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Modular adaptive optics provides the means to produce a scalable, state-of-the-art wavefront correction device with both high spatial and temporal frequency. A modular methodology, traceable back to the revolutionary monolithic piezoelectric mirror (MPM), is being incorporated into a new generation of wavefront corrector. The modular approach combines established conventional wavefront corrector technology with technology developed for the electronic microcircuit industry. Electrostrictive lead-magnesium-niobate (PMN), a material which operates at low voltages, dissipates little power, and exhibits negligible hysteresis, is the material of choice for the advanced microactuator development. In addition to meeting the technical performance issues, additional emphasis is placed on providing a design which is easily maintained, scalable, and cost effective.
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Mark A. Ealey, Clifton E. Wheeler, "Modular Adaptive Optics," Proc. SPIE 1114, Active Telescope Systems, (20 September 1989); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.960818