Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 277801 (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298883
This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 2778, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, and Conference Committee listing.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 277802 (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298884
In diffractive optics macrostructured surface relief profiles or index-modulated media are employed to modulate electromagnetic fields in such a manner that a given optical function is achieved [1,2]. Diffractive elements range from linear gratings and microlenses to complicated structures that can shape or split a laser beam in a rather arbitrary manner, or display scenes or patterns that need not exist in the real world. In a sense diffractive optics can be understood as an extension of classical optics, in which macrostructured surface profiles of graded-index media are employed. In recent years both the design methods and the fabrication techniques have developed rapidly, and a large number of new applications have emerged. As a result diffractive optics has already become a mature technology, with considerable technological and commercial impact, in several of its application areas.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 277803 (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298885
For the future progress of the modern advanced sciences and engineering such as biological science, material science, quantum physics, and semiconductor and microelectronics industries, the nanometric-scale technology for manipulation, fabrication, control, observation, and analysis for ultra-small structures is required. If photons could interact with small and fine structures within the extent of subwavelength area, it would be helpful for the academic studies on the dynamics of single atom, single molecule and single cell and its engineering applications to the manipulation of molecules, cells, and mesoscopic devices in nanometric dimensions. However, as is well known, the minimum size of the focused spot size formed by photons is as wide as a half of the wavelength due to the diffraction limit.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 277804 (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298886
An optical system will be presented which uses a stack of microlens arrays for the 1:1 imaging of extended object planes. The system is based on the well-known concept of multiple aperture imaging. A compact imaging system was discovered which is remarkable in that it provides a diffraction limited resolution of 3 μm free of distortion and magnification errors for large object and image areas. 5 μm resolution was demonstrated by using melting resist microlens arrays.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 277805 (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298887
Nowadays, ArF excimer laser projection lithography has been spot lighted due to its potential high resolution applicable to 1 G Bit DRAMs( < 0.2μm design rule ). The unique refractive material in ArF excimer laser lithography is fused silica and there is no way to correct the chromatic aberration by combination of different materials. Hence, the catadioptric configuration is inevitable in this field.[1, 2]
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 277806 (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298888
The basic limitations of optical lithography are characterized by the minimum resolvable feature size dmin = k1λ/NA and the depth of focus dfoc = k2λ/NA2, where λ is the wave- length of light and NA the numerical aperture of the projection system. The parameters k1 and k2 depend on the imaging technology. Typical production values are k1 ≥ 0.7 and 1 ≤ k2 ≤ 2. The upper formulas are commonly used for the evaluation of the imaging process in air. The projection of the image into optically linear resists only scales these formulas according to its refractive index.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 277807 (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298889
0.15 μm SOI p-MOSFETs were fabricated by XRL (x-ray lithography) for gate and contact layer's patterning and optical lithography for other layers'.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 277808 (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298890
The X-ray interferometers are analyzed as a tool to measure a phase distribution of X-ray beams transmitted through phase objects. We calculate beam width using a dynamical diffraction theory of a spherical wave. The width defines the image resolution. From these results, it is found that the X ray quadruple-Lane-case (LLLL) interferometer has high image resolution compared with the X-ray triple-Lane-case (LLL) interferometer.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 277809 (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298891
The experimentally made measure-ments and theoretical calculations of the photophysical properties of some new and also some known lasers-active lumino-phores emission and generated radiations in the wavelength interval ∆λoscmax ≈ 300−560 nm have been studied in a wide range of free molecules and solvent. We show that the method of a priory-structural modeling was created: structure and properties of molecules for the quantum-mechanical control of the properties of molecular excited states (Si, Ti)and electronic-vibration transitions.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27780A (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298892
Many of the popular techniques for the manufacture of microlenses do not offer proper control over the shape of the lens produced. This applies in particular to the melting of photoresist, to graded index lenses produced by ion exchange through a hole in a mask and to photothermal techniques. Although it is possible to influence the process by optimising some of the process parameters it is not in the true sense possible to control the final result. Two techniques which do offer proper control are binary techniques and "photosculpture". The purpose of this paper is to describe a simple variation of photosculpture applied to the manufacture of arrays of microlenses.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27780B (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298893
Micro-optical elements such as lens, array and diffraction grating are key devices in optical communication, signal processing, neural network and image processing. Thus far, there are several schemes to realize these micro-elements with glass material, e.g., casting with micro structured mold, shrinking effect of photo-sensitive glass and graded index caused by selective diffusion of metallic ions. However, those elements made of glass have some disadvantages, in mass producibility, flexibility, difficulty for making film, heavy weight and cost. In order to overcome these problems it is quite recommended to adopt organic polymer for micro optical elements.1)
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27780C (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298894
A planar optic set-up[1] composed of free-space optical components integrated on a glass block makes signal connections between 2-dimensional array of input and output optoelectronic devices via 3-dimensional glass space. Taking advantage of the compactness, easy alignment and thermal/mechanical stability, it can provide a useful approach to realizing an optical interconnection system in a practical way[2]. Therefore the planar optics imaging and transforming can render much improvement in power requirement, cost in alignment and packaging, and component size for the imaging and transforming optics.
