The concept and methods for interconnected problems of ecology and climate are considered. The focus is on studying and forecasting the consequences of anthropogenic impact on the climatic system. An integrated approach is developed, which allows one to consider climatic system as a whole and local situation in time and space in the context of global change. The variational priciples, sensitivity theory, multi-dimensional factor analysis are used here to unite the model and data as well as to construct the methods for the solution of the forward, adjoint and inverse problems.

In the given paper the comparative analysis of various methods and their opportunities for diagnostics of radioactive pollution of the near-ground layers of the atmosphere, including secondary displays of a radio-activity, is presented. Under radioactive action physical and chemical properties of the atmospheric components change, and, as a result, there occurred abnormal gaseous-aerosol and ionized area, which essentially depend on optical and meteorological situations. Diffusion of the radioactive areas caused by emissions of the nuclear-processing enterprises is estimated for various meteorological situations. Active and passive remote methods detecting anomalies caused by radioactivity in the atmosphere are considered. The brief analysis of the results received with participation of the author in the field of development of passive remote technologies studying radioactive pollution, caused by industrial emissions in the atmosphere, and also a method of laser-induced breakdown of aerosols is considered. It is shown, that remote technologies are perspective for the ecological monitoring of radioactive pollutino of the atmosphere. Their high sensitivity enables to regiser pollution on the long distances from an objet, and use of passive and active methods will simultaneously allow receiving more full information on a radioactive anomolies.

Water droplets of radius between 1 and 20 μm carrying electric charge were individually contained in an electrodynamic trap. The trap was kept in a small climatic chamber, which enabled imitating the temperature and humidity conditions of the lower troposphere. the sign of the charge of the droplet could also be controlled. for the humidity close to saturation, droplet injected into the trap was evaporating for a few seconds and could either undergo a Coulomb explosion and escape from the trap or stabilize at the size of a few μm. In such case the final droplet readius depended on the value of the droplet charge and of the humidity. The evolution of a trapped droplet was investigated by means of scatterometry. A numerical model of such evolution, incorporation the kinetc effects near the droplet surface was constructed. By fitting this model to the experimental data the evaporation coefficient was found to be 0.14±0.04 in average. Possibly a depend-ence of this coefficient upon the value of the droplet charge was found. An explanation of such dependence is suggested. The significant influence of the drople charge upon the evolution of small water droplets seems important for the detailed microphysical description of clouds.

The paper is devoted to consideration of the relative effect of random and regular geophysical factors on the mechanism of formation of the disperse composition of near-ground haze. More than one thousand realizations of the aerosol extinction spectra measured on a horizontal near-ground path nearby Tomsk were attracted to the analysis. The parameters of theoretical and experimental statistical ensembles were compared. Their properties were presented in the form of expansion in terms of orthonormalized system of eigenvectors of the autocorrelation matrix. The data are obtained which characterize the peculiarites fo the change of the fraction composition of the near-ground haze at passing from summer to autumn.

The possiblities to study the aerosol transformation with the artificial change fo the relative humidity, using the data of polarization and nephelometer measurements are discussed. It is shown that the set of parameters, measured by FAN nephelometer enable to retrieve the aerosol size distribution at different stages of humidification in the size range from 0.07 to 0.6-0.8 μm. The uncertainty in the estimation of the refractive index is within 0.02.

This paper is devoted to the analysis of thermo-optical characteristics of atmospheric aerosol particles obtained at artificial heating of sampled aerosol. The change in the particle size distribution and in the optical constants of the aerosol matter at heating up to 250°C is studied. The volatility factor in temperature range 25 to 100°C is determined as function of the particle's radius.

The results of data processing obtained with the help of a nephelometer and an acoustic meteorological station are considered. The data were obtained by summer of 2001 on Zarechnyi Polygon of Institute of Atmospheric Optics. In the work the data from July 25 till July 28 are considered. In experiment an acoustic ultrasonic meteorological station, which measured three components of wind velocity and temperature of an air, and a nephelometer of an open type were used. The directed scatterin coefficients under an angle 45°C were have measured with the help of nephelometer.

The paper is aimed at studying synthesis and construction, as well as physical-chemical characteristics of nanoaerosols. The technology and product line of the Air-plasma method for synthesis of metal oxide nanopowders to obtain high-performance ceramics (PSNP) is hot and set at manufacturing different-types zirconium ceramics stabilized by yttrium and magnesium oxides, as well as other dopes. For the available equipment, the technologies of producing nanopowders of other metal oxides alongside with circonium oxide and composite oxides (Al203, Ti02, CuO, SiO2, Fe2O2, ZnO, CoO, Cr2O3, PbO, MnO, MgO, CaO, CeO, etc.) are developed and adapted.

