The state of development of one-dimentional holograms storage systems technology is discribed. In the experimental holographic system the writing (and the reading) was carried out simultaneosly by 32 channels with the speed of 16 Mbits/s. The capacity exceeded 1 GB for 200 mm diameter disk. The increase of the recording densi-ty by means of superimposed one-dimentional holograms is discussed. The new principle of optical recoding, based on the self-organization effect in biochemical structures, is considered.

The holographic recorder on optical disc pack was designed for solving the problem of recording high-speed data stream. This paper describes the new methods of frequency synthesis of Fourier holograms and heterodyne readout and their applications to designing the recorder1,2.

The local hologram recording on an organic photosemiconductors with IRAleating is studied. Advantages of the simultaneous method for the local holograms recording in comparison with sequential one is shown.The documents with formats A2-A4 are recorded as frost-free holograms of 1-5 mm in diameter with diffraction efficiency about 4-5%. The possibility of the local recording of one-dimensional microholograms onto moving reversible disk is shown.Microhologram quality stabilization on the whole disk surface has been supplied by the constant linear velocity of the disk. Single-mode optical fibers are used in recording- reading schemes.

Shape memory alloys as a new material for optical processor elements are suggested and temperature, time and energy characteristics of alloy specimens are investigated. Optical shutter, spatial light modulators and deflector developed on the base of shape memory effect are presented and the use of spatial light modulator as an input device of holographic correlator is considered.

The capability of the spatial-time light modulators (STLM) with the photosensitive organic polymer - liquid crystal (POP-LC) type for reversible registration of the optical information is shown 1-3 In . At the continious writing the following characteristics have been obtained: maximal resolution - 300 1/mm - diffraction efficiency - 23 % - holografic sensitivity - 410-7J/cm210 - time of switching-on (Ton) - 15 ms - time of switching-off (Toff) - 300 ms

Modal division multiplexing (MDM) can increase the information capacity of a single optical fiber through the separation of modal groups with indential wavelength. How to design mode demultiplexer is its key. G.A.Gasparian,C.S.Ronald and et al present Fresnel lens assembly and graded index rod lens for both accomplishing mode demultiplexing and output coupling. But the fabrication of them is complicated and higher cost. A composite holographic lens (CHL) with three focal points is introduced in this paper.This CHL can separate the mode groups, and converge them upon detectors or intasub-channer. It has also advantages of higher efficieny, lower cost, easier fabrication and so on. Thus the CHL can be used a mode demultiplexer in MDM system. Holographic lens (HL) is one of holographic optical elements (HOE). Its action bases on interference and diffraction of optical wave. When a diverging spherical wave interferes with a in-line converging spherical wave, we record the formed fringes using thick recording material. The recorded fringes are a set of hyperboloid situated in the volume of the material. A volume HL is obtained through processing of developing, fixing . Analyzing diffraction law of volume hologram we can know that the Bragg'ef-fect occurs and there is only one-order diffraction light but two-order or higher-order light. The diffraction efficieny of its one-order light is 100 % theoretically. When the volume HL is illuminated by original diverging spherical wave, a converging spherical wave is only diffracted from the hyperboloidal fringes, and focused at a point. The kind of volume HL is also called in-line HL with two focuses. According to the mode coupling equation of multimode fiber the far field at output end of the fiber consists of a number of con-centric annular rings. When two modes are excited and transtmited in the fiber, they emanate from the output end of the fiber, and are limited respectively to a cone cup angular and a cone angular which are concentric. Using the two emanating waves we design two off-axis sub-HLs correspondingly. Then we correct the two sub-HLs' aberration caused by wavelength shift. We eliminate Frensel reflection effect for diffraction efficieny. The dichrometed gelatin (DCG) having high diffraction effect is used as recording material. The two sub-HL is made at indentical plate and is called CHL. We make a simulate experiment and measure the parameters of the CHL. Higher coupling efficiency and higher signal-to-noise are obtained. Measuring results demostrate that the CHL used as a mode demultiplexer is feasible. Finally some problems about fabricating practical CHL are also discussed in the paper.

An approach to estimation of information properties of optical scanning imaging systems at computer output is considered.

An energy model of the method of sequential reproduction of holographic records is developed from the point of view of a general mathematical description.

Comparison between 2-D and 3-D hologram properties is made. Light-sensitive materials used for recording holograms of several millimeters in depth are considered, including the polymer light-sensitive material Reoksan, whose action is based on the sensitized reaction of photooxidation, and light-sensitive materials obtained by introducing a light-sensitive compound into porous glass. The results from the studies on the creation of optical elements, based on deep 3-D holograms - a supernarrow spectral selector with a transmission band width of 1 A, and an element for expanding the image in an orthogonal Walsh function system - are given. The properties of deep holograms of Walsh function light models are considered in detail. It is shown that each of these light models reconstructs the object corresponding to it independently of one another, which allows to use these models as a reference source in the multiple hologram recording.