In this paper, we investigate the imaging and transforming properties of planar integrated optics. The space band-width product of the planar optical imaging can be maximized by adjusting the number of zigzag bouncing in the glass substrate. The non-uniform spacing between the orders of planar optical transformation, such as Fourier transform and fractional transform, can also be reduced by the use of a toric-shape lens instead of spherical lens. Some experimental results to verify those properties are presented.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27780D (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298895
Ever since the world's first laser printer1) was introduced in 1975, the standard for scanning optics systems has been the fθ lens (FTL), however fθ mirror (FTM) systems have also been under consideration since roughly the same date. In 1977 a theoretical analysis of parabolic FTM was made2), and they were put to practical use in large-format printers. Since then, many papers and patents concerning FTM have been published 3). In October of 1990, a letter-size laser printer that used an FTM went on sale, and a related technical paper was released4), but FTL systems nonetheless remained the main choice for scanning optics. In the course of developing plastic FTL, we found out the usefulness of FTM, in particular on the advantages that come with making them out of plastic, and studied some FTM systems. As a result, we have arrived at an original structure built by combining rotationally symmetric aspherical FTM with an ABTL (aspherical barrel-shaped toroidal lens), that is applicable to high-resolutions of 600 dpi and above.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27780E (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298896
It is possible to enhance the efficiency of diffractive optical elements(DOE), by multilevel structures, blazed structures, or by high frequency gratings. But for some purposes, in one DOE, one part is with 'big' structures and another part with 'small' structures. For example, the reflective beam shaping DOE for stripe laser diode. In this case, if only using the multilevel structures or blazed structures for the whole DOE, in 'small' structure area, is not easy to fabricate. On the other side, if only using binary structures for the whole DOE, in 'big' structures, the efficiency is not high enough. We propose a new method to combine the two structures in one DOE, for high efficiency and convenient fabrication.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27780F (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298897
The field distribution in the focal region of a high aperture optical system is calculated using an efficient method based on expansion into multipole components. Aberrations in high aperture systems are considered. Combinations of aberrations which form a complete, orthogonal and normalized set over a weighted spherical pupil are evaluated.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27780G (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298898
In this work we show the behavior of digital hologram obtained with the Kirchhoff-Fresnel's integral when these hologram are written on a TV monitor and this monitor has a finite number of gray levels. The Kirchhoff-Fresnel integral is numerically evaluated and represented in the computer virtual space. When the integral obtained values are showed on the TV screen they are changed due to the number of gray levels. Therefore in the reconstruction step of the hologram obtained on the TV screen we expect some details deterioration in the obtained holographic image.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27780H (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298899
The present paper deals with new results on the development of a holographic nonspatial filter to be used for laser beam clean up. This is the problem which any user of laser radiation necessarily meets. At the present time it is usually solved by means of spatial filters (pinholes or single mode optical fibers) which are placed on the beam way. Such filters exhibit, however, some important drawbacks, namely, they are rather expensive, require a long time for their alignment, can not be used with powerful lasers. Recently [1,2,3] we reported theory and ffitt experiments on the development of a holographic optical element to be used for filtration of spatial frequencies in laser beams, which is a principally new solution of this task. Such elements have several advantages as compared with traditional elements, namely, they operate directly in laser beam, without its focussing, they are aligned considerably easier, may be used with high power lasers, and are cheaper in manufacturing. However, our previous investigations were devoted mainly to the development of a holographic filter which allows to select spatial frequencies only in one direction. In the current paper we present results on 2D selection of laser beams. The theoretical estimations and first experimental results [2] show the possibility to obtain a holographic filter with angular selectivity of 10-104 rad, that is close to the magnitude of the initial divergence of laser beam.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27780I (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298900
We presented the method of making a line drawing hologram by the holographic contact duplicating method using galvanometer scanners at the ICO topical meeting in 1994[1]. Here we describe that we realize a multicolored line drawing hologram using the method. Figure 1 shows the optical apparatus that consists of a laser, a pair of galvanometer scanners, a rainbow hologram which reconstructs an image of a diffusing plate, and focusing lenses. To obtain a multicolored hologram, three rainbow holograms are prepared which recorded a diffusing plate at different spatial frequency respectively These three rainbow holograms are made of photoresist plate.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27780J (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298901
Holographic gratings in photopolymers are useful tools in optics for cold neutrons. After explaining their advantage over photoresists, we are presenting the latest development in their technology as well as in their application. The successful construction of a neutron interferometer indeed established the novel holographic technique in neutron optics.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27780K (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298902
We showed an advanced way to make a line drawing hologram using a holographic duplicating method with a pair of Galvanometer scanners at the ICO topical meeting in 1994. As the former system is based on the Rainbow hologram contact duplicating (RHCD) method, we can get only Rainbow holograms. Here, we report that we apply this RHCD method to the Lippmann hologram.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27780L (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298903
It is well known that in the case of very high precise reproducing of sharp-edged two- dimensional objects by imaging there are several and especially nonlinear influences. This is important in cases of fotolithography and of high-precision measurement of edge position. in this case there are high contrast objects like masks which leads to an essentially nonlinear interaction of diffraction, interference, and illumination in image generation. For this reason there is a nonlinear influence of wavefront distortion (aberrations of the imaging system) on image intensity distribution. /1/,/2/. Because of this reasons and the fact, that the design and adjustment /3/,/4/ of high performance optical systems has to take into account also very small residual aberrations, the question of optimum aberration balancing for edge imaging is worth to be considered in more detail.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27780M (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298904
Our laboratories have developed a fluorescence imaging system (FIS) to acquire steady state fluorescence images at the wavelength centered at 450 nm, 550 nm, and 680 nm. The imaging system shows that fluorescence emission intensity from vegetation is not uniformly distributed across the surface of the leaf. Determination of steady state fluorescent patterns and measurements of fluorescence induction kinetics are of significant value. This system compliments non-imaging fluorescence systems by determining the areas of variability in samples.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27780N (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298905
Space invariant and variant point spread intensity functions with additive noise in image processing are restoring using an iterative algorithm when the bilinear system theory is applied to the image restoration problem. Once the iterative algorithm is obtained strong degraded image can be restored when zero noise is assumed.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27780O (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298906
Three-dimensional displays that do not require viewing aids such as spectacles, termed "autostereoscopic" displays, present two or more distinct perspective views to two or more distinct viewing locations such that the viewer's two eyes may receive a stereo pair of images and perhaps may also move from side to side to enjoy further depth cues such as motion parallax. The management of the image-bearing light, and in particular its focusing or convergence to distinct viewing zones, is typically effected with the help of optical components at or near the apparent location of the image in space. Those components may consist of an array of micro-optical components such as cylindrical lenslets (a lenticular sheet, for example), or a single macro-optical component acting as a field lens or mirror (perhaps with a directional diffuser). The differences between these two design approaches, micro- and macro-optical, present different choices in determining whether the resulting spatial image will be ortho- or pseudo-stereoscopic, and also present different limitations to image depth based on diffraction by the relevant apertures. Following Weiss, we refer to the second category of optical systems, the macro-optical types, as "specular" autostereoscopic displays, even if some of the components are replaced with their Fresnel-optical equivalents (1).
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27780P (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298907
The report presents the results of rainbow hologram record on photothermoplastic media by He-Ne laser radiation. Hologram characteristics as depended on slit diaphragm width are studied in a case of dimple-natured relief formed on the medium's surface. The recorded holograms are characterized by the value of diffraction efficiency being up to 12% at holographic sensitivity values being not worse than 105cm2/J. Rainbow holography is among the most perspective approaches for visual observation of restored images in polychromatic light. Different media are used for holographic recording, comprising AgHal media, bichromatized gelatine layers, photoresists., chalcogenide vitreous semiconductors and others. Together with these media the use of two-layer photothermoplastic medium (PTPM) com- prised a photosensitive semiconductor layer and visualizing thermoplastic one, seems to be perspective. The characteristic feature of PTPM is a combination of high values of both pho- tosensitivity (up to 105 locro ) and resolution (up to 2000mm-1), developing processes being of a dry nature and rather operative (about 1s). The thinner thermoplastic layer, the higher resonant frequency of PTPM and the wider frequency band of record, allowing to realize the high quality recording of high-frequency holograms. The record of rainbow holograms on PTPM is preferable as well due to the relief-phase nature of recording that is rather convinient for copies making and holographic patterns stamping. To record the rainbow holograms we use the tape PTPM consisted of 1.5pm semiconductor heterostructure, As2S3 As2Se3, and 0.8iim thermoplastic layer based on bytilmethacrylat co-polymer with styren, been deposited in succsession on the metallized PETF-support. The influence of different parameters of PTP recording, such as medium temperature, coroning electrode potential and duration of PTPM charging, on the character of surface deformations forming the relief hologram on PTPM is studied. The diffraction efficiency (DE) of a hologram is found to reach the maximum value at dimple nature of surface deformation. When recording the holograms by making use of such process an interference band is reproduced by dimples arranged in a row; the dimple size is less than 1,um. For the regimes providing a dimple nature of the record (V = 6.2 -÷ 6.8kV, T = 60 + 70C, t = 0.8 + 4.5s) the dependence of DE on spatial frequency is studied.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27780Q (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298908
A birefringence polarizer is proposed, which has sheet form, large aperture, high extinction ratio, relatively large beam-splitting angle and even low cost, besides, it is suitable for different wavelength. This new kind of polarizer will be very useful in optical technology.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27780R (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298909
This paper proposes a new method by utilizing the ultrathin metallic film that has a property of n k to design narrowband high reflectors, derives a few of formulae about its spectral reflection properties and gives examples of the design.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27780S (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298910
