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We present a concrete proposal for such response directly from experimental measurements of electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) and cathodoluminescence (CL). Our scheme exploits the ability of free-electron beams to produce deeply subwavelength near-fields and thus probe the optical response of metals at the nanoscale (i.e., where quantum effects can become important). Chiefly, we demonstrate how our theory can be employed towards a quantitative measurement of the quantum nonlocal response of metals [specifically, the surface-response functions d⊥(ω) and d∥(ω)] from the nonclassical features imprinted in the EELS and CL spectra. Notably, the quantitative knowledge of material’s quantum surface-response of metals is ought to be crucial for designing nanodevices with few-nm footprint and to engineer maximal light–matter interactions at the nanoscale.
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Paulo André D. Gonçalves, F. Javier García de Abajo Sr., "Quantifying quantum nonlocal effects in nanoplasmonics using electron-beam spectroscopies," Proc. SPIE PC12197, Plasmonics: Design, Materials, Fabrication, Characterization, and Applications XX, PC121970S (3 October 2022); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2633608