Since Gabor's first demonstration of reconstructed wavefronts, many holographic techniques provided interesting tools and applications. Presently the future of holography is strongly dependent upon new holographic recording thin films. Because of their excellent responses to high spatial frequency grating recordings (up to 6800 cycles/mm), photopolymers and photocrosslinking materials seem to be good candidates to overcome some limitations. Dichromated gelatin films demons-trated excellent properties for permanent recording grating applications like HOE construction but they are humidity sensitive and they need a chemical development. Today's holographic works need real-time like recording material and law cost organic materials as DYE/POLYMER systems offer some possibilities. We present a review of research works done in our holography laboratories of COPL at Universite Laval. Using an automated spatial frequency analyzer designed at COPL, DYE/POLYMER systems are characterized for transmission holography and also for applications involving real-time holography and four-wave mixing techniques. Also, most of our characterization studies consider volume polarization holograms. The second subject is devoted to polarization hologram recordings in thin colored polyvinyl alcohol films. Those AZO/WA solid films are erasable and can be used for many thousands duty cycles for polarization volume holograms. Holographic characterization studies are conducted in order to know best experimental conditions and applications that allow to use those films. Finally, sensitized PVA films will be discussed.

It has been shown that the most perspective media suitable for high density optical and holography recording with improved base pa-rameters and first of all sensitivity are materials with complicated surface shape, weak chemical bonds, essentially heterogeneous. Among those are, thin layer systems with textured surface, thin films of composed materials as well as amorphous semiconductor films with the content of hydrogen. Comparative analysis of the properties and peculiarities of such media and of optical recording in them has been undertaken and carried out. Possibilities of developing research in this field along the lines indicated have been discussed.

Laser recording at λ= 514 nm in dynamic conditions is realized using thin mirror-like films of silver-gold particles dispersed in gelatin. The recording medium is prepared on the basis of vacuum deposited layers of doped silver bromide. The values obtained for the writing energy (0.33 nJ), reflective contrast (up to 4:1), resolution (0.3pm) show that this medium can be used for digital optical recording.

Discussed are the conditions of sublimation and condensation of the films from Ge-Se-TI glasses and the composition of the obtained films. They are irradiated for 10 minutes with a mercury lamp after which, depending on the glass composition and irradiation intensity, a shift of the absorption edge towards the longer wavelengths is observed. The kinetic curve for dissolution with sodium hydroxide and sodium sulphide show a negative effect of the photoexcited dissolution. This effect is changed to positive after annealing.

A direct imaging method is proved by which the amorphous Se-Te-Ag thin films are illuminated through a test pattern by direct contact and an image of the test pattern is recorded without further etching or stabilization. Some related with the process properties are investigated.

The aim of the present work is to study experimentally the influence of the matrix and readout light on the characteristics of holagraphic recording in bacteriorhodopsin containing samples. The photoinduced anisotropy is also investigated. On the basis of a simpified model of the photoprocesses in bacteriorhodopsin, numerical results are obtained. Using this model the basic relations in the experiment can be modeled numerically.

Studies on the sensitivity of dichromated gelatin ( DCG) to blue and red light are reported. DCG sensitivity is improved when gelatin bias hardening is applied through the use of hardeners. Electron donors are found to increase the DCG light sensitivity. For hologram recording with a He-Ne laser, methylene green dye sensitizer is added and the role of dye concentration and pH of the solution is investigated.

Silver halide materials for holographic recording have relatively low light sensitivity. This is due mainly to the small size of their emulsion microcrystals. The process of chemical sensitization of fine-grain emulsions is hampered by the following factors: 1. Microcrystals sized under 50 nm feature very high dimensional instability1. That is why when such emulsions are heated, processes of physical ripening ( dissolution of the small crystals and growth of the big ones) take place after which the sensitivity specks remain under the grain surface. The crystal growth is favoured in polydisperse systems, and such are almost all ultrafine-grain silver halide emulsions2. 2. The size of the microcrystals in the emulsions for holographic recording, that we investigate, is 10 nm. Electron micrographs show that grains of this size are spherical and do not have a clearly pronounced crystal form. There is a lot of equivalent, but not sufficiently deep defects on the surface. That is why, there are substantial difficulties for carrying out chemical sensitization whose objective is the formation of one or more efficient sensitivity specks on the surface of the microcrystals.

The wide practical application of pulsed holography is conditioned by the feasibility of recording and studying fast processes ( surface displacements, relief changes, vibrations, etc. ).

The nonlinearity of silver holographic recording materials is studied quantitatively by means of an analytical approximation of the amplitude transmittance versus exposure characteristic curve. The influence of film nonlinearity on the optical transfer function of a diffraction limited optical system is examined. Optimisation of the modulation transfer function and holographic sensitivity in respect to average exposure (biasing point) and modulation depth are also considered.

The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the art organic media for photofabrication of holographic optical elements. Perforce data are presented for a variety of relevant organic light-sensitive media manufactured by Soviet scientists.

A Lamda Physics EMG 102E excimer laser operating at wave-lengths of 248nm (KrF) and 193nm (ArF) was employed either to transfer structures by 1 : 1 shadow printing from a micromask onto a resist coated wafer using ablation technique or to develop ion exposed resists by blanket exposure at the ArF line.

The mechanism of self-enhancement effect of amplitude-phase ho-lographic gratinosin As₂S₃ films as well as possible applications of this effect are considered.

The present state of research in the field of the holographic cinematography in the USSR is reviewed. Theoretical foundations of the holographic cine-process are discussed. Research work carried out in the USSR is described. It proves that the use of the holographic cinematography is promising.