The optimum conditions for preparing, recording and processing of Methylene-Blue Sensitized Dichromated Gelatin (MBDCG) depend on some atmospheric parameters of laboratory where the operations are carried-out and the optimum value of different parameters approprite to different conditions must be determined by experiment. In this paper these conditions as well as the quality control of DCG plates and the diffraction efficiency (DE) of holographic gratings registered on these plates are reported.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27780T (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298911
Critical tight reflection, interforence and diffraction from raised and depressed curved liquid surface were discovered and its extraordinary intensity distribution photographed. Their formation and characters were discussed as wet 1, Furthermore, The applications formeasuring contact angle were discribed and experimental results were reported.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27780U (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298912
A flight simulator, which is a precising optical instrument based on the theory of virtual reality used in training pilots, has been introduced in this paper. The scheme and the design methods for the flight simulator have been also presented.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27780V (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298913
A new method for analyzing the refractive index modulation of the holographic phase diffraction grating is presented with the chemical mechanisms of wet processing. It is proved that the exposure quantity reacts as a catalyst at developing process and promotes the velocity of development reaction time fast. The experimental investigation has revealed that the good holographic phase gratings with diffraction efficiencies(<70%) could be taken, if the development reaction time were controlled in the 50 350[,a--- J/cm2] range of exposure quantity.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27780W (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298914
We present a description of three methods to characterise the degraded edge imaging in difracction limited system with circular pupil of unit radius. Conditions of incoherent illumination are assumed. We present a generalisation of such a procedure by assuming the Heaviside function as a systematic generator of arbitrary soft edges.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27780X (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298915
We present a comparative study between two experimental methods to determine the modulation transfer function (MTF) and the merit functions of the CCD arrays as detectors in optical-digital correlators. The first method is the standard Foucault test.The second one is based on edge digital image processing. We also search to obtain the cuttof-frecuency of arbitrary optical digital correlator. The results are commented.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27780Y (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298916
Propagation of a general incoherent Gaussian light beam in free space and through an optical system in paraxial approximation is considered. It is shown that such a beam is described using the same parameters as for a classical coherent Gaussian beam. Kogelnik's " A BCD" law is also true for a general Gaussian beam.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27780Z (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298917
We present what is to our knowledge the first experimental observation of the controlled intensity fluctuations of aliased Fresnel holograms of an 8pmx8pm pixel size by using an analytical function for calculating optical phase errors from the pixel area of an aperture of synthetic Fresnel holograms.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 277810 (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298918
The design principles of a viewing lens for virtual reality are discussed, and a design example given. Used with a 2.2" colour LCD, the system gives a 120° field of view for each eye. Monochromatic and chromatic aberrations are corrected for all the points in the field, while the large barrel distortion of the lens is compensated by a reverse compression of the image on the LCD. The system can establish a good stereoscopic view with a strong sense of immersion.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 277811 (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298919
The scalar diffraction theory of read-out signal in optical disc is described, and numerical results are given. The strength of this signal depends on the shape of bump(pit) and on the amplitude variations of incident beam.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 277812 (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298920
In this paper, we propose a new type of optical baffle with radial leaves, which can effectively reject stray light caused by primary mirror scatter while makes the baffle length shorter than the ordinary one. The stray light test setup for measuring the Point Source Transmittance (PST) of such an optical baffle is described. The test results show that this type of optical baffle can well suppress the stray light from an out-of field light source.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 277813 (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298921
Imaging properties of a near-field pattern recorded without complementary reference wave is recognized proceeding from the Young-Rubinowicz concept of diffraction phenomena, and the spe- cial hologram type, the Young hologram, is introduced. Contour imaging by the Young holography technique is considered.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 277814 (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298922
The main goal in photolithography is to produce smaller and smaller structures with high Depth of Focus (DOF). In this contribution the image intensity of small isolated structures is studied under the influence of nonuniform pupils. Special interest is dedicated to axial apodizing filters, which produce high DOF with sufficient small line width. The influence of partial coherent illumination has been taken into account.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 277815 (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298923
Three approaches available to raise the conversion efficiency of the sec- ond harmonic generation of copper vapor laser in a BBO crystal have been demonstrated. The high optical conversion efficiency, 14.4%, was achieved at 5.4-W coppor vapor laser power. Sub-micron photolithography was attained using the second harmonic light of coppor vapor laser, a new UV light at 255.3-mxi, by a 1:1 catadioptric high NA lithog- raphy lens for the first time. The resolution of lines was 0.7-pm.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 277816 (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298924
Triplet structure is proposed in order to correct both chromatic and spherical aberrations of diffractive lens systems. Simmulated annealing is emplyed to optimise spatial frequency distribution of diffractive lenses.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 277817 (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298925
A modified procedures of controlling the reconstruction wavelength of reflection holographic filter formed in dichromated gelatin are presented.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 277818 (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298926
In spite of the very wide applications of a near-field optical microscope (NOM) in various fields such as observation of biological specimens, optical storage etc. [1,2], a systematic analysis of the images with respect to resolution and contrast is lacking. In this work using 20 nm gold particles (calibrated by electron microscope) fixed on a glass plate as the observation object, we have evaluated the transfer function of NOM.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 277819 (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298927
We present new method of measuring of the objects movements on the images. This method is based on Gabor functions representation of the images. We use a phase information of the complex Gabor function coefficients to compute a displacement vector.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27781A (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298928
Properties of chalcogenide inorganic resists and their applications in holography ( for the recording of holographic diffraction gratings, optical elements), microelectronics, optoelectronics are considered.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27781B (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298929
Three-dimensional displays that do not require viewing aids such as spectacles, termed "autostereoscopic" displays, present two or more distinct perspective views to two or more distinct viewing locations such that the viewer's two eyes may receive a stereo pair of images and perhaps may also move from side to side to enjoy further depth cues such as motion parallax. The management of the image-bearing light, and in particular its focusing or convergence to distinct viewing zones, is typically effected with the help of optical components at or near the apparent location of the image in space. Those components may consist of an array of micro -optical components such as cylindrical lenslets (a lenticular sheet, for example), or a single macro -optical component acting as a field lens or mirror (perhaps with a directional diffuser). The differences between these two design approaches, micro- and macro-optical, present different choices in determining whether the resulting spatial image will be ortho- or pseudo-stereoscopic, and also present different limitations to image depth based on diffraction by the relevant apertures. Following Weiss, we refer to the second category of optical systems, the macro-optical types, as "specular" autostereoscopic displays, even if some of the components are replaced with their Fresnel-optical equivalents 1.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27781C (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298930
When optical systems are designed, the final stage corresponds to the optimization of an initial design, and frequently the methods of damped least squares are used. However, some methods as the one mentioned find local minimums and not the global one. Therefore, the solution depends mainly of the initial design. The method proposed in this work, is based in the genetic algorithms that find the global minimum, and besides an initial design is not necessary to begin the optimization process.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27781D (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298931
In 1991, American Patent Bureau Published the Patent of Photon Scanning Tunnel- ing Microscopy CUSP 5,018,865). Now we name that instrument 1st generation PSTM. Our group obtained first PSTM image of a holographic grating with resolution of 100nm october 1991, and super-resolution images with lateral beter than 10nm and longitude bet- ter than 1nm, using the 1st generation PSTM in 1993.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27781E (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298932
To minimize the spot size of a light focused by a lens of optical disk system, other than adoption of higher NA lens or shorter wave length laser diode, super-resolution method has been examined. It is practically used in another products, but it is rare in optical head because of its light power loss. Light power loss is essential for optical head because output light of laser diode is rather weak, Super-resolution optics up to this time uses shield which covers central part of pupil of objective lens where the peak of light power exist, so it wastes much energy. In addition to it, most of all practical use optical heads (We choose this type of head for the standard.), a part of the Gaussian beam outer than the level about 28% of its peak is shaded by pupil of the objective lens.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27781F (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298933
The lenticular lens is widely used to produce autostereoscopic images because of its simplicity. A lenticular lens system is composed of an LCD on which a lenticular lens is attached such that a pair of LCD pixel columns is roughly covered by a single lenticular lenslet. In this case, by the lenslet, the left and right pixel columns are optically separated and made incident to the left and right eyes of the observer, respectively, to produce parallax (see Fig. 1). A lenticular lens system contains a lot of parameters such as period of lenticular lens, focal length and focal position of the lens, period and size of LCD pixel, and observer distance. Since it is almost impossible to optimize a lenticular system in experiments with different lenticular lens sheets, we employ computer simulations to characterize the optical properties of a lenticular lens system and therefore optimize it.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27781G (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298934
The near-field scanning optical microscope (NSOM) has been developed to extract optical information from a nanometric area of sample. The amount of information contained in an NSOM image is potentially vast but it could not yet be fully exploited because of the need for a more complete understanding of the effects of the probe-sample interaction on the imaging process. A better understanding will lead to an unambiguous analysis of an NSOM image and will make the NSOM a reliable imaging tool. In this paper, we present the analysis of NSOM imaging through the numerical calculation based on an electromagnetic-theory-based algorithm,called Finite-Difference Time-Domain method (FDTD).
