variable retarders whose retardance depends on the addressed voltage. By including this type of anisotropic devices in the polarimeter design we obtain some benefits when compared to mechanical polarimeters. For example, they allow to avoid the corresponding uncertainty due to mechanical movement. In addition, among the different polarimeter configurations provided by the polarimeter design, we have also applied an optimization procedure based on the minimization of different mathematical indicators (as the condition number or the equally weighted variance) in order to minimize the error amplification from the radiometric measurements to the solution. Finally, the optimized polarimeters are experimentally implemented and tested. In the implementation process, the eigenvalues method (a rigorous calibration procedure) is used.

The amount of information for 3D display is much bigger than that for 2D display. Therefore, many researches about 3D display have used multiplexing of conventional display devices sequentially or spatially. We propose a new 3D display system using a concave cylindrical mirror and tracking technology. The concave cylindrical mirror can be used like a convex lens in the polar axis. It means that the concave cylindrical mirror can float an image from a 2D display panel and give directional images to a viewer in the optical axis. To give the parallax to the viewer, the tracking technology will be used to generate the images according to the position of the viewer. We design a structure with a cylindrical reflective film and a 2D display panel. And, we use the tracking technology to provide parallax which cannot be made in the cylindrical reflective film. Further explanations of the proposed structure and experimental results will be presented.

The parallel spectrum analyzer of optical signals is presented. This device is one of spectral devices which receives spectroscopic information in an optical range. It can be used for research of spectral characteristics of materials, sources of optical signals, atmosphere, etc. The method of receiving spectroscopic information as a result of processing an optical signal in n parallel channels of the spectrum analyzer is described. The novelty of the method lies in ability of the device to make parallel analysis of spectrum of optical radiations which are in places of difficult access, for instance, in unfavorable conditions of high humidity, high temperature and toxic contamination. The result is achieved due to specific structure of the analyzer which contains n channels of spectrum analyzer and the group of optical fibers which transmits analyzed optical radiation on the given distance.

Skin auto-fluorescence spectra can provide useful biological information, but the obtained spectrum is overlapped and is difficult to distinguish each contributed component. We applied the genetic algorithm to decompose the overlapping spectrum. First, we simulate the overlapping spectral to confirm our feasible algorithm. The skin auto-fluorescence spectra were obtained from the normal human skin with 337 nm excitation light source. The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotid (NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) are accurately decomposed and demonstrated. The developed algorithm can be widely applied to achieve qualitative and quantitative analysis for overlapping spectra.

We have developed new type tactile endoscope with silicone rubber membrane. The system consists of silicone rubber membrane, image sensor and illumination system. A surface of the Silicone rubber membrane has any patterns which made by nanotechnology. This pattern is deformed by pressing tissue such as cancer, colon and so on. The deformed pattern is captured by image sensor. This pattern is analyzed by image processing. In this paper, the proposed architecture is presented. With several test targets, the characteristics of the prototype systems are evaluated in the computation simulation.

The phase errors due to the nonlinear chirp of a tunable laser reduce the range resolution in Synthetic Aperture Imaging Ladar (SAIL). The analogue and digital image processing algorithms were developed, and all the image processing algorithms employed matched or nonmatched optical delay line. In this paper a theory of equiarm delay line to compensate the nonlinear chirp phase errors is proposed. This image processing algorithm includes three methods with different compensation precision and implementation difficulties, and promotes the application flexibility. Firstly, we derive the theory that the impact of the nonlinear chirp is suppressed with decreasing the delay time difference of the echo signal and the LO signal. Based on the theory, we propose three methods to establish the equiarm delay line: establishing matched target LO path, establishing reference path and dual coherent detections, establishing reference path and phase shifting calculation. Then the construction of the signal processing system and the mathematical flow of the algorithm are established. The simulations of the airborne synthetic aperture imaging ladar model approve that three methods suppress the phase errors of the nonlinear chirp to various extent, and improve the range resolution. The characteristics and the applicabilities of three methods are discussed finally.