I present a model which describes the effects of bandwidth and peak replay wavelength shifts on the image color of color display holograms. The model applies to white light reflection holograms recorded with three component colors, but is also applicable to other types of color holography such as pseudocolor techniques. A computer program is used to transcribe the predicted spectral power distribution of the color hologram into coordinates plotted on a standard chromaticity diagram. The increase in bandwidth between recording in laser illumination and replay under white light causes a proportional shift of the replay color towards white, and is thus one of the causes of desaturation found experimentally in color holograms. The model is used to show the shifting of the image color when the peak replay wavelengths of the component holograms are changed as a result of shrinkage or swelling of the recording medium; this can have devastating effects on the image color reproduction, especially when the peak of the red or blue components moves to a longer wavelength.

The chemical processes involved at development and bleach stages of silver halide holograms sometimes show variations that are difficult to explain, but are related to procedures that are normally not considered in "classical" photography. This paper is a second of a series describing some work about those effects, and some efforts to minimize variations by the use of more or less controlled automatic development machinery. In this presentation, we will deal with the influence of the quality of prebleach rinse water, of developer temperature and of emulsion batch.

The development of holography as decoration for architectural glass is at an early stage. Some considerations pertaining to such an application and problems arising therefrom. Aspects of the author's own work which may indicate possible solutions.

The characteristics of conformational optical nonlinearity of nematic liquid crystals (NLC) were investigated. Expressions for NLC nonlinearity tensor as a function of order parameters are obtained for the small concentration of fototransforsed solecules.The dynamic holography procedure has shown that the contribution to the NLC refractive index change under optic nonlinearity lade by the order parameter change is dosinant.The effect of critical increasing of the parameter of nonlinearity near the nesatic-isotropic liquid phase transition was predicted and experimentaly revealed by dynamic holographic method. It was shown that the effect was caused by the increasing of correlation of the photoconformer concetration fluctuation and polarizability molecular fluctuation near phase transition.

The schemes of optical bistable systems employing the dynamic holographic gratings are analysed. A counter-propagating four-wave mixing in a medium with cubic nonlinesrity and local response is used for dynamic grating recording.

In this paper the problem is considered of essential increasing of fiber memory device informative capacity using optical solitons. It is shown that for optical signals regeneration both Raman scattering and nonstationary parametric amplification of soliton pulses can be applied. On the basis of Raman regeneration the two schemes of fiber memory devices are proposed. The operating of dynamic memory device using soliton information's carriers are estimated. The real-time transformation dynamics of ultrashort pulses is investigated for nonstationary parametric amplification The quantitative assessments of parametric. regeneration process are presented. The advantages of the soliton pulses parametric regeneration in comparison with Raman scattering regeneration are also discussed.

The influence of magnetic field on the wave-front conjugation at degenerate four-wave mixing in resonant-absorbing atomic iodine va-pors has been studied theoretically. It is shown that depending on the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field, interacting waves pola-rization, as well as on the interaction length and intensity of pump waves, the conjugation efficiency can both increase and decrease. The greatest increase in the wave-front conjugation efficiency of radia-tion with a frequency corresponding to the line centre F =4- r =3 is attained in a transverse magnetic field with the interacting waves polarization orthogonal to the field.

Recently it has been observed an effect of prolonged memory of holographic recording without applied electric field in photorefractive Bi12Ti020 (13T0) crystals at room temperatures. High frequency holographic diffraction gratings (with K = 2 71- / Λ - 3.104 mm-1 , where A is the grating period) are recorded in BTO with He-Ne laser. The homogeneous interfering beams are incident on two mutually perpendicular crystal surfaces. This is the orthogonal recording geometry².

Holographic subtraction of two images was first realized by Gabor et al-1 by using a successive recording of the two images with a 180 degree phase shift between them and subsequent readout of the composite hologram. Other techniques for image subtraction are proposed2-5 . In Ref. 2 the ,rr phase shift between the image complex fields is ensured by spatially modulation of the images by periodic waves that are themselves 180 deg out of phase. Phase conjugation and Stokes' relation are also used3'4 . In Ref. 5 subtraction is fulfilled by the help of two orthogonal lineary polarized waves.

The first ever dynamic recording of total internal reflection holograms is reported. Investigations are carried out on the diffraction efficiency dependence on the dye concentration, exposure time, spatial frequency of the recorded gratings, and on the polarization dependence of the reconstructed wave.

The use of photoanisotropic materials for holographic recording was first proposed by Kakichashvilil in order to registrate and reconstruct the light wave polarization (polarization holography). In this paper we have made a review of the original investigations on polarization holography carried out in our laboratory.

F.Weigert first described the effectoccording to which some media become anisotropic,if they are exposed to linearly polarized light! The new impulse to the study of Weigert-effect in different media contributed to the development of laser technique and polarization holography,for whose material realization it is necessary to use photoanisotropic media:3 Our interest to the basis of organic dyes is explained by their granularitiless,by the possibility of achieving high values of diffraction efficiency by comparatively high sensitivity and by the relative simplicity of receiving layers.

The properties of reflection unslanted gratings recorded in materials with anisotropic response are considered. The state of polarization of the diffracted wave is analyzed in a simple model by the help of Jones matrix method.