Analysis of the vertical profiles of the concentrations of aerosol and soot obtained in 1999-2002 in the troposphere of West Siberia up to 7 km is carried out. The peculiarities of the dynamics of the single scattering albedo (SSA) and the relative content of soot (RCS) for dry aerosol are studied. The year-to-year stabilitiy of the vertical profiles and their seasonal dynamics is observed. The values of albedo increase mainly with height that is caused by the decrease of RCS. Significant seasonal variablity of the vertical profiles is observed, closely related to temperature stratification of the boundary layer of the atmosphere. The greatest dynamics of the albedo is observed in cold season. In fall-winter seasons albedo varies with height from 0.75 to 0.98, the respective variations of RCS are from 0.15 to 0.01. The greatest variations of the aerosol absorption characteristics with height are observed at the heights below 1 km. In warm season the ranges of variations of albedo narrow to 0.9-0.98, and the range of RCS becomes 0.06-0.01. Seasonal differences in the albedo and the relative content of soot are mainly observed in the lower layer of the troposphere below 1 km. Seasonal differences at the heights above 1 km are weakly pronounced.

Model estimates of the effective heights of the atmosphere for the aerosol extinction coefficients and their components in the range 1.07 to 12 μm, where there are no experimental data, are obtained on the basis of simultaneous measurements of the atmospheric trasparency on horizontal and slant paths [13]. It is shown that the mean value of the effective height of the atmosphere for the aerosol extinction coefficient in the wavelength range 0.44 to 12 μm decreases from 1km in visible range to 0.2-0.3km in the range of "transparency window" of the atmosphere 8-12 μm.

A rare case of anomalous spectral dependence of the aerosol extinction of radiation in visible wavelength range was observed near Tomsk in September 2002. It was formed in conditions of decay of smoke haze under the effect of arctic air mass coming. Maximum of the aerosol extinction which is usually located in the violet spectral range (λ ≤ 0.44 μm) has moved to the range λ≈ 0.8 - 1.4 μm. The results of solving the inverse problem have shown that when arctic air came, the content of the particles of accumulative fraction decreased, and the intermediately dispersed fraction moved to the range of smaller particles and became narrower.

A controlled cut-off of the natural aerosol size spectrum was applied to nephelometric measurements in order to test the reliability of the retrieval of aerosol microstructure from nephelometer data. The cut-off was carried out using a 4-stage diffusion battery. It was shown that transformation of the aerosol size distribution obtained by solving the inverse problem for measured directed scattering coefficients at scattering angles of 45° and 90° and the degree of linear polarization at 90° corresponds to theoretical calculations for different stages of the diffuse battery in the particle size range from 0.07 to 0.4 μm. It was also established that inversion of the difference between the optical characteristics of non-cut and cut aerosol gives the difference between size distributions.

We analyze the variations of optical and microphysical properties of aerosol formed due to thermal effect on the wood materials in closed volumes. It is shown that particles with similar peculiarities of the disperse composition are formed at low-temperature pyrolysis of wood (300 to 500°C) and thermal sublimation of coniferous resins. As a rule, polymodal volume size distribution is observed at the initial stage after generation of the dense wood smoke. The maxima are located in the ranges of finely dispersed accumulative fraction (with modal radius of 0.1 to 0l8 μm), intermediately dispersed particles (o9.4 to 0.7μm) and coarse particles (0.9 to 1.2 μm). Experiments in humidified air show that, if a smoke mixture (with high concentration of aerosol particles and vapor of aerosol-bearing species) crosses temperature inhomogeneities many times, then two quasi-water-droplet fractions of the modal radius 0.55 and 0.9 μm are formed. Measurements reavealed that, even in the case of a weak (≈55°C) heating of surface of a coniferous tree wood, the achieved emission of aerosol particles and vapor of aerosol-bearing species (in closed volumes) has a rate sufficient for formation of finely dispersed fraction (0.05-0.2 μm).

Statistical characteristics of the variations of the spectral aerosol extinction coefficients α(λ) and meteorological parameters in near-ground atmospheric hazes are considered in this paper. To more adequately physically interpret the origin of variations, the total aerosol extinction coefficients are divided into components Δα₁, Δα₂ and Δα₃ caused, respectively, by submicron (radius r≈0.05 to 0.45 μm), intermediately dispersed (r≈0.5 to 1.5 μm) and coarse (r>1.5 μm) particles. The relation of these characteristics with meterological parameters of the atmosphere are analyzed, and the role of different factors determining the variability of the aerosol extinction in visible and IR wavelength ranges is assessed.

