In this paper, we discuss the development of models for PZT bimorph actuators used to power micro-air vehicles including Robobee. Due to the highly dynamic drive regimes required for the actuators, models must quantify the nonlinear, hysteretic, and rate-dependent behavior inherent to PZT. We first employ the homogenized energy model (HEM) framework to model the actuator dynamics. This provides a comprehensive model, which can be inverted and implemented for certain control regimes. We additionally discuss the development of data-driven models and focus on the implementation of a model based on a dynamic mode decomposition (DMD). Finally, we detail attributes of both approaches for uncertainty quantification and real-time control implementation.
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