Disazobenzols are dyes of the type: Y X-cc:-N=N a N=N 0 Z Like in monoazobenzols, their molecules exist both in trans- and cis-forms, irradiation with light in the transabsorption band causing transcisisomerization. This changes the absorption spectrum (hence, the refractive index) of the samples, and therefore, such systems can be used for optical recording. Normally, the transabsorption band of these dyes is in the longer wavelengths than that of monoazodyes. The aim of our investigation was to produce a rigid solution of a dye in a polymer, suitable for optical recording in the red region. Most suitable among the great number of investigated dyes proved to be:

Experimental results on the decay of photoinduced birefringence in methylred / polymer after cut-off of the exciting light are presented. Optical anisotropy is induced by an Ar laser beam ( λ = 488 nm), and the induced birefringence is detected by a He-Ne laser. The decay in the photoinduced anisotropy is investigated at different temperatures and intensities of the exciting light.

The aim of this work was to produce a new type of diffraction grating, having two diffraction orders only ( ±..1), whose intensities are proportional to the intensities of the left-hand and right-hand circularly polarized components of the light wave, incident on the grating. According to the existing theoretical considerations [1], such a grating can be recorded holographically by irradiating a recording material, possessing linear photoanisotropy, with an interference pattern, resulting from the interaction of two coherent wavefronts with orthogonal circular polarizations.

An instrumental device for complete, accurate, fast and simultaneous measurement of all parameters of quasi-mono-chromatic light: wavelenth, intensity, degree and state of polarization is presented. The performance of the device is based on a new principle which makes use of a polarization holographic grating. The measured light is split into four beams of intensities I , 12 , 13 and 14 . To determine the four Stokes parameters, these intensities are measured simultaneously by four photocietectors and the electric signals are processed by a microcomputer. At the output of the device all the four Stokes parameters are given as well as the ratio of the polarization ellipse axes and its azimouth. The use of linear ray detector for measurement of 13 and 14 intensities makes it possible the evaluation of light wavelenth through analysis of light beams angle of diffraction.

Investigations on silver halide emulsion layers with a pronounced Weigert effect are carried out in order to demonstrate the possibilities for using them as a real operating model of an optical disk for digital information recording. Quite interesting is the production of a reversible thin-film photodichroic medium with a thickness below 1µm.

The holographic method was created by D.Gabor in 1948.1 Gabor proposed to divide the process of image formation in two stages. At the first stage the complex amplitude of the field scattered by an object is imaged on a material carrier - on a hologram. At the second stage the material carrier organized in a such way is used for reconstruction of the repeated formation of the original object field. For imaging characteristics of the object field on the material carrier Kabor proposed to use a two-dimensional photographic recording of interference pattern with a reference wave which reconstructs the object field when it illuminates the received recording.

The diffration efficiency of a grating photoinduced in an FA(I1)KCili crystal by two perpendicularly polarized light vibrations, may be amplified by coupling the directly transmitted and diffracted beams. The best results are obtained for the reading wavelength λD corresponding to the isobestic point of the crystal.

Optically addressed spatial light PRIZ modulators are used as input devices in coherent optical information processing systems. These modulators have a high information recording density (ZIO' bit/cm2) and provide low intrinsic noises of coherent optical spectrum analyzers and correlators. In our experiments we used the BIM spatial light modulator in coqinatiqn with image intensifier to increase sensitivity up to =10-5 J/am' and to get a broader wavelength range for the recording light. The transfer function and speed of operation of the PRIZ/image intensifier device have been studied. The use of the new device for recording real-time holograms of diffusely scattering objects is discussed.

A theory of polarization holographic recording and image reconstruction has been worked out for three-dimensional photoanisotropic medium in kinematical approximation. The expression of wave fields formed by a hologram have been received at arbitrary coefficients of vector and scalar reactions and at a reference wave of elliptical polarization. The possibility of adequate image reconstruction in the particular case of a reference wave of linear and circular polarizations has been proved which is realized at a definite relation of connection of vector and scalar reactions with the original characteristics of the medium and the intensity of a reference wave. Under these conditions a conjugate image has been transformed according to polarization.

Difference holographic interferometry (DHI) is a useful method for direct optical comparison of the dynamic be-haviour of two nominally identical objects (master and test object). A simplified technique of DHI was recently developed by the authors. This method, the single reference beam DHI (SRB DHI), has an inherent drawback. Due to the complexity of the difference interference fringes, the difference interferograms are of relatively low visibility in comparison with those obtained by the dual reference beam DHI (DRB DHI). The present paper reports the evaluation and measurement of the difference interference patterns obtained by SRB DHI for unstructured object beams and for actual phase objects (filament lamps), too. In the first case the reconstructed holographic interferograms were directly scanned. In the latter case the holographic interferograms were photographed. It was shown, that, albeit with a reduced visibility, usable difference holographic interferograms can be obtained by this method.

Difference holographic interferometry makes the direct interferometric comparison of two objects possible by using holographic illuminations. In the present paper the case of phase objects is investigated at direct transillumination.

Theoretical analysis and experimental results on holographic moire contouring (HMC) of difussely reflecting objects are presented. The sensitivity and application constraints of the method are discussed. A high signal-to-noise ratio and contrast of the fringes is achieved through the use of high quality silver halide holographic plates HP-650. A good agreement between theoretical and experimental results is observed.

