Variable pulsewidth erbium:YAG laser ablation of the ureter and urethra in vitro and in vivo: optimization of the laser fluence, pulse duration, and pulse repetition rate

Nathaniel M. Fried; Zelalem Tesfaye; Albert M. Ong M.D.; Koon H. Rha M.D.; Pooya Hejazi

doi:10.1117/12.526923

13 July 2004 Variable pulsewidth erbium:YAG laser ablation of the ureter and urethra in vitro and in vivo: optimization of the laser fluence, pulse duration, and pulse repetition rate

Nathaniel M. Fried, Zelalem Tesfaye, Albert M. Ong M.D., Koon H. Rha M.D., Pooya Hejazi

Author Affiliations +

Proceedings Volume 5312, Lasers in Surgery: Advanced Characterization, Therapeutics, and Systems XIV; (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.526923
Event: Biomedical Optics 2004, 2004, San Jose, CA, United States

Abstract

Stricture recurrence frequently occurs due to mechanical or thermal insult during endourologic treatment of ureteral and urethral strictures. Optimization of the Er:YAG laser for precise incision of strictures was conducted using ureteral and urethral tisssue samples, ex vivo, and a laparoscopic porcine ureteral model with exposed ureter, in vivo. Erbium:YAG laser radiation with a wavelength of 2.94 microns, pulse lengths of 8, 70, and 220 microseconds, output energies of 2 - 35 mJ, fluences of 1 - 25 J/cm², and pulse repetition rates of 5 - 30 Hz, was delivered through germanium oxide optical fibers in contact with the tissue. Incision of the ureteral wall was achieved in vivo with less than 20 pulses at a laser fluence of 4 J/cm². Thermal damage was reduced from 30 - 60 microns to 10 - 20 microns by shortening the laser pulse duration from 220 to 70 microseconds. Pulse repetition rates above 20 Hz resulted in larger thermal damage zones ranging from 60 - 120 microns. The Er:YAG laser, operating at a pulse duration of approximately 70 microseconds, a fluence of 4 J/cm² or greater, and a repetition rate less than 20 Hz, is capable of rapidly incising urethral and ureteral tissues, in vivo, with minimal thermal and mechanical side-effects.

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Nathaniel M. Fried, Zelalem Tesfaye, Albert M. Ong M.D., Koon H. Rha M.D., and Pooya Hejazi "Variable pulsewidth erbium:YAG laser ablation of the ureter and urethra in vitro and in vivo: optimization of the laser fluence, pulse duration, and pulse repetition rate", Proc. SPIE 5312, Lasers in Surgery: Advanced Characterization, Therapeutics, and Systems XIV, (13 July 2004); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.526923

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KEYWORDS

Tissues

Laser ablation

Pulsed laser operation

Er:YAG lasers

Laser tissue interaction

In vivo imaging

Laser dentistry

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