A combined data array on diurnal variability of the spectral structure of the aerosol extinction coefficient on near-ground path and the aerosol optical thickness in the wavelength range 0.44 to 1.06 μm obtained in warm seasons 1995-2000 nearby Tomsk is considered. Temporal transformation of the spectral dependence of the effective height of the aerosol atmosphere H₀(λ) in the period since 6 a.m. till 6 p.m. is analyzed. It is shown that the characteristics maximum centered at λ=0.52-0.56 μm is well pronounced in the spectral structure of the parameter H₀(λ) near noon at minimum concentration of fine aerosol. The fact of existence of such a maximum is indirect confirmation of the hypothesis on the determining role of stratospheric intermediately dispersed particles in formation of rarely observed anomalous spectral dependence of the aerosol extinction in shortwave range.

Investigation of boundary surfaces in the water ecological systems, processes of formation the adsorbed layers, their sizes and structures is the significant problem of the researches natural water ecosystems. The work is devoted to study of adsorption processes of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on suspended inorganic particles, definition of the approaches to the evaluation of total boundary area of suspended inorganic matter and the volume of influence zone generated by these boundaries, for surface waters as a necessary step for the transfer to the study of chemical and physical processes which are flowing past on these boundaries. Total boundary area of suspended inorganic matter, a thickness and volume of boundary zone, involved surface interaction are estimated. The parameters of organic matter adsorption are investigated, and the character dependencies by the interaction of organic and inorganic matters are defined. The part of adsorbed organic matter (AIM) from a DOM is determinated at a variation of some parameters of a system. Total volume of the adsorbed layer on a surface of the suspended matter is appreciated, the average concentration of AOM in the adsorbed layer is estimated.

This paper is devoted to numerical investigation of the influence of atmospheric processes, generated above a city, of transport of aerosol and gaseous compounds, emitted by industrial sources and urban vehicles. A numerical analysis is performed on the basis of a three-dimensional prognostic mesoscale model of the planetary boundary layer, which allows making predictions in the nested domains with a subsequent application of the turbulent diffusion model in order to simulate pollution dispersion and deposition of small compounds of the atmosphere above the surface with complex roughness and relief. Results of numerical experiment, carried out with the use of multiprocessor computers, reveal particularly to investigate generality of the near surface wind dynamics for representative adverse weather conditions, to understand the measure of its dependence on the surface factors, to determine the most adverse vortex structures, generation of which together with thermal stratification brings about accumulation of admixtures in the surface layer. Predictions confirm a close connection between urban meteorology and air quality in a city and its suburban area. Undesirable meteorological conditions for the majority of cities are temperature inversion and calm wind which transports "passed" pollution in urban air again.

The results on monitoring of chemical structure of atmospheric precipitation at Lake Baikal region are presented. The factors influencing on acidity and mineralization of wet deposition at different sites of the region (background, rural and urban) are considered. The special attention is given to dynamics of pH value, contents sulfates and nitrates. It is shown, that an acidity of precipitation is influenced not by absolute amount of strong acids anions, but by ratios of anions and cations in wet deposition. The fluxes of acidifying ions on an underlying surface of considered region are evaluated. With the help of mathematical simulation the possible contribution of regional anthropogeneous sources to acid loads (sulfuric and nitric acids) on water area of Southern Baikal with wet deposition is estimated.

Results of registration of a gradient of potential of an electrical field of an atmosphere, electrical conductivity of air and the concentration of dust in city Irkutsk specify direct dependence of conductivity of air on concentration of dust and on return dependence with a gradient of potential of an electrical field. The received communications (connections) are explained by the raised (increased) radio-activity of dust connected to emissions from coal ashes and slag, created by boiler-houses, oven heating and systems of power supply of city.

Using a numerical simulation we investigated the influence of synoptic conditions on the spreading and transformation of sulphur, nitrogen and other minor gas species' compounds in the region of Lake Baikal. Emission sources included the enterprises and motor transport of the Irkustk-Cheremkhovo industrial complex, Slyudyanka and Baikalsk, Ulan-Ude, Selengisnk, and Gusinoozersk.

