Detectors for protein crystallography: an overview of current developments in direct detection and prospects for additional capabilities

Jacques E. Millaud

doi:10.1117/12.472091

21 June 2002 Detectors for protein crystallography: an overview of current developments in direct detection and prospects for additional capabilities

Jacques E. Millaud

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Proceedings Volume 4626, Biomedical Nanotechnology Architectures and Applications; (2002) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.472091
Event: International Symposium on Biomedical Optics, 2002, San Jose, CA, United States

Abstract

The need for higher throughput, higher dynamic range detectors for protein crystallography is stimulating work on new detector concepts. Current detectors such as photo- cathode converters optically coupled to Charge Coupled Devices (CCDs) use a two step detection process. The incoming x-ray is converted in the photo-cathode in low energy photons. These longer wavelength photons can be efficiency detected in the CCD where they create an electrical charge. The overall process is quite inefficient as few photons are generated in the primary converter and fewer are collected in the CCD. Due to the scarcity of photons per x-ray an event driven processing of the information is impossible. New approaches favors the direct detection of the incoming photon using either semiconductor detectors, the most commonly used being silicon, or gas detectors with internal amplification. The incoming photons directly create change in the detector at levels sufficient to be processed on a per event basis. All these approaches share common features: event level processing, large dynamic range, and fast readout leading to high throughput. While the primary application is in photon counting these detectors are also capable of providing multi-parameter data such as the measure of the x-ray energy and its time of occurrence. Several groups are working on the development of these detectors using different approaches to the capture of the information and its readout. The capabilities and limitations of these implementations are reviewed.

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Jacques E. Millaud "Detectors for protein crystallography: an overview of current developments in direct detection and prospects for additional capabilities", Proc. SPIE 4626, Biomedical Nanotechnology Architectures and Applications, (21 June 2002); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.472091

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KEYWORDS

Sensors

X-rays

Photons

Charge-coupled devices

Crystallography

Proteins

Signal processing

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