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27781H (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298935
By modifying the wavefront at the aperture of an optical system, it can be made to have a long focal depth. Computer simulation results of such an imaging system show that, images can be resolved over a distance longer than a kilometer.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27781I (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298936
The transverse shift of the focal waist of a converging asymmetrical circular- polarized light beam was observed experimentally under switching the sign of the circular polarization. The value of the shift corresponds to the quantitative estima- tion.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27781J (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298937
Near-field optics has drawn wide attention in the last 10 years since it provides the possibilities of ultra-high resolution exceed the optical diffraction limit and local optical imaging and spectroscopy at the nanometer scale. One key problem in developing new type of scanning near-field optical microscope (SNOM) is the method of tip-sample regulation, which can keep the detecting tip in the near-field regime and should have little or no optical interference with the signals to be detected.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27781K (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298938
By using Gaussian pupil, the resolution limit eG can be made less than Rayligh's limit of resolution ER. The Gaussian form of the amplitude impulse Uo(x) is initially defined by e 'x2 and by Fourier transform relation the pupil function A(w) is obtained and then the amplitude impulse U(x) is derived for a finite aperture. It is shown EG is < 1/2 radius of the Airy disk = 1/2 ER in the system of NA=0.25 and 2=130nm(Soft X-ray). Also, it is shown the OTF of the annular Gaussian aperture depends only on the outer diameter of the pupil, which is a special feature of the Gaussian pupil. , .
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27781L (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298939
This paper presents an approach to treat the imag- ing of objects with arbitrary reflection diagrams. We consider here the observation of retroreflective objects through a light scattering medium. Their images formed by an active vision system show a number of surprises. First, a retroreflector may be perceived as several different objects. Its image, under uniform illumination and invariable reflec- tive characteristics, can be highly-nonuniform in brightness, etc. Second, a retroreflector with very low albedo viewed against an ideally-white back- ground may be seen as a clearer object than the background. These features should be accounted for when analyzing the imaging of objects with reflection patterns differing greatly from that of Lambertian ones.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27781M (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298940
An experimental investigation of the dependence of the angle of rotation of the speckle pattern of the light, transmitted through an optical fiber with a step refrac- tive index profile, on the angle a of entry of a narrow light beam into the fiber was carried out. It was shown that magnitude of the optical Magnus effect depended on this angle as a2.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27781N (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298941
This report describes the application of thin film Vitreous Chalcogenide Semiconduc- tors (VCS) for high resolution recording of the integrated elements. The processes of selective chemical etching of VCS layers are investigated both of the exposure conditions and parameter of etching solution.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27781O (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298942
The possibility of adiabatical conversion of circular polarized light into linear polarized one is considered for the case of the medium with both optical activity and inhomogeneous birefringence.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27781P (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298943
This paper describes the fabrication and performance of a testing system for copier and fax lenses in mass production. With the crossed line objects and 2-dim CCD arrays, we could measure the radial and tangential MTF in on-axis and off-axis at the same time. The MTF characteristics of copier and fax lenses measured by this equipment show different results according to the direction of the charge coupled shift register, shutter speed and the amplifier gain of CCDs. This equipment is calibrated by using standard lenses.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27781Q (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298944
The method of generation of light waves with the single dislocation is suggested, theoretically considered and experimentally realized. The light wave with the single dislocation is formed by transmission of the polarized light through an optical fiber.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27781R (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298945
The lidar is a good tool for investigations of atmospheric aerosol and ozone due to its possibility to give a continuity of measurements, to its easy handling and to its low cost[1]. Now Mobile scanning lidars are in use for multispectral and polarization measurements[2,31. To investigate the formation and life cycle, height, thikness and optical parameters of contrails the Fraunhofer Institute for Atmospheric Environmental Research has built a mobile scanning lidar employing a Nd:Yag laser(1064, 532 and 355 nm) and 52 cm cassegrain telescope for depolarization and multiwavelength backscattering measurements[1]. The lidar is accommodated in a 20 feet container for the sake of mobility. A similar mobile lidar (optical receiver 30cm) was built in the Meteorological Institute of the University of Munich for monitoring the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of cloud fields and aerosol layers[3].
