The diagnosis of iron-based materials was performed by using many magnetic sensors such as a small Hall element for leakage flux observations after polarizations, a locally sensitive fluxgate sensor available down to 100pT, by a pick-up coil for magnetic noise observation and by a triple-fold coil for eddy current detector. The spatially high resolution of the magnetic sensors was attained as narrow as 100 μm or less with the same order lift-off distance depending on the situation. By using these detectors, we detected the positions with the relatively high stress in comparison with the other positions. Residual stress detection less than 0.1 % in ferromagnetic material was attained in this study by deriving the expectations of field strength for magnetic noise occurrence. Positions with small holes inside the material were precisely detected by an eddy current detector, composed of a triple-fold coil with thin amorphous ribbon and attached from the material surface. The small magnetic field emission from a new type flux gate sensor was also attained by composing a double coil set for flux gate with the opposite coil current coil each other.

A novel vibratory bowel-feeder with decoupled mechanical structure and digital coupled controller was investigated, utilizing decoupled principles and product platform concepts. To realize the independent controlling and synthesizing of rotate vibration and rectilinear vibration, the uncoupled mechanical structure was designed and working principles of the vibration platform was analyzed. The dynamics model was set up, analyzed and calculated using analytic and numeric simulation software respectively. The work space of the ellipse vibration with relation to vibratory angle was put forward. A prototype vibratory bowel feeder for magnetic pieces was built based on the vibration platform. The results show that composite motion of the feeding parts is working in line by the fact that two control systems for both the magnitude and phase can be changed independently. The feeder can meet the request to high speed, low worn-out, low noise part feeding, as well as adaptation the best out demand of feeding series parts and parts with different material.

STEP-NC is an extension of STEP that defines a machine independent bi-directional data standard for Computerized Numerical Control (CNC) systems. A framework of CNC turning system based on STEP-NC for the development of a new CNC system was proposed. Eighteen functional modules were involved in the software-based framework of STEP-NC control system. A RTCORBA-based soft bus was utilized to communicate among the functional modules in this system. Implementing method for some key technologies of STEP-NC control system (named SNC system in this paper) were presented. As a result, this research shows a high potential to aid the development of new CNC turning system.

A hybrid two-chip micro-accelerometer system consisting of a novel lateral capacitive silicon micro-acceleration sensor and a CMOS readout circuit is presented. The micro-acceleration sensor has a proof mass with the size of 0.6×2.4×0.1mm³, the mass of 380 μg and the capacitive gap of 6μm, fabricated by deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) and anodic bonding, using three masks. The CMOS readout circuit with a dynamic range of 75dB, a measured capacitive sensitivity of 10.7V/pF, can offer a self-test voltage of 7V by utilizing a charge pump circuit. The hybrid-integrated system with power supply of DC5V has a measured sensitivity of 18mV/g, 1KHz frequency bandwidth and nonlinearity of 0.18% within the measured range of 50g.

The stiffness of microstructures is an important parameter for MEMS devices. This parameter is usually obtained by using a FEM approach, from which it is difficult to obtain an analytical expression. A microaccelerometer with a complex microstructure was designed in the present study. Its main-axial stiffness was calculated by a force method and energy method. The theoretical results are consistent with that of the FEM approach. After applying this method to the stiffness analysis of other MEMS devices, such as a micromirror, symmetric four-beam structure, and a typical combfinger capacitive microaccelerometer, it can be concluded that this methodology is applicable to the stiffness analysis of symmetric and statically indeterminate microstructures.

In order to machine inclined micro-holes and operate in narrow space, a novel miniaturized EDM (Electro Discharge Machining) mechanism has been developed. Because of its merit of compact size (70×40×50mm), the mechanism can be fixed on robot. The prototype of miniaturized EDM system consists of electrode direct drive unit, EDM electrical parameters and servo controller, ultrasonic EDM generator, manual robot, in addition to miniaturized EDM mechanism. Differential Reciprocating Driving Method (DRDM) is presented, and the coaxial forced vibration of electrode can be achieved. Coaxial vibration is applied to promote the evacuation of debris, and it helps to achieve stable and efficient machining. The optimal design of ultrasonic motor has been implemented using Finite Element Method (FEM), and the reasonable structure has been achieved. Feeding resolution of electrode can reach 40nm in differential reciprocating style. The holes with figures of Φ85μm circle, Φ90μm inclined circle, Y and inclined Y have been machined.