The most variable components of the atmosphere, such as aerosol, water vapor and ozone, play important role in the radiative processes. The principal nethod for determining their total content is solar spectrophotometry of the atmosphere (the method of transparency). The following solar photometers can be noted among the modern tools for monitoring of the spectral transparency: PFR (http://www.pmodwrc.ch), MS-120 (http://www.eco.co.jp) and SPUV-6 (http://www.yesinc.com). The AERONET network (http://aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov) based on the CE-318 (www.cimel.fr) sun photometers in most extent satisfies the requirements of uniformity of measurements and global cover. The network monitoring of only ozone total content is carried out in Russia is the regime of "manual" readings, but observations of AOT was stopped more than 10 years ago.¹ To remove this disadvantage, the work on creation of multiwavelength solar photometers and developmnet of the algorithms for automation of measurements is carried out in IAO SB RAS. The last version of the photometer destined to network observations is considered in this paper.

Scientific groups engaged within the frame of the observation networks AERONET and EARLINET perform this work. The methodology of coordinated multi-frequency lidar and radiometric investigation of atmospheric aerosols is being developed for using in network observations. The method to process data of a comprehensive experiment utilizes the approach^1,2 designed to process CIMEL data. The retrieval of altitude profiles of aerosol parameters is based on solving a common equation set including lidar equations, equations for the whole atmospheric depth, and constraints on the smoothness of the solutions. The results of numerical experiments are given in the paper to estimate errors while retrieving aerosol parameters. The measurement procedure and algorithms for data processing were refined during the summer-autumn, 2002 at the stations of the Institute of Physics (Minsk, Belarus) and Institute of Geophysics (Belsk, Poland). The stations were equipped by devices CIMEL and three-frequency lidars (532, 694, and 1064 nm). The CIMELs operated according to the routine AERONET program during the measurements. To provide gathering the data on the whole areosol layer, a series of lidar observations was made at different elevation angles. A pro9cedure to successively approach to an optimal estimation of aerosol parameters is proposed in this work to enable data processing with real measurement errors. The results of retrieving vertical profiles of aerosol fraction concentrations are presented for different quality of measurement information.

In the report a method of ozone profile concentration retrieving from the lidar data sounding on the basis of neural networks (NN) is description. Application of neural networks in inverse tasks is connected with solving some important stages. In the first, it is necessary to carry out training of NN on the basis of the big data set (measurement - decision). In the second, basing on the results of the first stage to generate optimum NN (number of layers, transfer functions). Results of simulation inverse task of ozone profile concentration retrieving from the lidar data sounding have shown reliability of work in NN, speed of the inverse tasks solving and accuracy of retrieving ozone profile comparable to traditional methods.

In the paper, algorithms of the techniques incorporated in subsystems of the program complex are presented for calculation and estimation of atmospheric anomalies, caused by industrial emissions in the atmosphere. The complex is included in the gas analyzer DAN-2, developed for registration of emission and absorption of optical and the microwave radiation initiated by gas-aerosol pollution in the atmosphere. The complex DAN-2 has been developed in the Institute of Atmospheric Optics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science. Techniques include: calculation of gas concentration in a plume of industrial emission taking into account gas-aerosol attenuation, an azimuth of the device sighting at a direction of the source and the allocated illumination of the day-time sky; numerical modeling of formation and distribution of gas-aerosol emission fields in the atmosphere with use of various models (Gaussian, Berlyand, etc); the forecast of optical noise in the atmosphere at operating hardware DAN-2 taking into account different types of underground surfaces under various hydro meteorological conditions; algorithm of restoration of the plume structure under its image. In the paper, results of testing of the specified algorithms are presented with use of the data of natural measurements of NO₂ and SO₂ concentration in the emission plume of the thermal power station GRES-2 in Tomsk, which were received by the complex DAN-2. Calculation of atmospheric background noise and distributions of the gas-aerosol plume has been carried out by various methods with use of these data.

Up-conversion of long, 3-50-μs, pulses imitating input signals of CO₂ laser differential absorption lidars was investigated experimentally. Efficiency of 1 to 2% has been acheived when using 1.06-μm Nd:YAG pump emission and 3.9 mm ZnGeP₂ crystal that is characterized by absorption coefficient equal to 2.0 cm^-1 at this wavelength and 2.5cm^-1 at up-converted 0.9548 μm one. When using a silicon avalanche photodiode operating in photon counting mode operation, 450 times increase in signal-to-noise ration can be realized in comparison with dirct detection of the CO₂ laser lidar signals by MCT photodiode.