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27781S (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298946
Cavity-controlled spontaneous emission spectrum of two level atom coupled to two lossless symmetrically detuned modes has been found rigorously to be a function of the system's energy eigenvalues and displays triplet, doublet or singlet form depending on detuning, natural linewidth and coupling constant.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27781T (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298947
GRadient-INdex optics is an active area of research in optical communications. The goal of this paper is to give an overview of GRIN optics and its applications in optical connections.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27781U (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298948
Reductions of the soliton interactions by using the optical sliding-frequency filters and optical phase conjugation are numerically studied. For the filters, the second-order Butterworth filters can more effectively reduce the soliton interactions than the Fabry- Perot filters or the third-order Butterworth filters, and the zigzag-sliding case is better than the up-sliding or the down-sliding cases. It is shown that, by properly applying the conjugators and choosing the filter bandwidth, the soliton transmission can be significantly improved.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27781V (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298949
Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers have revolutionized optical fiber communications. The amplifier's physical characteristics as well as its applications in multigigabit undersea fiber networks are reviewed.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27781W (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298950
From more than a decade now, the lasers have been applied to the synthesis and/ or the deposition of performnat thin films. The thin films are usually grown by laser chemical vapour deposition (LCVD). This method, however, suffers from the necessity of high-temperature substrate heating and usually resorts to dangerous gaseous precursors.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27781X (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298951
For surface topography measurement and characterization it is necessary to calibrate the measuring devices. For comparison of measurements using different techniques it is important to specify the spatial frequency range of the microstructure. Two new methods for the measurements of surface shape and microstructure will be described; namely a confocal technique based on microlens arrays and an interferometrical technique based on heterodyne interferometry.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27781Y (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298952
A theory to decompose the propagating waves and the evanescent field in the optical dipole radiation is applied to analyze the reflection near-field optical microscopy. It is theoretically and numerically demonstrated that a local field vertically polarized toward the sample surface at the very end of the probe will provide a longer evanescent field tail into the gap between the probe and the sample and, hence, will improve the imaging quality of the microscope.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27781Z (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298953
The imaging performance of projection lenses is strongly influenced by the used tools and procedures of assembly and adjustment. This paper presents the experience we have, using the example of a wide-field g-line lens.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 277820 (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298954
A thin layer of a homogeneously oriented nematic liquid crystal (NLC) can be used as an unusual recording medium for the materials testing in order to visualize the distribution of the weak power physical fields, local modifications and microrelef defects on the surface, and the structural inhomogeneities in the bulk. The initial NLC molecular ordering represents the basis for the external fields visualization. The ordering may be disturbed locally under the influence of the thermal, electric, or magnetic fields, molecular interactions, or electromagnetic irradiation. The recording of these areas becomes possible if the NLC deformed structure is illuminated in the transition or reflection mode, and the interference pattern to appear is studied in the crossed polarizers in comparison with the background structure [1]. The light intensity over NLC layer I(x,y) modulated by the defovried structure is described by the equation I(x,y) = Io sin4[6(x,y)/2], where phase delay o = f(n, nd, ne, no, H); n, nd are the refractive indices of a nondeformed and deformed NLC layers; no, ne are the refractive indices of the NLC layer for the ordinary and extraordinary polarizations, H - the NLC layer thickness.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 277821 (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298955
We demonstrated 340km non-dispersion shifted fiber(NDSF) transmission of directly modulated 10Gb/s signals by using mid-span spectral inversion(MSSI). The bit-rate distance product of 3.4 Tb/s.km is the best value achieved by using a directly modulated semiconductor laser.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 277822 (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298956
We have analyzed the Stokes Parameter Receiver for the PoISK by the Monte Carlo simulation of the Symbol Error Rate and the noise perturbation effect. The optical signal constellation is optimized on the basis of the simulation. Optimizations by the existing theory are examined and compared with the simulation results.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 277823 (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298957
The substrate mode hologram (SMH) design for high efficient and aberration-free direct coupling (in absence of the collimating optics) between collimated and uncollimated beams via totally internally reflected (TIR) beam is presented. Some experimental results are submitted for one particular geometry (plane wave - to - divergent Gaussian wave coupling via substrate; the coupling efficiency 58 %). The proposed method can be implemented in design and fabrication of the holographic optical interconnectors based on the substrate mode holograms.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 277824 (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298958
A comparative description of hydrostatic pressure effects in slowly twisting anisotropic media such as highly birefringent optical fibers and chiral nematic liquid crystal based on the mode-coupling theory is presented. The problem is analyzed in the Mauguin limit, where large linear birefringence of the medium dominates over the twisting effect. Hydrostatic pressure is found to slightly modify a weak twist coupling between the local modes, but can strongly influence polarization properties of the light propagating in the media creating new pressure sensing possibilities.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 277825 (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298959
A technique is described that precisely controls the spectral resonance wavelength of Bragg grating before they are written onto an optical fiber. The Bragg reflector filters can then be produced at any desired wavelengths.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 277826 (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298960
A specific equipment for testing the CCDs has been built in our institute. The schematic diagram is shown in Fig. 1 . A 40A microscope objective with long working distance of 2.5mm is used for observing and adjusting the array elements of the undertest CCD. The CCD and its driving circuits are mounted in a CCD box that is fixed on the table which can be adjusted precisely on five dimensions. Along the CCD array direction the table can move about 100mm. The precision slide used for this displacement has the straightness of 1 arc second. The distance of the displacement is measured by a heterodyne laser interferometer with the accuracy of 0.1µm.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 277827 (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298961
Based on scalar diffraction theory, a new type of millimeter wave antenna--quasioptical diffractive antenna is designed and manufactured. The design theory and space shadow are discussed in details, and the calculated and measured results are presented. The results show that the diffractive antenna has good properties.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 277828 (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298962
Ion assisted deposition (IAD) is a well known technique to improve the properties of thermally evaporated thin films. A wide range of materials and completed layer systems have already been investigated. Because of the low total ion current and the small beam size of the commercial available ion sources, the useful substrate area is strongly limited. With a newly developed advanced plasma source (APS) we have overcome these problems. A total ion current of up to 5 A with excellent uniformity over a large area substrate holder ( 1 m2) has been achieved. The plasma source is installed in conventional box coating systems. Besides plasma-IAD the APS is also useful for plasma- CVD processes like plasma polymerization. The principle of operation of the plasma assisted processes with the APS is described. Results of dielectric materials and completed layer systems like shift free line filters, ITO-coatings and AR-coatings are presented. In particular, in case of organic substrate materials, the advantages of the APS are outstanding. Scratch resistant layers in combination with AR-coatings and hydrophobic surface layers onto organic substrates are successfully introduced in production.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 277829 (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298963
Fabrication technology for three-dimensional microstructures with submicrometer accuracy has been needed in the fields of modern optics, such as micro mechanical system driven with photon pressure[1, 2] and laser-trapping near-filed optical microscopy[3]. However, the present accuracy with stereolithography[4] is not yet satisfactory to this purpose. Moreover, it is not so flexible to make a three- dimensional structure with the present technique. In this paper, we propose a new microfabrication method in which a point in three-dimensional volume of UV photopolymerizing resin is photopolymerized through two-photon absorption process. The microfabrication with two-photon absorption drastically improves the depth resolution due to a nonlinearlity between the power of the irradiation and that of the absorption[5].
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27782A (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298964
Many applications of micromachining with laser radiation require homogenous illumination of a mask or a workpiece or even illumination by a process adapted power density distribution. Especially, in laser structuring of surfaces e. g. photolithography or ablation the power density distribution significantly influences the processing result. Thus, process adapted beam shaping becomes an important task for the optimization of the beam delivery system. The most prominent problem especially for mask imaging with UV laser radiation is the generation of power density distributions, which are adapted to the mask geometry in order to improve the processing efficiency considerably. No satisfactory concepts exist for the generation of arbitrary processing adapted power density distributions. Beam shaping with conventional holographic devices shows a pronounced dependence of the resulting distribution on energy fluence and phase distribution of the incident beam. Thus, a sufficient quality of the processing result cannot be assured. The analysis for the performance of the beam shaping by multifaceted imaging and non-imaging integrators with respect to the statistical properties of the incident laser radiation is reported using advanced beam shaping [1].