A new differential pressure method for hydraulic flow measurement was proposed. Dynamic response of the flow meter was improved from two choke points. One chock point was canceling the oil induce pipes of traditional ways which limit the dynamic characteristics for liquid volume effect. Pressure differences were generated and measured inside the oil pipe. The other chock point was using a MEMS (Microelectromechanical System) differential sensor in place of normal transducers. Without liquid induce pipes and moving components, this new flow meter measures transient flow perfectly. Working principle of this flow sensor was analyzed theoretically. Using CFD software, the flow field was simulated. Also, in a hydraulic testing system the sensor was calibrated ranging from 0-60L/min. A fast data acquisition system-wavebook 512 was applied during the experiment. It presents good linearity and can meet general hydraulic system use.

The shape of rubber biaxial tensile specimen and the forms of specimen holding and the specimen holder were discussed. The mechanics characteristics of biaxial rubber tensile was correlated with the rubber fibre direction and loading direction. The rubber hardens or softens along with the load changing. The displacement transmutation percentage and the modulus of 50% maximum displacement are important parameters for biaxial tensile rubber. The failures of biaxial rubber tensile are correlated with the maximum shearing stress.

Diesel engine is a kind of important power generating machine, of which the running state monitoring and fault diagnosis attracts increasing attention. The theory and the method of diesel engine fault diagnosis based on angular acceleration measurement were studied, since angular acceleration contains a lot of information for diesel engine fault diagnosing and its power balance evaluating. USB data acquisition system was designed for the angular acceleration measurement, and it was composed with AVRAT09S8515 micro-processor and PDIUSBD12 USB interface IC. At the same time, the high speed micro-processor AVRAT09S8515 with unique function of automatically capturing the rising or falling edge of square wave was studied, and it was utilized in the diesel engine's crankshaft angular acceleration measuring system. The software and hardware of the whole system was designed, which supplied a whole solution to diesel engine fault diagnosis and power balance evaluation between each cylinder.

To test the packaging integrity of high polymer micro-device fabricated by UV-LIGA technique, a new method of non-destructive testing was presented. This method is based on conductance analysis principle of electrochemistry. Dependence on the slight change of the current value in the solution, the packaging integrity of micro-device was measured and the stability of the packaging method was evaluated. The experiment apparatus for the conductance analysis method was built, and applied to test the packaging integrity of the micro-device. The experimental results show that the presented testing method is effective to measure the packaging integrity of the micro-device.

In order to call correct NC program automatically, real-time for corresponding online parts in the flexible manufacturing system (FMS), a new automatic recognition and classifier system based on machine vision was developed. In the image pre-processing, to make the extraction of image edge-detection better, a new re-filter, consisting of three steps-Gauss linear smoothness filter, sharpening, Median Filter, was first introduced. Then, Canny edge detection algorithm was adopted. Moreover, comparing with the most existing classification methods, such as Nearest Neighbor, Bayesian, Off- Line computations and so on, a new classification algorithm, Two Steps Shape Classification, was proposed. Using a Radial Feature Token (RFT), which functions as the ALISA Shape Module in the Adaptive Learning Image and Signal Analysis (ALISA) system hierarchy. Experimental results confirm that the image processing algorithm is effective and useful for real-timely recognizing and classifying online parts in the FMS.

Recently CAD/CAM technology has been gradually used in the field of laser processing. The excimer laser micro-processing system just identified G instruction before CAD/CAM interface was designed. However the course of designing a part with G instruction for users is too hard. The efficiency is low and probability of making errors is high. By secondary development technology of AutoCAD with Visual Basic, an application was developed to pick-up each entity's information in graph and convert them to each entity's processing parameters. Also an additional function was added into former controlling software to identify these processing parameters of each entity and realize continue processing of graphic. Based on the above CAD/CAM interface, Users can design a part in AutoCAD instead of using G instruction. The period of designing a part is sharply shortened. This new way of design greatly guarantees the processing parameters of the part is right and exclusive. The processing of complex novel bio-chip has been realized by this new function.

