Diffraction-limited gradient-index (GRIN) microlenses with high numerical apertures produced by silver ion exchange in glass: diffusion modeling and process optimization

Bernhard Messerschmidt; Ulf Possner; Albrecht von Pfeil; Torsten Possner

doi:10.1117/12.323759

23 September 1998 Diffraction-limited gradient-index (GRIN) microlenses with high numerical apertures produced by silver ion exchange in glass: diffusion modeling and process optimization

Bernhard Messerschmidt, Ulf Possner, Albrecht von Pfeil, Torsten Possner

Author Affiliations +

Proceedings Volume 3424, Inorganic Optical Materials; (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.323759
Event: SPIE's International Symposium on Optical Science, Engineering, and Instrumentation, 1998, San Diego, CA, United States

Abstract

Cylindrical and rod gradient-index lenses with numerical apertures of 0.5 are produced by silver ion exchange in a sodium-aluminosilicate glass. Choosing the appropriate glass composition enables the generation of refractive index changes of 0.145 in the glass without coloration in the visible range. Diffraction-limited optical performance of lenses of up to 1.3 mm in thickness or diameter is achieved by ion exchange modeling which comprises the following steps: (1) The concentration-dependent diffusion coefficient of the glass is experimentally determined by the Boltzmann- Matano method, (2) Process control is provided by the measured dopant concentration/refractive index relation and the glass/salt equilibrium dependence, (3) The ion exchange process is optimized by solving the non-linear diffusion equation for two steps under different boundary conditions, (4) Diffraction-limited lenses up to numerical apertures of 0.5 are generated by applying the optimized process parameters to the ion exchange.

Citation Download Citation

Bernhard Messerschmidt, Ulf Possner, Albrecht von Pfeil, and Torsten Possner "Diffraction-limited gradient-index (GRIN) microlenses with high numerical apertures produced by silver ion exchange in glass: diffusion modeling and process optimization", Proc. SPIE 3424, Inorganic Optical Materials, (23 September 1998); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.323759

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