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We present a craniofacial surgery simulation testbed that makes extensive use of virtual reality techniques. The skull, skin and fat tissues are represented with simplex meshes, that are characterized with a constant vertex to vertex connectivity. Surfaces and volumes are respectively described as three and four connected meshes. This representation is well suited for the implementation of surface deformations such as those exerted on the face skin under the action of fat tissues. Furthermore, cutting surface regions may be easily achieved due to the local nature of simplex meshes. The user proceeds by cutting skull fragments and reorganizing them with the help of a virtual hand. Fat tissue attached to both skin and skull adjusts the face shape to the reconstructed skull.
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Herve Delingette, Gerard Subsol, S. Cotin, J. Pignon, "Craniofacial surgery simulation testbed," Proc. SPIE 2359, Visualization in Biomedical Computing 1994, (9 September 1994); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.185223