In the paper, the automated system of data processing (ASDP) for a hardware complex DAN-2, assigned for registration of emission and absorption of optical and the microwave radiation initiated by gas-aerosol pollution in the atmosphere, is presented. The complex DAN-2 has been developed in the Institute of Atsmospheric Optics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science. In the ASDP, a problem of automation of recording processes, storage and processing of the information measured in experiment has been solved. Using in ASDP subsystems of the forecast of optical noise, the forecast of distribution of an impurity in a plume of gas-aerosol emission from industrial plants allows us to carry out the express-analysis of ecological pollution in the inspection zone. Application of a modular principle has created an opportunity to realize all subsystems ASPD independently from each other, thus, they can operate as independently, and in the general complex of programs. As a tool for creation of the system software, the object-oriented instrument of programming Delphi 5.0 has been chosen. It has a number of advantages and distinctive features such as the convenient graphic interface with displaying of calculation results as uniform scrolling tables and graphics, access to the data files, high speed of mathematical calculations, an opportunity of the further expansion and change of the calculation algorithms. Use of the ASPD has allowed us to improve quality of data recording, their processing, and visualization of the processed results. For the first time in the automated system, the complex estimation of ecological situation with use of experimental data in real time has been realized. The ASPD can be used also by other experimental equipment intended for the solution of problems of the atmospheric optics.

We report experimental studies on acoustic imaging of thermohaline fine structure and mesoscale processes in the ocean. The results of laboratory and full-scale oceanic studies demonstrated the high potential of using sonar imaging in the frequency band 10-160 kHz for detection and location of fine structure and mesoscale formations in the deep ocean dircectly from the sea surface in the depth range of 0-2000 m.

Computation results by the earlier semi analytical method, which show distinction features of polarization-temporal features of circularly and linearly polarized pulsed lidar returns from multiply scattering media such as the sea water and water clouds, are presented and analyzed.

As it is known well, using of frequency doubling in differential absorption CO₂ laser lidars increases the number of atmospheric gases under the control. Additional improvement in potential and gas analyses accuracy, technical and exploitation parameters has to be waited for with design of frequency doublers with more efficient nonlinear crystals. In this work for the first time detailed investigation results are represented on physial properties of new mixed nonlinear crystals grown in accordance with diagram HgGa₂S₄:CdGa₂S₄→Hg_1-xCd_xGa₂S₄, phase-matching and potential efficiencies of second harmonic generation, so as on results of experimental investigation of TEA and mini TEA CO₂ laser frequency doubling with it use. In spite of two time lower nonlinear susceptibility coefficients of both parent crystals in comparison with most efficient middle IR crystals high efficiency of frequency doubling is fixed in mixed crystals at room temperature. It is tree time in comparison with frequency doubling with, for example, popular ZnGeP₂ and 5.5 time with AgGaSe₂. These advantages are reached because realization of optimal non-critical phase-matching by choose of mixing ratio x=0.5, so as 2.3 time higher damage threshold, lower phonon absorption at CO₂ laser wavelengths and lower meanings of refractive indexes at fundamental and second harmonic wavelengths. Exploitation parameters of mixed Hg_1-xCd_xGa₂S₄ crystal doublers are not worse than parameters of doublers with well-known crystals.

The measurements of temperature of the lower thermosphere and mesopause were made with a Fabry-Perot spectrometer (FPS) on nightglow green line emission of oxygen 557.7 nm at Maimaga optical range near Yakutsk (geogr. 63 N, 129.7 E), since 1999 up to 2003. Piezoelectrically scanning FPS had the aperture of 140 mm, instrumental width 0.0015 nm and free spectral interval 0.0104 nm for emission 557.7 nm. Till December 2002 observations were conducted in moonless nights since December till April, and since December 2002 till the present time without interruption on lunar period. From consideration the periods with auroras were eliminated. The relationships between the lower thermosphere temperature variations and winter stratospheric warmings are considered. The arrangement of the majority of the centers of winter stratosphere warmings above our locale gives a unique capability of research of the lower thermosphere temperature variations during these warmings. It is showed that in cases of downward warming propagation the lower thermosphere temperature also increased. In cases of upward stratospheric warming propagation the lower thermosphere is cooled because of this infrared radiation. A reason of these variations in our opinion in planetary waves generated in a troposphere. The stratospheric temperature data are obtained from NOAA data set for several levels and allows to track vertical and horizontal dynamics of the warming.

The study is focused upon revealing the precursors of the spontaneous "ozone hole" (areas of the lowered concentration of ozone) formation in the stratosphere and based on neuronic network models allowing to forecast the ozone layer dynamics with limited information available, according to satellite data (time TOC - total ozone concentration - rows). According to the study findings, forecasting such jumps is possible in principle. It is important to stress that neuronic network models are suitable for predicting TOC at the most uneven intervals of time rows. It allows to reach a conclusion on stability of ozone layer properties with the frame of the study performed.

In this paper the investigations are described of the manifestation of the effect of global geophysical processes over Tomsk based on the analysis of data of lidar observations of the veritical ozone and temperature distributions in the lower stratosphere over a period from 1996 to 2000. Simultaneously the problem is formulated of the estimation of the quality of the lidar monitoring data of the lower stratosphere and their validity for the detection and diagnostics of long-term variations in its conditions.