The input coupling term is one of the important factor need to be considered in designing a precision micro-positioning mechanism. Couplings between the input bodies will cause a serious difficulty in motion control. An input coupled terms analysis method was presented for a 3-DOF micro-positioning parallel compliant mechanism. Firstly, the pseudo-rigid-body model of the mechanism was presented, an input coupled terms prediction method was developed based on the linearization theory. Secondly, using the finite element method validated the prediction method. Finally, the influences of the structural parameters to the input coupled terms were discussed. The results are helpful to design a low input coupling terms micro-positioning system.

The damping effects of MEMS inertial devices like micro accelerometers is studied. The damping analysis governing equation, the Reynolds equation, is the fundamental equation in this work. For small amplitude sinusoidal motions, which are governed by the linearized form of the Reynolds equation, both damping and compressibility effects are modeled numerically. Analytical solutions of the linearized Reynolds equation for micro inertial structures with various simple geometries are summarized. A procedure of solving the linearized model using typical commercial finite element analysis software is demonstrated. A numerical example of dynamical macromodel for a capacitive accelerometer indicates that viscous damping dominates at the dynamic characteristic of inertial devices. The theory and method of estimating damping effects for inertial devices with small amplitude motions are also presented. The theory is derived from the structural dynamic modal analysis and the simulation of the linearized Reynolds equation. The theoretical damping analysis equation for inertial microstructures is derived for the application of the small deflections. Simulation analysis can be used to compute the damping including the squeeze film and slip film cases. The method is applicable for general conditions, and makes it easy to make the dynamic lumped simulation model. It is useful at the beginning of the design of MEMS inertial devices affected by the damping effect.

Micro-worktable is an important part of a micro-assembly system, and it implements the translation along X- and Y- axes and the rotation along X-, Y- and Z-axes of the assembly system. In order to amplify the micro-worktable displacement output and improve the micro-positioning accuracy, a novel 3-DOF organ-drive-inspecting micro-positioning worktable was designed and analyzed using modified double-parallelogram symmetrical structure flexure hinge and piezoelectric-actuators. For the symmetric mechanism effectively eliminated the coupling deflection angle and limited the vertical direction motion, the modified double-parallelogram flexure hinge increased the output displacement of X, Y and Z axes. Finite element model of the micro-worktable was established in ANSYS to make its static performances simulation by finite elements method (FEM). Simulation results showed that stiffness and accuracy of the modified double-parallelogram flexure hinge mechanism are higher than general double-parallelogram flexure hinge mechanism, and output displacement linearity is better than single-parallelogram flexure hinge mechanism. Flexure hinge mechanism and piezoelectric-actuator self-features reduce the system complexity, coupling displacement error, and also assure the stable accuracy, high resolution, and high frequent-response of the micro-positioning worktable. Finally, static performance was tested and analyzed through experiments. In experiments, the piezoelectric-power provided voltage to drive the micro-positioning worktable along X, Y and Z axes, and an electric inductance micrometer dial was used to measure the output displacement. Experimental results show that the resolution is 0.04μm for displacement in X, Y, and Z axes, and the maximum stroke length reaches 6μm. The design meets with the requirement of the micro-assembly system.

This paper presents a new kind of electro-discharge machining (EDM) software computer numerical control (SoftCNC) system which is based on RTLinux platform and Finite State Machine (FSM) method. An EDM SoftCNC function model is given and the structure of SoftCNC based on the function model is proposed. The Binary FSM (Motion FSM and control FSM) model of the whole system is also proposed. To simplify complexities, the system FSM is decomposed to a set of FSMs. The motion decision-making FSM which is the dispatcher of motion tasks is designed. The auto task FSM and interpolate algorithm FSM are proposed. In control FSM, the control signal generator-decoder model is proposed, as well as the auto decision FSM is fabricated. Three abstract layers: function abstract layer, communication abstract layer and hardware abstract layer are designed to enhance enclosure and porting of SoftCNC. Run on MD21 machine, the performance implies that the system is stable, reliable and with low-latency.