A sub-pixel resolution disparity estimation method using MAP registration in elemental image based on integral imaging is proposed. Accurate depth map extraction method is an important research issue in the latest researches about threedimensional (3D) content developments. We capture a 3D object using lens array, and generate elemental images. Many previous researches calculated disparity of each elemental image using sum of square distance; however, the accuracy of disparity is limited by one pixel unit. For enhancing accuracy of estimated disparity, we adapt the maximum a priori (MAP) registration algorithm to elemental image set. The proposed method can calculate each disparity of elemental image set in sub-pixel resolution using MAP registration optimization.

A novel optical inverted bistable switch based on a nonlinear fiber ring resonator (FRR), which contains a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) in the loop, have been analyzed and experimentally demonstrated. The optical bistability phenomenon is obtained due to the combined nonlinear effects of the transmission characteristics of the resonator and the SOA's gain property. A complete theoretical analysis and supporting simulations are presented. A working prototype is build using commercial optical components. Experimental results show switching speed in tens of MHz with rising and falling times lower than 10 ns. Limitations in switching speed are caused by the length of the fiber loop. Therefore, improvements in operating frequencies can be increased up to GHz range if the length of the loop is reduced to the order of centimeters.

Two methods are described for edge enhancement using optical derivative operations. The proposed methods are based on the polarization properties of the twisted-nematic liquid-crystal displays (LCDs). LCDs traduce the image information in changes of the state of polarization of the light, which allows us to generate simultaneously a "positive" and a "negative" (i.e., a contrast-reversed) replica of the digital image displayed on the LCD. In both methods negative and positive replicas are at the same time imagined across a plane. In first case when the negative replica has a lateral differential displacement relative to the original one, an image with enhanced first derivatives along a specific direction is obtained. In the case when the negative replica is low-pass filtered, one obtains the Laplacian of the original image. Unlike the usual Fourier (coherent) image processing, the technique proposed here works with incoherent illumination. Validation experiments are presented.

In general, adjacent pixels of a 3-D image have very similar values of intensity and depth and some of them even have the exactly same values of them each other. In other words, a 3-D image has a spatial redundancy in intensity and depth data. This spatial redundancy can be represented with the run-length encoding method, which has been used for data reduction of the conventional 2-D images. Also, when these redundancies are expanded by line scale, the values of the line have similar value of the previous line. Recently, N-LUT method to dramatically reduce the number of pre-calculated interference patterns required for generation of digital holograms was proposed. In this method, the fringe patterns for other object points on each image plane can be obtained by simply shifting this pre-calculated PFP according to the displaced location values from the center to those points and adding them together. Accordingly, CGH pattern for arbitrary line is shifted with amount of discretization step for the direction of next line, same images for arbitrary line are generated in the next line. And then differences between two lines are occurred, these differences are compensated in CGH pattern using the N-LUT method. Accordingly, in this paper, a new approach for fast computation of CGH patterns for the 3-D image by taking into account of the line-redundancy between lines of the 3-D image is proposed. Some experiments with a test 3-D object are carried out and the results are compared to those of the conventional methods.

Recently, a novel look-up table (N-LUT) method to dramatically reduce the number of pre-calculated interference patterns required for generation of digital holograms was proposed. In this method, the number of the fringe patterns to be stored in the LUT can be dramatically reduced by employing a new concept of the principal fringe pattern (PFP). In this method, the fringe patterns for other object points on each image plane can be obtained by simply shifting this precalculated PFP according to the displaced location values from the center to those points and adding them together. Fringe patterns for all object points located on each image plane can be generated by adding the shifted versions of the PFP. Therefore, the final CGH pattern for an object volume can be obtained by overlapping all PFPs generated on each depth-dependent image plane. Therefore, the size of LUT is determined by the amount of shift of the PFP. But, if the resolution of object is increased, the size of PFP is increased. Thus the size of LUT is increased. And also, if the pixel pitch of hologram is decreased, the amount of shift is increased. Thus the size of LUT is also increased. Therefore, in this paper, we propose the memory reduction method using the relation of pixel pitch of hologram and reconstruction distance. That is, size of PFP is reduced by controlling of the distance of object and pixel pitch while maintaining the quality of the video. Some experiments with a test 3-D object are carried out and the reduction ratio of LUT is analyzed.

The authors report experimental results of optical edge enhancement using a modified filter, i.e. hybrid raised-cosine spiral phase filter (SPF). This filter is capable to produce optimized optical image processing results. Comparing with conventional SPF, the proposed filter is able to suppress redundant noise for better contrast and resolution of the edge-enhanced image with improved efficiency. The proposed filtering process is demonstrated using off-axis holograms displayed on a spatial light modulator (SLM) and can be readily incorporated with conventional microscopic system.

Wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) is currently being extended into high-speed downlink access (HSDPA) and high-speed uplink packet access (HSUPA). The continuing research of next generation communication proposed by 3GPP is named long term evolution (LTE). The main goal of LTE Release is to offer high peak downlink and uplink rates by the use of Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) that attributes a very flexible multi-user bandwidth, high spectral efficiency and scalable bandwidth. The benefit of LTE is the fact that it offers higher data rates in both uplink and downlink and enhances the services for the terminals. A notable fact is that several WiMAX projects have been reoriented toward Long Term Evolution (LTE), mainly aimed at increasing performance. In this paper the challenge of scheduling user transmissions on the downlink of LTE cellular communication system is discussed. Various results show that the system performance improves with increasing correlation among OFDMA subcarriers.

By increasing multimedia communications, mobile communications are expected to reliably support high data rate transmissions. To provide higher peak rate at a better system efficiency, which is necessary to support broadband data services over Wireless links, we need to employ long term evolution Advanced (LTE-A) Multiple-input multiple-output MIMO uplink. The outline of this paper is to investigate and discuss the Long Term Evolution (LTE) for broadband wireless technologies and to discuss its functionality. We explore how LTE uses the inter-technology mobility to support a variety of access technology. This paper investigates the channel capacity and bit error rate of MIMO-OFDM system. In addition, it introduces various MIMO technologies employed in LTE and provide a brief overview on the MIMO technologies currently discussed in the LTE-Advanced forum.

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) is a modulation technique to transmit the baseband Radio signals over Fiber (RoF). Combining OFDM modulation technique and radio over fiber technology will improve future wireless communication. This technique can be implemented using laser and photodetector as optical modulator and demodulator. OFDM uses multiple sub-carriers to transmit low data rate streams in parallel, by using Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) or Phase Shift Keying (PSK). In this paper we will compare power spectrum signal and signal constellation of transmitted and received signals in RoF using Matlab and OptiSystem simulation software.

The telemedicine optoelectronic biomedical data processing system is created to share medical information for the control of health rights and timely and rapid response to crisis. The system includes the main blocks: bioprocessor, analog-digital converter biomedical images, optoelectronic module for image processing, optoelectronic module for parallel recording and storage of biomedical imaging and matrix screen display of biomedical images. Rated temporal characteristics of the blocks defined by a particular triggering optoelectronic couple in analog-digital converters and time imaging for matrix screen. The element base for hardware implementation of the developed matrix screen is integrated optoelectronic couples produced by selective epitaxy.

The temporal Radon-Wigner transform (RWT), which is the squared modulus of the fractional Fourier transform (FRT) for a varying fractional order p, is here employed as a processing tool for pulses with FWHM of ps-tens of ps, commonly found in fiber optic transmission systems. To synthesize the processed pulse, a selected FRT irradiance is optically produced employing a photonic device that combines quadratic phase modulation and dispersive transmission. For analysis purposes, the complete numerical RWT display generation, with 0 < p < 1, is proposed to select a particular pulse shape related to a determined value of p. To this end, the amplitude and phase of the signal to be processed should be known. In order to obtain this information we use a pulse characterization method based on two intensity detections and consider the amplitude and phase errors of the recovered signal to evaluate their impact on the RWT production. Numerical simulations are performed to illustrate the implementation of the proposed method. The technique is applied to process optical communication signals, such as chirped Gaussian pulses, pulses distorted by group velocity dispersion and self-phase modulated pulses. The processing of pulses affected by polarization effects is also explored by means of the proposed method.

A new complex-composite correlation filter for the simultaneous recognition and classification of several targets is presented. By using both the intensity and phase distributions of the output complex-correlation plane, a reliable recognition and classification of several objects can be easily carried out with only one correlation operation. The input objects are recognized using the intensity distribution of the output correlation plane, whereas recognized targets are classified using the phase values at the location of maximum intensities. Computer simulation results obtained with the proposed approach in geometrically distorted input test scenes are provided and discussed in terms of recognition performance, classification ability, and computational complexity.