In this paper the investigation of time variations of the energy of background motions as well as the intensity of the planetary waves by continuous measurements in the height range of the middle-latitude middle atmosphere was fulfilled. Height and seasonal regularities for the period of time 1992-2001 are established. Observations during the period close to the cycle of solar activity allow to find a stable height and seasonal structure of energetic parameters for the middle atmosphere being investigated in the work. We found differences of the height profiles of phases and also the difference of intensity of annual and semiannual oscillations of kinetic energy of background and vortical motions on the different height levels of the middle atmosphere. The annual oscillations prevail on heights of the tropostratosphere while the semiannual oscillations plays a main role in the seasonal variations on heights of the upper mesosphere - lower termosphere. The strong difference of height profiles of phase of the maximum of annual and semiannual oscillations on heights of the upper mesosphere - lower termosphere indicates the different origin of these oscillations in this height range.

The investigation of daily prevailing wind velocity variations with planetary wave time scales from 2 to 30 days are accomplished using radio meteor observations over Kazan (56N, 49E) in the height range 80-100 km and BADC UK MO data archive for heights 0-55 km (with coordinates of Kazan). Calculated coherency spectra between zonal and meridional prevailing wind velocity show the significant coherency for time scales 3-5 days and 10-30 days. Height range with significant coherency for certain frequency is larger than 7-10 km. Height profiles of the coherency phase indicate the time shift between variations of zonal and meridional winds with mentioned time scales.

Investigation of wave interactions in heights of the upper mesosphere - lower thermosphere is accomplished using time series of zonal and meridional winds. These time series are acquired in Kazan State University (56N, 49E) by radio meteor observations. Applied bispectral analysis shows expressed non-linear interactions of wave processes with tidal scales (12 and 24 hours) and planetary wave scales (so-called as normal Rossby modes with periods 5, 10, 16 days).

The paper describes the principal limitations of the traditional methods used to construct atmospheric models. These limitations would not allow any fundamental improvement of atmospheric modeling. Ways are proposed to overcome the current limitations, based on teh methodology of constructing adaptive models and neuroinformatics. Algorithms of self-adaptation for neural networks intended for the construction of atmospheric models are given. Essentially, the developed algorithms are adaptive shells and can be easily transferred to other models.

The ozone layer state in the stratosphere over Yakutia depending on the year time is considered. It is shown that the layer thickness is maximum in February-March (450 Dobson's units) and it is minimum in July-September (300-350 DU). Measurements indicate that the ozone layer thickness was significantly decreased in the 1990's. A problem of change of ozone layer state is discussed.

Presented are the results derived from analyzing the data on sporadic formations in the ionospheric E-region (E_s) over East Siberia for 1960-1996. The raw data were averaged in the 11-year window at subsequent sliding steps of 1 year. The main characteristics of E_s as foreseen by the intructions on ionogram processing are considered. Also, a classification of the sporadic layers into standard mid-latitude types is taken into account, and the set of data is broken up into three seasons: winter, summer, and equinox. It is shown that the variations of parameters of all types of sporadic formations exhibit - depending on the particular season - a close linkage to solar and (or) geomagnetic activity. On the other hand, some of the parameters of sporadic features show a close dependence on the correlation coefficient between indices of solar and geomagnetic activity (in this paper, between aa-indices and Wolf numbers) calculated by the same method of averaging. It was found that the stronger is the dependence on the degree of linkage between them, and vice versa. Thus there emerged a possibility of introducing a new index to define the climatic dependence of a number of ionospheric E-region parameters, namely, the correlation coefficient between indices of solar and geomagnetic activity, based on the aforementioned technique. Conceivably it may also be applied for some parameters of the middle atmospere.

Presented are the results derived from analyzing the observations of horizontal ionospheric drifts at the ionspheric E-region heights. The observations were made during 1958-1982 using the method of spaced receivers at vertical-incidence radio soundings. The observational data were analyzed separately for the regular E-layer and for the sporadic Es-layer. The complex character of the dynamic regime in this region of space is emphasized. Inspection of the data suggests that the sporadic Es-features are fully involved in the drifts of regular layers. The difference of the horizontal drift parameters implies that for the regular E-layer the north-eastern directions occur by 0-15% more frequently when compared with the drifts of the sporadic Es-layer. It is pointed out that with increasing geomagnetic activity, there is an increase of the probability of the north-eastward transport. The mean value of the modulus of the drift velocity vectory in different directions is 100-110 m/s. The azimuth of the drift velocity vector changes clockwise on a diurnal scale. In this case the prevailing drift directions differ both in seasons and in the dayside and nightside ionosphere.