Results from investigations on non-destructive testing of machine parts, using comparative holographic moire interferometry, are reported. The specimens are metal castings for bearing bushings before their precise mechanical machining. The results obtained experimentally are compared to those from X-ray defectoscopy and from a numerical model

Results from theoretical and experimental investigations on coherent-optical and digital processing of holographic moiregrams are presented. The cases of holographic moire contouring, comparative holographic moire interferometry, and in-plane displacement measurement in sample bodies with mechanical stress concentrator, subjected to pure tensile loading, are considered.

For quite a number of years Electronic Specklepattern Interferometry (ESPI) has been an attractive alternative to Holographic Interferometry in industrial surroundings. As for conventional holographic interferometry, the information which is primarily obtained, is an image of the object superposed by a fringe pattern related to object motion. For harmonic loading integration over many periods leads to Besselfringes whereas subtraction mode used for deformation analysis leads to cosinefringes. In both cases a qualitative evaluation can be performed by visual inspection of the fringe pattern whereas quantitative analysis requires digital image processing, the latter becomning increasingly attractive with the access to more efficient PC's. A very prominent feature of ESPI is the possibility of aquiring one "hologram" per 1/25 sec. This makes it possible to obtain information of both vibrational amplitudes and phases within reasonable timeframes. This paper presents results of qualitative ESPI measurements on two transducers (an electretmicrophone and an accelerometer) identifying critical resonances. In both cases the measurements resulted in improved transducerdesign. Further presented are results of quantitative deformation analysis by phaseshifted ESPI followed by digital imageprocessing using a very simple phaseshift algorithm.

1. Presentation In 1988 the "Optics Group" was formally established as a part of the Physics Laboratories I and III at The Technical University of Denmark. The Group consists at present of 12 persons: 1 Professor 6 Lecturers 3 Ph.D. Students 1 Post Graduate Researcher 1 Laboratory Tecnician

Two fully automated and essentially different methods for Young's fringes analysis are applied to thermal expansion coefficient determination of engineering ceramics by double-exposure speckle-photography. The first one creates fringe structures and fits them to the experimental images. The cross-correlation functions between the given image and the generated fringe structure are calculated and serve as a measure of coincidence. In order to reduce the computational demands,the second method analyses the fringe intensity profile along four selected directions.

The aim of this work is to analyse the bulk and local mechanical features of specially light concrete under load. Observation of yield zone, microcracks appearance and crack development is followed at the tip of incision made in advance. Tfte various techniques of holographic interferometry were used for optimal observation sensitivity to the persumed displacement and for coherent speckle noise elimination. The actual fringe patterns are interpreted on the basis of finit-element model analysis of the rectangular beam under imposed boundary conditions.

A method for measuring the change of the refractive index of a loaded body is proposed. The change of the tickness is measured holographicaly, by two double exposure holograms on each side of the body, after delivering an opaque coating onto specimen. On such a way errors, which make occurs during the loading, because of some slope of the specimen, are avoid. A simple plane parallel state of stresses is used for quantitative measurement of the change of the refractive index. Evaluation of the error is made and some results of experiments carried out to approve the method.The possibilities and the future of the method are discused.

In this work, a holographic interferometric method and device for determining the refractive index change in transparent samples is proposed that can find application in measurements and nondestructive testing of non-homogeneities, cracks and other hidden defects.

Of all of the various capabilities of holography for image processing and measuring purposes, mainly the holographic interferometry has found more extended application in biological and medical research. As a technique, which is non-destructive and allows for high resolving deformation analysis, holographic interferometry has gained popularity over the recent years in experimental biomechanics. Some examples of the holographic interferometry in experimental biomechanics are reviewed in this report. The possibility to calculate the human tibia rigidity from holographic interferograms is pointed out, as well as the possibility of using holographic interferometry to study the behaviour of broken bones supported by fixing devices is described.

A holographic interferometric microscope is constructed on the basis of a conventional microscope "Fluoval", Karl Zeiss Jena. The optical configuration and optical characteristics of the microscope are givan. The quality of the image reconstructed from the hologram and the resolution of the microscope are demonstrated. With the aid of the lensless holographic interferometric microscope, the formation of a diffusion layer in an electrolytic deposition of AgSb on a copper electrode in different deposition regimes is monitored.

The influence of different functional conditions of muscles on the variation of the dynamic laser speckles is studied. The change in the low-spectrum speckle intensity permits developing a noncontact method for diagnosing the tonic muscle condition.

The contactless measurement of linear dimensions is one of the most frequent applications of television automata. In the general case, when two points whose distance is to be measured, are positioned on a line of the television image, the measuremnt is reduced to one of a time interval between the pulses in the videosignal corresponding to the two points of the object. One line scanning is sufficient for this.

A number of highly coherent ruby lasers operating in both monopulse mode and two-giant-pulse mode with widely adjusted pulse interval have been developed to cope with wide range of problems arising in studying large diffusely reflecting objects by double exposure interferometry method.

The examination of the eigenfrequencies of the baffles of musical instruments, as well as the beginning and the end of the vibration on a certain mode, was proposed. Modificated real-time interferometry of vibrating surfaces was used.