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27782B (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298965
Laser driven gas-phase synthesis in a flow reactor was employed for the production of carbon and silicon cluster beams starting from gaseous compounds. It is based on a CO2-laser-induced decomposition of molecular gases containing carbon and silicon, such as C2H2 and SiH4. By introducing a skimmer into the reaction zone, the generated clusters are transferred to the free molecular flow and analyzed with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. These clusters were deposited on a silicon or saphire target at room temperature. Micro-Raman spectroscopy techniques was used for- characterization of this deposits. The present studies show that the laser-driven nucleation in a flow reactor is a powerful technique to produce fullerenes and silicon quantum dots and other nano-size semiconductors or high-temperature evaporated materials.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27782C (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298966
A clear understanding of dynamics of conjugated it-systems on the surface provides a fundamental theoretical basis for the design of photochromic materials, organic conduc- tors, and nano-switches centers. The present paper is focused on a detailed examination of the excited state dynamics of stilbene molecule, both isolated in the gas phase and physisorbed on an inert surface. By obtaining a fundamental understanding of the pro- cesses this molecule can undergo in both environments, we hope to gain insight into not only how desired isomerization channels in the case 7-systems might be enhanced and controlled, but also how a surface can influence a photoisomerization process.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27782D (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298967
A sensor array for surface curvature and roughness inspection is investigated. The sensor is based on the use of a computer-generated hologram as an analyser of surface curvature and roughness. The sensor can be exploited to estimate the optical surface roughness of irregularly curved surfaces. A contrast parameter to characterize the optical surface roughness is introduced.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27782E (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298968
A novel interferometer based upon a conventional phase-shifting design is presented. The aim is to introduce the capability of measuring both the surface profile and the complex index of refraction of the test surface. Maximum-likelihood estimation theory and Cramer-Rao lower bounds are introduced and shown to be an effective means of extracting the complex index and surface profile parameters from the measured data and quantitatively assessing the performance. As the design parameters are optimized, the results are shown to improve and approach the theoretical performance limit.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27782F (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298969
A method for semiconductors investigation and technological inspection are represented. It's optical non-destructive contactless and expressive tool. There are two general ways for the method applications. The first one is detection of inhomogeneities for free carrier distribution in bulk of semiconductor, which occur due to electrically active defect. The second one is direct visualization of recombination picture on surface of semiconductor wafer (in over words, it's lifetimes mapping).
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27782G (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298970
We have developed an intelligent surface profilometry, with vertical resolution of 0.3nm, lateral resolution of 0.93 μm and testing accuracy of 0.5nm. This system can provide not only 2-D and 3-D topographies of testing surface, but also different evaluation parameters of surface roughness. In our system a feedback-control is implemented for phase shifting, and therefore problems encountered in the piezoelectric transducer are overcome. Comments on interferometer design and experimental examples are given in our paper.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27782H (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298971
For an experiment in which a surface is scanned by a coherent beam and the scattered far field is measured, the correct mathematical tools are provided by the Gabor transform formalism. This work describes a method that uses this approach together with a parallel POCS algorithm, to reconstruct surface features. The method shows how to reconstruct a phase only object from amplitude-only data measured in a scanning experiment. An improvement of the method permits to recover frequencies lost due to the finite aperture of the optical setup.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27782I (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298972
Sensitive and simple methods to examine the quality of waveguide layers, such as in-plane scattering method and laser beam scattering method, are newly introduced. We apply this methods to evaluate the silica-based CVD and FHD waveguides layers and compare these methods with others such as the stylus scan measurement of the surface, the interferometric test of waveguide layer, and the measurement of propagation loss. The Fl-ID waveguide generally shows higher loss with more surface waviness than the CVD waveguide, which comes from the different nature of the FHD process. The quality of the best optimized FHD wafer aproaches that of the CVD wafer, but depends highly on the process condition.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27782J (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298973
New type of auto oscillations during the interaction of cw laser radiation with absorbing liquid was examined. It is noted that the oscillations do not originate from laser beam transformation by the material vapor jet. The conditions of existence of auto oscillations were investigated experimentally. It was shown that the heating of interaction zone to the boiling point of the liquid was necessary for the oscillations observation. Modeling of the process was carried out. The qualitative agreement with the experimental results was obtained.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27782K (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298974
A two-beam interferometry has been used to determine the extent of grain boundary sliding contribution to total creep deformation in polycrystalline copper. The sliding strain was evaluated from the relationship, egbδ (%) - Φv̄/d, where Φ is geometrical factor, v̄ is mean vertical offset and d is grain size.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27782L (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298975
A novel method to measure a small angle of optical ray with Talbot image combined with moire technology. The accuracy of the method will reach the 0.04", if we use this method with the opticelectron elements as a receptor.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27782M (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298976
It is known that inexpensive sapphire produced by means of Verneuil growth method contains special type of defects. The defects are accumulations of micron scale bubbles that occur due to growth process. General consumer of the sapphire is watch industry, which demand for the material is quickly increased for last time. It's very important to select the defects before stage of fine polishing. We represent a new technique for selection defective sapphire wafers with grinding surfaces. The technique is non-destructive, contactless and expressive tool for technological inspection.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27782N (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298977
New diffractive optical elements were performed by holographic exposition of photoresist masks and reactive ion etching of the substrates. In particular we report the project and fabrication of a diffractive element which splits the incident unpolarized light its two orthogonal polarizations by reflection.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27782O (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298978
For optical interconnection application, typically GaAs light source or Si photodiodes are employed. For the receiver electronics, however, the CMOS technology would be the technology of choice for both the performance and the cost. In this paper, we present a photodetector technology that is completely CMOS compatible and has a novel structure that leads to variable photosensitivity. The latter can be used for both optical switching and logic applications as well.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27782P (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298979
A novel optical system which has high resolution, large work distance and long focal depth is presented. In the system the information of transmission, reflection and scatter light can be used respectively.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27782Q (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298980
A new statistical model for non-gaussian stationary random processes and fields is proposed. The distinctive feature of the model is that the probability distributions of all orders have the form of integral polygaussian mixtures. The model can be applied for the description and computer simulation of one- and two-dimensional rough textures as well as for theoretical studies of interaction of light or particle flows with non-gaussian roughness.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27782R (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298981
A new laser method and apparatus for aspherisation of optical surfaces are described. The physical model of laser action on glass including laser shaping and laser polishing are discussed. The principals of design of laser installation for aspherisation of mini- and microoptical components are given. Some type of aspherical components like cylindrical lenses with hyperbolic and elliptic surface are produced, tested and presented.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27782S (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298982
With a high accuracy, a new velocity measurement method of unsteady high-supersonic fluid field by means of laser plasma is described.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27782T (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298983
First results are shown from a method to determine the refractive index of an ion-exchange glass film in the neighborhood of its interface with air.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27782U (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298984
A new method to determine optical pass differences of white light interference fringes based on spectral analysis and subspace method is proposed and applied to analyze an image of a differential interference microscope. Experiments to measure curvature of a bearing bowl well agreed with the value measured by a digital micrometer.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27782V (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298985
Silicon oxynitride thin films were made by reactive ion beam assisted deposition. The refractive index of deposited films, determined by both envelope method and prism coupling method, was able to be varied from 1.46 of SiO2 to 1.97 of Si3N4 by controlling the stoichimetry. The packing density of silicon oxyniteride films was measured by the vacuum-to-air spectral shift and water absorption band.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27782W (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298986
Correlation processing of optical amplitude fluctuations is made by means of optical heterodyne detection processes. The first-order correlation and power spectrum of the amplitude fluctuations are obtainable by use of three laser beams.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27782X (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298987
Using the Scanning Laser Microscope (SLM) together with the OBIC-method (Optical Beam Induced Current) one can localize pn junctions and crystal defects as well as measure diffusion lengths, space charge regions, life time and surface recombination of charge carriers in semiconductor devices.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27782Y (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298988
A 1-to-25 optical fanout module which consists two layers of volume grating arrays for optoelectronics interconnects is presented. It has higher efficiency and more uniformity for each output beam.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27782Z (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298989
Holographic transmission grating couplers with an inclined surface relief, which are destined for backplane interconnects, were fabricated and their diffraction efficiency was measured during step-by-step development process. The highest efficiency achieved was obtained for p-polarized light which propagates inside a medium of lower optical density and is outcoupled into a medium of higher optical density.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 277830 (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298990
In the direct drive laser fusion, the smoothness of the intensity distribution of illuminating beam has been improved by the use of the random phase plate (RPP). A laser beam through the RPP is divided into many small beamlets and then piled up at a target plane with a focusing lens. The RPP reduces the nonuniformity of spatial phase and intensity distributions in a far field. However, the intensity distribution in a far field region consists of fully developed speckles due to random interference. Such fine structures cause an imprinting on the target surface, although the intensity envelope is relatively uniform. Therefore, we are investigating the polarization control for the instantaneous speckle smoothing to overcome this problems[1].