Using the data from NCAR/NCEP Reanalysis we investigate long-term variations of thermobaric fields for the second half of the 20th century. Middle and high latitudes are characterized by 10-20-year variations of meteorological characteristics. A most interesting feature of the global variations is the increase (starting in the 1960s) in pressure and surface air temperature in the tropics and subtropics of the northern and southern hemispheres (predominantly in the eastern hemisphere). In the circum-Antarctic depression the decrease in pressure is as significant. Conceivably the other atmospheric circulation variations might all be accounted for by these changes as well as by a gradual enhancement of the influence of the southern processes. The long-term variations in the tropics seem to be caused by the increased recurrence of El Nino events. The physical transport mechanism for disturbances to the region of Central Asia might be represented by the propagation of mixed Rossby-gravity waves; however, results of correlation analysis suggest much higher propagation velocities of disturbances.

Analysis of the behavior of main ionospheric parameters allows us to study the physical processes in the ionosphere and develop empirical and semi-empirical the ionosphere models (IRI) with applications to the various geo- and radio-physical problems. Vertical-incidence sounding ionosondes provide the key source of information about ionospheric parameters. The worldwide network of ionosondes includes over 120 stations. On the other hand, sounding techniques using chirp-signals (linear-frequency-modulated signals) are also under development mainly for oblique-incidence sounding paths. With a small receiver-transmitter separation on the order of 100 km, weakly oblique-incidence sounding is very similar in its information capabilities to vertical-incidence sounding. Furthermore, the constraint imposed on maximum duration is removed in the case of weakly oblique sounding thus making it possible to use chirp-signals with a long baseline and to signicantly improve the signal/noise ratio. It is therefore of interest to estimate the matching weakly oblique-incidence sounding data with vertical-incidence sound (VS) data acquired by sounders, such as digisonde DPS-4. This paper presents the results derived from comparing the weakly oblique-incidence sounding data with the main vertical-incidence ionospheric parameters obtained with digital ionosonde DPS-4. The comparisons are made for the ionosheric E- and F-regions, for both quiet and disturbed ionospheric conditions. Our study reported in this paper has shown that the recorded ionospheric parameters for the ionosondes of both types are similar in their values for both quiet and disturbed days.

Using satellite (Earth Probe TOMS) measurements of erythemal ultraviolet radiation (EUVR) we examine the global and regional (for Russia) spatial distributions of EUVR. Global distributions of monthly and yearly EUVR doses reveal continental "structures" and large mountain-masses. An examination of the EUVR distribution for the Russia's territory reveals meso-scale inhomogeneities of EUVR fields depending on the region and season under consideration. Our results are in qualitative agreement with earlier findings derived by other authors from investigating global distributions of the total ozone content that is a crucial agency for the supply of EUVR to the ground. We discuss the competing contribution from meteorological (cloud cover, aerosols) and other factors of influence of EUVR in the effects observed. Generally EUVR fields are produced under the influence of many atmospheric factors whose distribution can be affected by orographic conditions, the degree of continentality, circulation processes, and by the physico-geographic properties of the region.

The satellite images received in the Institue were used to research the influencing of Forbush-effect on change of clouds above the Yakutia. The obtained results demonstrate, that the influencing of varations of the cosmic rays on clouds is various depending on the level of the auroral activity and are agreeing with the earler obtained results of the other exploreres. It was shown that the thunderstorm activity anti-correlates with number of sun-spots in 11-years cylce with a factor 0,83. Also it is known that the long-term variations of the humidity and clouds in scale of northern hemisphere anti-correlate with solar activity. However, in local scale the behavior of the humidity and clouds depend on a latitude and orography of terrain, and is being determined by change of trajectories of atmospheric cyclones and anticyclones. In the Yakutia the quantity and the areas of forest fires are determined mainly by the low level of the humidity during the second half of summer. The outcomes of biological researches of old trees and data present by "Avialesokhrana" (anti-wildfire service) demonstrate that the forest fires were in past with periodicity roughly 10 and 22 years.