A fundamental study on the effect of cyclic deformation on the corrosion behavior sof a polarized nickel electrode in 1N H2SO4 solution has been conducted. The study was successful) in developing a novel technique for studying the effects of cyclic deformation on corrosion. The development of the new technique is established based on incorporating experimental methods of electrochemistry and with those of holographic interferometry. In other words, the new technique is capable of measuring cyclic deformation in term of interference fringes and anodic dissolution current of the nickel electrode, simultaneously. As a result a relationship between deformation and the anodic dissolution current is developed.

Questions concerning holographic measurements with phase compensation in the reference and object wave fields have been considered. The result of the application of the adaptive interferometry to problems of optical differentiation of deformation displacement fields are given.

Within the framework of the uniform approach to the interpretation of such coherent-optical methods as holographiy and speckle-interferometry, the method of reflecting diffraction coatings is presented as a variant of speckle-interferometry of a defocused image with filtration of radiation at the recording stage. The mechanism of the phenomenon of wavefront inversion is shown as used for elimination of aberrations in the initial interference pattern and for widening of measurement range in the multistage process of loading of the exami ned object.

The homologous rays in holographic interferometry may be used for interpretation of localization of the interference pattern and fringe spacing as well. At certain observation conditions and idealizations the two interfering fields are homologous when the intensity of the field one in a small volume about a point P is identical to the intensity of the field two in a similar volume about a point P; close to P. The concept can be generalized in difference holographic interferometry, which provides a means for comparision of the deformations, shapes of two nominally identical diffusely reflecting objects and the refractive index change distributions of two transparent objects. The paper presents how the concept of the homologous rays can be handled in difference holographic interferometry without going deeply into details of the mathematics.

The holographic interference device (KGA), specially developed for space conditions, and a number of appendices to this device, which allow to extend its possibilities, is described. Various experimental methods in space based on this device are analyzed. The description of experiments on dissolution of crystals, electrophoretic separation of fractions, heat- and mass transfer, carried out in space on the stations "Salyut-6" and "Salyut-7" are presented.

This paper presents a new fringe carrier technique_linear,unequal spacing fringe carrier technique, we name cylindric fringe carrier technique, in holographic interferometry.This new technique not only eliminates the ambiguity in holographic fringe interpretation like linear fringe carrier technique,but also can test larger deformation and obtain the required fringe spacing without precisely adjusting object beam. SUBJECT WORDS: holography, fringe carrier technique, interferometry, cylindrical fringe carrier CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION. 2. DESCRIPTION OF THE TECHNIQUE. 3. DEMONSTRATION. 4. DISCUSSION. 5. REFERENCES.

A new method used in speckle interferometry is described. This method takes advantage of the superiority of the optical preprocessing, has the distinguishing feature in large capacity of information acquisition and accuracy.

A 3D-interferometer equipped with four different directions of object illumination has been developed to analyze quantitatively in a first step the object surface shape and the interferometer geometry used as well as in a second step the displacement or vibration amplitude fields of mechanically loaded elements. The combination of the interference phase evaluation by digital image processing leads to a justifiable calculation time and a higher accuracy of the measuring results. First experience are described by example of synthetic interferograms concerning the determination of the object shape and the measuring accuracy of a definite rigid body displacement. Besides that, the measurement of the vibration amplitude field of an ultrasonic transducer is outlined.

Applications of holography and optical data processing in track detectors are reviewed in detail in this paper. The value of the maximum spatial resolution for high-resolution track chambers employing holographic information recording and processing is obtained experimentally. Applicability of coherent optics methods for on-line analysis of event geometry is discussed.

For real-time superlarge data arrays processing computers are required to provide the speed eiectronics fails to achive. A way for increasing of calcu-lating devices speed can be based on applying the optical methods which enable to reach information processing rate of 1012 operations per second with the theoretically predicted energy consumption limit of about 1 fJ per bits'. Good examples of analog signal processing methods are rf spectrum analysis and correlations 2. For numerical computation, however, optical analog processing cannot offer high accuracy 3, to obtain which digital calculations need to be used. In this paper we present some experimentally proved ways for improving operating characteristics in both analog and digital fields of optical proces-sing. Wave heterodyning technique causes essential increase of processing ac-curacy and central signal frequency of analog acousto-optic spectrum analyzers and correlators. The application of NRZ code in acousto-optic digital multiplayers increases twice their accuracy or reduces the necessary light aperture.

Method of holographic recording of laser radiation modulated by interaction with an object or medium, whose characteristics vary in time and along one of the coordinates are considered. The recording was realized by the usage of reference wave with the linear change of frequency in time and along the coordinate in the registration plane. At the reconstruction stage the information about space-time characteristics of the object under investigation has been obtained.

Modern information processing technology changes the way how paper documents are generated, stored, printed, distributed, and read. The basic technology is the electronic storage of documents, consisting of written text, images or drawings, in computer storage media, but it will take a long time until all steps in the treatment of documents will be performed in a complete electronic fashion. In fact, it may be doubted whether paper will ever disappear as a convenient base media for human use, with some exceptions in specialized use in totally computerized work areas.