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 277831 (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298991
We have designed and developed a 80 ps scanning optical delay line by using a novel helicoid-shaped reflective mirror. By using the mirror, a quasi-real-time scanning autocorrelator was demonstrated to measure a 1.7 ps optical pulse by spinning the helicoid mirror. The time delay was linear proportional to the spinning angle of the mirror. The resolution and the maximum scanning range were limited by the beam spot-size and the pitch distance.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 277832 (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298992
The ultimate transmission capacity of the optical communication system, which employs a pair of non-zero dispersion-flattened fibers (DF-DSF) with opposite dispersion signs fabricated by ourselves, is analyzed. The system design is proved to be superior in future optical communication schemes.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 277833 (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298993
A method for measuring the long radius of curvature with a modified half-aperture bidirectional shearing interferometer is described. A plane mirror of the interferometer is replaced by the test mirror and the incident beam is noncollimated by moving the point source of the collimating lens. This method can be applied to concave and convex surfaces.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 277834 (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298994
We give an exact expression of the optical efficiency for alternating current thin film electrolurninescent devices, by a model of Fabry-Perot cavity structure. The results derived from the model are coincidental with the real condition. The structure of the devices is optimized by means of the expression.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 277835 (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298995
Optical trapping is a technique for the manipulation of micrometer-ordered particles, and has features of noncontact and nondestractivity, which are inherently features of the lights1, 2). The optical trapping technique was first demonstrated by Ashkin et al.1) in 1970. The technique has been initially used to manipulate biological cells and measure motor force of molecules in biological physics3,4). Recently, it has been used to extract the internal solution from trapped microcapsels by laser ablation in micorchemistory5) and to position and move micro-objects for micromachining6).
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 277836 (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298996
Despite the fact that oxidation processes have been studied for a long time, there are still difficulties in knowing what happens in the initial stages of the oxide film formation over non-optical (i.e.rough) surfaces. That is partly due to the lack of sensitivity of present methods, namely the quartz microbalance and the measurement of electrochemical potential, for detecting the presence of very thin layers of oxide [1,2]. Other existing methods are either unsuitable for in-situ measurements [3] or need polished surfaces [4]. The study of the initial oxidation stages can be of utmost importance given the fact that in many situations most of the oxide film forms in the very first moments of the reaction [5].
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 277837 (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298997
The propagation of a nonresonant optical soliton in the presence of spectral filtering, linear, and nonlinear gain is investigated. By keeping the filtering fixed, we show that the steady-state soliton amplitude diverges as the linear gain vanishes. We also show that the nonlinear gain only reduces but does not suppress the instability due to the background linear waves. This instability can be suppressed by considering the saturation of the nonlinear gain, while it is accentuated by the detuning of the soliton from the gain peak frequency.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 277838 (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298998
In phase-shifting interferometry, nonlinear motion of the phase shifter and non-sinusoidal waveform of the signal are the two most common sources of systematic errors in the measured phase. A j + 4-sample algorithm is derived which compensates for quadratic nonlinearity of the phase shifter and the effect of harmonic components of the signal up to the jth order. The susceptibility of the algorithm to random noise is also discussed.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 277839 (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2298999
Experimental results of light scattered by metallic circular cylinders on flat substrates are compared with those obtained from numerical calculations via the Extinction Theorem of the Physical Optics. Cylinder diameters of 1.1 μm and 20 μm, illuminated by an incident wavelength of 0.633 μm and 10.6 μm respectively, have been used. The effect in the scattering patterns of partially embedded cylinders is also taken into account.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27783A (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2299000
A fast and accurate method is introduced and analyzed for size determination of metallic particles on flat substrates. It is based on the measurement of the minima angular positions of the S-polarized far field scattering patterns at normal incidence. The method has been theoretically and experimentally checked for both cylindrical and spherical protuberance geometry on conducting flat substrates.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27783B (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2299001
A photoelastic modulation (PEM) ellipsometry is employed to study a water adsorption on SUS 310 surface in air as a function of relative humidity change. A natural evaporation type humidity generation method and a divided-flow type humidity generator is used to control the humidity in a chamber in room temperature condition. Detected signal shows strong ties to room temperature fluctuations and drift of optical properties of ellipsometric components including light source. Under even such a rough environment, adsorption occured and optical response is detected as relative humidity changes.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27783C (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2299002
In the paper, described systematically are the primary principles, computer simulation and photolithographic exposure experiments of phase-shifting mask (PSM) technology. The results of PSM computer simulation and exposure are given. The research shows that with PSMs resolution and process latitude can not be markedly improved unless some critical parameter requirements are satisfied. By use of a 10 × reduction g-line step-and-repeat stepper and chromeless PSM, clear photoresist patterns of 0.2 μm are achived. It is also shown that PSM technology has the excellent properties in resolution improvement, extending lifetime of optical microlithography and further developing the photolithography resolution limit.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27783D (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2299003
A new approach is proposed for calculation of the intensity autocorrelation function in spectrum of white light scattering by a phase diffuser with an arbitrary distributed rough surface. Results of the calculations for gamma-distributed diffusers and integral polygaussian surfaces are presented. It is shown that in the absence of the coherent scattering the spectral correlation for non-gaussian diffusers isn't completely defined by the first-order height. distribution but depends also on the type of the surface autocorrelation and the statistical model of the roughness.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27783E (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2299004
In this paper, a quantitative layer-by-layer analysis method of 3D field is described. Using electronic holography method, realized the layer-by-layer reconstruction of the hologram which recorded the real 3D object field. It includes 1)digital recording of hologram, 2)numerical reconstruction of the complex amplitude on hologram plane, 3)calculating of the intensity on other plane paralleled to hologram surface by diffraction formula in the spatial frequency domain. According these, the reconstructed images on any plane of 3D field can be obtained. And finally the layer-by-layer reconstruction results of a real 3D field are shown.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27783F (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2299005
In general, the most suitable characterization of rough surfaces has been given by the physical quantity of roughness. In recent years, however, it has become clear that a certain class of actual surfaces has complicated structures with scale-invariant features and is not effectively characterized only by the roughness since such structures do not have characteristic lengths [1]. The rough surfaces with scale-invariant features are called fractal surfaces.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27783G (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2299006
Surface impacts on carbon steel were performed by using a computarized CO2 laser. The distribution of the incident beam was analysed by its effects onto the surface of samples. Laser confocal microscopy (LCM) was used in the optical tomography mode to study the thermal affected areas of the impacts. The aim of this work is to make a quantitative appreciation of the modes present in the laser beam to shape them by numerical control for specific applications, being cutting and hardening the more interested processes.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27783H (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2299007