Change of processes in a climate system at transformations of a space-structure organization and relations between climate forming components have been investigated in the frameworks of conception of energy transformation and energy-mass transfer in geosphere. The interrelations between the Atmospheric Action Centers, moving baric systems, and energy transforming systems of surface affect on energy-mass transfer in the atmosphere through the circulation mechanism and energy-mass exchange. A system-evolutionary approach to description and analysis of climatic changes with the use of the graphic models of information about different objects and processes of different levels has been evolved. Techniques of coupling analysis of changeability of environment, baric systems, weather-forming regimes, and intersystem relations in the geosphere were developed. Results of the instrumental data processing, the coupling analysis of baric system transformations, meteorological variables fields, and the weather forming regimes are shown for typical situations for Siberia. Mechanisms of energy exchange and basic energy transforming processes for different types fo dynamics of air mass movement above the continent have been investigated. The peculiarities of energy-mass exchange in moving air masses, conditions and physics of processes of forming peculiar phenomena have been revealed: the winter thaws, the oscillations of weather forming in transitional seasons, the forced snow melting, summer droughts.

For the first time, using long-term f_min measurements acquired by the method of standard vertical-incidence radio incidence at st. Irkutsk (52° N, 105° E) for the time interval 1983-1991, we investigated the dynamics of large-scale variations of the minimum reflection frequency (f_min) of radio waves from the ionosphere. Sliding multiple correloperiodogram analysis was used. We detected regular seasonal (91 days) and 27-day oscillations with almost constant periods, the semi-annual wave characterized by a period fluctuating over a rather wide range (176-221 days), and the annual wave with the mean period of 365 days. A clearly pronounced annual trend of seasonal df_min fluctuations was observed. Quasi-biennial variations may be classed as irregular fluctuations with a constantly varying period over a rather wide range (588-886 days). The large-scale variations of f_min under investigation which characterize its long-term variability, may serve as climatic characteristics for the description of this atmospheric region.

The results of the hydroxyl and oxygen molecules rotational temperature measured during two observational seasons 1999-2001 and Maymaga station (φ=63°N; λ=129.50°E) are presented. It is shown that the amplitude of seasonal variation of hydroxyl rotational temperature is greater than the molecular oxygen variation. OH temperatures have been systematically higher the O₂ ones during winter. The abrupt decreasing of the O₂ intensity connected with the springtime transition of the atmospheric circulation process is found in both time series. In first time a change of the temperature vertical gradient sign caused by the mesopause height shifting to the more high ( winter) level was shown in the data of August-September 2001. Comparisons of night airglow variations with stratospheric temperature over Yakutsk at the 10 mb height, averaged over the polar cap (latitudes of ≥65°N), is presented. The waves registered in mesosphere by variation of molecular oxygen emission rate are of periods up to ten days, and the envelope of their amplitudes is similar to stratosphere temperature oscillations with a time scale of approximately 30 days. Such a close association of two different parameters in the atmosphere regions separated in height can be explained by passage of large-scale wave disturbances through them.

We investigate the atmospheric emission variations at mid-latitudes during geomagnetic disturbances in connection with the state, dynamics and latitudinal displacement of the auroral oval, the main ionospheric trough (MIT), and of the plasmapause. For the location of the ISTP SB RAS Geophysical observatory (52°N, 103°E) there are several types of atmospheric emission variations, corresponding to different levels of geomagnetic disturbance, which are caused by various mechanisms and sources: wave-like fluctuations of 630 nm emission superimposed on the regular night-time behavior, significant enhancements of 630 nm emission that substantially disturb the night-time behavior of this emission, disturbances of 558 nm, 630 nm and 391.4 nm emissions of the auroral type, and SAR-arcs. Magnetospheric and ionospheric structures (plasmasphere, plasmapause, equatorial boundary and MIT center, etc.) that are the sources for or determine the character of atmospheric emission variations, are placed in correspondence with each of the identified types of atmospheric emission variations. It is intended to use the recorded atmospheric emission variations to monitor the ionspheric-magnetospheric structures during moderate and high levels of geomagnetic disturbances.

Neuro-net technology is suggested as a tool for predicting the Earth orientation parameters for global position systems. It is shown that the technology enables to obtain higher advance for the Earth rotation difference forecast, twice as high as a standard procedure does.

The suggested direction of research is based on the original methodology where plasma, gas, planetary and star systems are considered as a trial (experimental) material. This material is reactive to the changes of the environment according to the law of conservation of symmetry. It was discovered through the algorithm of symmetry conservation that the layered structure of the atmospher and the iososphere is generated by the thin structure of deformation of closed (stable, fixed) waves of density of space-mass continuum, which carry the Earth. In space the continuation of this thin structure is demonstrated by the phenomenon of LDE, inside the planet - by the spheres of compression and underpressure. Cases of closing of corresponding star deformations are seen in novas and supernovas, cases of closing of planet deformations are seen in asteroid belts. The Earth has a deformation, known as layer F₂ in ionosphere, on the verge of closing a new wave.