The topic of computer recognition and entry of alphanumeric information has been known for approximately 30 years. Today, it is still vital, because the problems related to it have not found satisfactory solution. For example, the existing automatic reading devices require special fonts, like OCR-A, OCR-B, CMC-7, E13B, etc.The complete solution of the problem demands a reading system, capable of inputting letters, signs, numerals of arbitrary fonts and height from manuscripts and books. This problem is very complex and very hard to solve. A step towards finding a more general solution is the proposed factorization method for preliminary processing of printed text to be entered in a computer. It makes possible the recognition of letters and signs of different fonts and sizes.

It is shown, that the Fourier-processing based modulation of short laser pulses can be successfully used for all-optical image transfer. The proposed system contains a transmitter, where the transferred image modulates the frequency profile of the carrier pulse, and a receiver, where after the reverse processing is restored the original image. The main limitations are discussed. The transfer of binary amplitude and phase images is demonstrated.

The aim of this paper is experimental solving of the optical in-. verse problem. The spatial filter used in this purpose has been computed on the base of Tichonov regularization technique with the help of the experimentally measured distribution of Wiener spectrum blurred image.

Two methods for decreasing variation due to additive noise into an image are discussed. Both methods are based on Singular Values Decomposition (SVD) of given Image matrix: • The singular values take the meaning of the dispersion coefficients, and the Image reconstruction by part of the basis functions leads to entropy minimization of the image, guaranteeing minimization of the least-squares error. The sharing criterion is used by the first method to extract the most significant coefficients. • Another discussed method Is a filter fitting to the singular value spectrum of a noisy matrix. In the case of known noise distribution the filter is noise matched.

One of the most effective ways of correlation analysis of images is processing of their Fourier spectra with the help of holografics filter (Van der Lugt filter for example). Practical realisation of such a correlator for high-informative ( >10³x10³ elements ) image is a non-trivial scientific-engineering problem, which is ever more complicated by the usage of many (~10¹) filters being written down consequently in each channel for example with the help of multiplicator, having two crossed phase gratings, placed just after the processing image.

Narrow bandwidth is one of the major disadvantages of the computer generated holographic (CGH) spatial filters (SF). Increase of the bandwidth obtained by D/A convertion, i.e. holographic copying of CGHSF to analog HSF with external refererence beam is presented in this work. Relatively large angle between object beam from CGHSF and the reference gives the large "carrier spatial frequency" on the analog HSF, so the object processed by the filter converted this way may have space-bandwidth product (SBWP) much larger then CGHSF itself. The qualitative analysis and the experimental results are presented.

Main tasks of digital optics and basic algorithms are outlined along with design principles of dedicated computers.

The optical methods annd systems for recording, storing, procesing and transmission of different kinds of data get wider use. The complex binary and grey-scaled images ( microelectronic masks and speciments, x-ray and biomedical pictures, aerophoto and space images of the earth and flying objects, test rasters in machine -building and interferograms for precision control of the movements and positions of the machine devices, etc. ) require rapid analysis and evaluation. The main advantage of the optical methods is the possibility for fast processing of large information files. The modern hybrid optoelectronic complexes operate moree effectively than computers and optical processors. The adaptive optical systems have some new functional possibilities for image processing.

The adaptive optical systems have some new functional possibilities for image processing.Different silver-halide print out emulsions in non-linear optical elements are used for a mirror adaptive system. The experimental results in the adaptive optical system obtained by authors are exposed and discussed.

Two methods for decreasing variation due to additive noise into an image are compared: •First method is based on Hartley transformation. and optimal adaptive linear filtering In Hartley domain (In sense of minimal mean-square error). • The second method is a filter fitting to the singular value spectrum of a noisy matrix.

Some methods of optoelectronic parallel operations for two-dimensional discrete binary objects are described. The operations are executed by the optoelectronic system for image processing which is presented below.

The Ram-chip camera for optical measurements is based on Ram-chip camera for digital processing of binary images. The differences are in calibrating procedure and programming support. The camera works in collecting rate, i.e. makes multiple exposures with different exposure times. Then binary values from different exposures are collected and give the values of light intensity In integer number form. From this values are calculated the values of light intensity In energetic units, using calibration curve for every elements.

Solid-state optoelektronic converters - CCD matrices are applied for developing new methods in spectrometric systems for remote sensing. Special attention is paid to the aspects of problems namely CCD structures applications in new video-spectrometric systems with guaranteed metric characteristics : geometric , spatial-frequency , energy , spatial and colormetric.

We present the principle and implementations of high-speed pattern matching with the incoherent holographic technique along with its experimental results.

In the last year and one half there has been considerable world wide interest in making multiple holograms in a two-dimensional array to provide interconnections for a fully interconnected neural network. The number and spatial pattern of such holograms is governed by the number and spatial pattern of the desired outputs. We address here the general question of how to design these holograms and begin the consideration of how to make them adaptive as well.

The diffraction by an arbitrarily oriented anisotropic planar grating with slanted fringes is analyzed using rigorous three-dimensional vector characteristic wave analysis. The method applies to any sinusoidal or nonsinusoidal amplitude and/or phase grating, any plane-wave angle of incidence, and any linear polarization. Sample calculations are presented for various anisotropic and isotropic holographic slanted gratings.

In this report, the aberrations up to the seventh order of several axial-symmetrical optical surfaces are presented. The comparing of aberration coefficients in several cases is discussed. A new kind of optical elements called 'inphasev optical elements (10E) is described. It is shown that the new optical elements can be achromatized for a large range of wave lengths. The IOE on a plane surface have fast convergence of their aberration terms. It is point out that IOE can be produced by photolithographic technologies which according to their optical properties makes them especially perspective.