Samples of low carbon steel with different C contents were cut with an industrial laser with power emission from 200 to 2000 Watt in CW regime. Samples were then submited to corrosive natural and laboratory environments. Atmospheric corrosion and inmersion tests were followed by SEM-EDAX analysis to determine relative activity of laser affected and non affected zones. We were able to distinguish two different affected zones and one non affected zone. Electrochemical behaviour of the zones were determined by potentiokinetic polarisation and the morphology of the attacks were compared through SEM to those naturally nucleated in the distinct environmental conditions. The corrosion resistance and surface hardness increases determined, were associated to the structural changes caused by the laser thermal modification of the kerf walls. We infer that the susceptibility of these steels to exfolliation in marine environments can then be reduced by laser heat treatments.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27783I (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2299008
A threshold accepting1 algorithm is introduced for polynomial fitting in the conventional Hartmann test. We have found that this algorithm improves results even when non-orthogonal polynomials are used. Comparison with the widely used least-squares method is made showing improved results.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27783J (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2299009
Comparisons of theoretical and experimental images of optically thick objects are presented. Selected objects are phase steps and ridges of rectangular profile, of a conducting material. To obtain the experimental images a Linnik interference microscope is used. To simulate the images a theory based on the integral equation method is employed.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27783K (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2299010
One way parallel image transmission through the multi-mode optical fiber was realized by the spectral coding method. Multistripe holographic gratings were used for direct transmission of 10 × 20 pixel two dimensional images. It was done by decomposing light from point source in a two dimensional spectrum, each wavelength corresponding to one image pixel.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27783L (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2299011
Numerical studies of the performance of a one-dimensional Confocal Scanning Optical Microscope (CSOM) used as a profiler of highly reflecting surfaces have shown that the microscope suffers a degradation in performance for surfaces with high slope or discontinuities. These studies have serious implications for the use of the CSOM as a non-contact surface profiler. We will present an experimental study of the response of a CSOM to simple plane reflecting surfaces with varying degrees of tilt, with emphasis on the depth discrimination property and the ability of the instrument to accurately profile such objects.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27783M (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2299012
A New experimental technique and its application in an optical computer tomography of tensor fields are reported. Decision of the tomography inverse problem is suggested to be carried out with utilization of a cell model and a Jones-matrix calculus. A special polarimetry technique that was invented for an automatic whole-field measurement of a set of normalized Jones-matrices is briefly described.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27783N (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2299013
In recent years there have been many theoretical studies of one-dimensional (1D) quasi periodic structures realizing Fibonacci sequences [1,3] or Cantor sequence, obtained by alternating layers of GaAs and AlAs. The interesting properties of the structures studied in papers [1-3], are linked to the properties of self-similar spaces. A self-similar space is characterized by three kinds of dimensions: the dimension of the embedding Euclidean space, the fractal and the spectral (fracton) ones [4].
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27783O (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2299014
The present report is on surface hardening of OHNS steel using Ruby laser in normal mode and CO2 laser in CW mode. It is found that pulsed laser produces hardening twice that by the CW laser.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27783P (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2299015
Wavefront distortion of a laser beam is generated by the static wavefront aberration included in optical devices and the dynamic source such as convective disturbance for laser beam propagation, the change of a refractive index by thermal absorption in a laser medium and nonlinear effects in a resonator. These wavefront distortions cause deteriorating the performance of a laser system. Adaptive optical system (AOS) which consists of a wavefront sensor and a wavefront correction device (deformable mirror) can solve this problem. Particularly, for a high power and high repetition laser system for the purpose of laser fusion and laser processing, AOS may be effective.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27783Q (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2299016
We propose an architecture of remote node for uni-directional self-healing ring network and formulate an inter-channel gain deviation of ring network resulting from nonuniform gain of erbium-doped fiber amplifier when arbitrary fiber span is cut.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27783R (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2299017
Phenomenon due to Ag photodoping into amorphous As2S3 was examined with an ellipsometric method. Obtained values of ellipsometric parameters Ψ and ∆ were fitted by using multilayer model. It was found that each thickness of Ag, Ag:As2S3 and As2S3 layers showed a time dependent change during the diffusion process in photodoping and the optical constants of As2S3 change remarkably by Ag photodoping. These behaviors were explained in relation with photodoping mechanism.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27783S (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2299018
Amorphous As2S3 shows a remarkable volume expansion and an increase of refractive index by the diffusion of Ag. The feasibilty of application of Ag photodoping effect to the fabrication of micro optical elements in an As2S3 waveguide was investigated. It was found that a small Ag doped area and a small amount of Ag doping had large effects on waveguiding properties.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27783T (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2299019
A Fizeau type infrared(IR) interferometer was fabricated and its performance was characterized using a Ge and other infrared materials. A IR He-Ne laser(wavelength of 3.39micron) was used as a coherent light source and an infrared imaging camera system was used for data acquision and processing. An annealing effect of single crystal, polycrystal and cast grown Ge was investigated using the interferometer. IR transmission images of Ge were also observed using a black-body source and IR camera.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27783U (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2299020
Several effects of classical linear optics were predicted and observed experimentally. The report will contain the description of the experiments and of the related electrodynamic theory. General statement is that the geometric-optical description of the polarizational effects works at much larger distance, than the same description of the rays and transverse patterns of intensity.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27783V (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2299021
We examine theoretically the optical pressure for a dielectric film located in the evanescent field of a gaussian beam. Numerical results of the pressure for a gaussian beam are compared with the plane-wave results.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27783W (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2299022
Problems of wavefront transformation by means of optically inhomogeneous media and holographic elements are considered. Both approaches use a theory that is based on solution of electrodynamics reverse problems. Examples of SELFOCs, GRIN lenses, and holographic beamsplitters are given. The latter elements are fabricated by means of e-beam lithography.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27783X (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2299023
Reconstruction of surface profiles from scattering data is considered in the Kirchhoff aproximation. For reconstruction of the profile phase information is required. For surfaces with Gaussian height variation, the autocorrelation function can be determined from intensity data.
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Proc. SPIE 2778, 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, 27783Y (1 September 1996); doi: 10.1117/12.2299024
This paper presents a numerical study on the phase retardation between the s- and p-polarized component waves of light scattered from a copper rough surface. The results are discussed together with the four parameters, incident angle, scattering angle, standard deviation and correlation length of the rough surface.
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