Discussed in the paper are new methods of synthesis and testing of high-precision metrological holographic grating used as scales for the measurement of linear displacement, Application of two-frequency phase modulation has permitted a substantially better accuracy of manufacture and testing of holographic gratings*

Until recently optics has only been three dimensional, and holography belongs to this form, too. Last time, however, a planar optics asserts as a manner of expression of a guided wave version of propagation of an optical field. This planar guided wave branch of optics is a basis for development of integrated optics. However, not only the integrated optics is a culmination of the waveguide approach. We can also imagine that the classical volume optics will be supplemented by planar optics in some parts or knots, because this planar optics may represent more advantageous solution than the current approach. But this hybrid structure of optical instruments requires not only further development of elements and knots of planar guided wave optics itself, but also it is necessary to pay particular attention to elements which couple the planar and volume parts of optics together.

Several 5 x 5 multifocus Hololenses have been produced with diffraction efficiencies between 20% and 75%. Low intermodulation noise was achieved by going off axis 16 degrees and using SHG and DCG materials to record the master and copies respectively. Astigmatism and Bragg tilt errors were minimized but images showed more coma than prior art. Both coherent and incoherent copies were made, the oherent copies were always low in efficiency because of very high intermodulation noise or because beam ratios were made high to avoid intermodulation noise. Incoherent copies proved to be only a little more difficult to fabricate and the master copy process in an index matching fluid proved to be more versatile as well as optically cleaner. Problems with uniformity from exposure to exposure were found and cured or probable causes were found. A limit to uniformity probably exists that relates to random coherent phasing of overlapping Bragg structures added to very small thermal and mechanical instabilities during exposure. All copies are made in a contact copy jig with each exposure running about 2 seconds. The process for obtaining an unaberrated master at 633 nm while making copies at 488 nm is described for both the coherent and incoherent methods. Test results for an incoherent 5x5 array working at 633 nm are given including an intensity profile of a spot, power distribution and output with crosstalk. Suggestions for further improvements are given.

It is shown that optical recording, based on local heating of AR-cromium and a-Si films by a focused argon laser beam, is promising for using in technology of fabrication of computer-generated holographic optical elements.

New devices for the parameter control of light beams based on the system "relief grating - liquid crystal" have been studied. It was shown that the modulator, switched polarizer, deflector and bistable device based on such a system, possess several features that are not attainable in ordinary liquid crystal facilities.

A system comprising a glass substrate, chromium layer and evaporated inorganic photoresist As2S3, onto which the diffraction image is registered was used. The recording of the gratings was made with Fresnel mirror. Ar laser with wave length 488 nm was used. To improve the sensitivity of the system and thus the accuracy of image registration the evaporated photoresist was preliminary subjected to predefined white light illumination. The processing method used (wet development and etching of the photoresist and the chromium layer) garanties the high quality of the image obtained and its transfer and multiplication. The parameters of the gratings obtained were measured and the diffraction efficiency was studied with He-Ne laser. The gratings thus prepared are used in a refractometric detector for total internal reflection.

Investigation is made on holographically recorded metal diffraction gratings with various periods, the results being compared to those from an etalon grating, fabricated by photolithographic methods. A strong dependence of the diffraction efficiency on the angle of incidence and on light polarization angle for zero and plus-one order in the region of total internal reflection is observed.

The paper presents a new technique of quantitative performing of kinoforms. During preparing the kinoform a photochemical operations have been used. The phase retardation in each zone is controlled by a new diffraction technique. A standard photographic plate glass substrate is sufficient for described method.

The application and parameters of the holographic elements and optodiode structures used in the spectrometric systems for remote sensing of Earth and its atmosphere from the Space are considered in the paper. Their advantages for development of space devices are discussed.

The use of holographic optical elements (HOE) in myriad of technical applications is now well-known. Herein we wish to discuss a number of specific applications in holography itself.

An active stabilizied holographic setup for production of corrected concave gratings is decribed. Phase perturbations during exposure decrease diffraction efficiency. Two-wave interference at a holographic phase grating in a positive photoresist coated film is used for phase controlling during recording. The basic feature is the possibility of stabilization and resetting of the setup by the reference grating. Positive resist PFKL S-1 manufactured by VEB Foto-chemische Werke Berlin was used for recording deep grooves on plan and concave blanks.

A surface element of a holographic optical element (HOE) deflects two given rays into two given output rays. This advantage in comparison with a refracting surface element permits a simple solution for the attainment of aplanatism. The aplanatism ensures a good image quality in an image plane the coordinate axes of which are two spatial coordinates. If a HOE is used for spectroscopic purposes then the image plane is described by a spatial and a wavelength coordinate. For this case the usual aplanatism is generalized to colour aplanatism. A condition and examples are discussed.

The calculation of the phase transmission function of the computer generated optical element, forming the reference wave front with demanded form is described. The spectral properties of the thin phase compensators are analysed, the characteristics of accuracy of reference wave front obtained are introduced. The theoretical evaluation of the phase quantization and discretization influence on the accuracy of creating wave front had have been made. It is reported about the generating and investigating of the axis-symmetrical and non-axis-symmetrical compensators.