Utilizing DCT based enhancement approach, an improved small defect detection algorithm for real-time leather surface inspection was developed. A two-stage decomposition procedure was proposed to extract an odd-odd frequency matrix after a digital image has been transformed to DCT domain. Then, the reverse cumulative sum algorithm was proposed to detect the transition points of the gentle curves plotted from the odd-odd frequency matrix. The best radius of the cutting sector was computed in terms of the transition points and the high-pass filtering operation was implemented. The filtered image was then inversed and transformed back to the spatial domain. Finally, the restored image was segmented by an entropy method and some defect features are calculated. Experimental results show the proposed small defect detection method can reach the small defect detection rate by 94%.

Profiles type selection is very important for scroll compressor. Inherent engagement mechanism was discovered in the study of scrolls. And a novel method for scroll profiles based on inherent engagement mechanism is proposed. The result shows that the engagement region angle (ERA) of odd regular polygon involutes is half of the characteristic-geometry exterior angle, and that of even regular polygon involutes is equal to the exterior angle to the moment. The corresponding ERA is reducing increasingly with the edge number increasing of characteristic geometry. The performance characteristics of scroll compressor tend towards the best correspondingly. Aiming at existed problems of profile design for scrolls, it developed a novel methodology to study scroll profile. Originality research was done for the further study of scroll profile. It is the fundamentality factor representing essence character of scroll profiles function itself.

In order to realize bi-direction exchange of information and knowledge sharing between CAD/CAM systems and CNC machines, a method of information integration was proposed based on process data model and STEP-NC neutral file. A frame of integrated CAD/CAM/CNC systems was established, and the key integration techniques including process data modeling based on XML form and automatic feature recognition were studied. Since the STEP-NC based CNC (STEP- CNC) system can undertake various intelligent functions that cannot be performed by the conventional CNC based on ISO 6983, the intelligent manufacturing functions of STEP- CNC system was also discussed. The presented methodology combining with the modern net and communication technologies provides an effective means for developing intelligent, integrated manufacturing systems for the 21 century.

A novel speed reducer with large reduction rate, named the compound rolling teeth reducer (CRTR), was investigated. CRTR is a two-stage gear transmission and constructed according to the speed reduction principles of both the movable rolling teeth transmission and the RV drive. The kinematic principle, structure and characteristics of CRTR as well as the differences of structure and force transfer mode between the CRTR and RV reducer were analyzed in detail, on which the merits of CRTR were summarized. The teeth profile equation of fixed inner gear and the speed rate of CRTR were derived, the model and its algorithm of meshing force were proposed, and these will provide a base for the kinematic design, load capability, efficiency calculation and stiffness estimation of CRTR.

Product configuration design is a key technique for mass customization. The management and organization of configuration knowledge are very important to the validity and efficiency of configuration design. With the increasing of parts' number and design complexity, the volume of configuration knowledge database expands rapidly, and the reasoning efficiency of configuration design is slow down rapidly. To solve above problems, take master structure model of configuration design into account, a method of product configuration knowledge expression based on ontology and tabular layouts of article characteristics (TLAC) was proposed. Product family based configuration model wais described using TLAC for those standardization parts and components. Configuration knowledge was expressed with ontology. The knowledge of non-standardization parts was integrated into extended TLAC. This method describes product configuration knowledge database effectively and facilitates sharing and reuse of domain knowledge.

Measuring the shape of a model is important for reverse engineering. The rapid measurement of a free surface and the rapid reconstruction of graphics has been studied. The rectangle grating projection method was applied to the rapid measurement of the free surface of an object. Fourier transforms of a light field in which rectangular gratings were projected on a measured free surface was processed. Phase offset was acquired by computing the modulated raster phase distribution of the measured free surface and a reference plane. As a result, by analysis of the light route of the rectangular grating projection, the relation between phase offset and height of measured free surface was acquired. Sequentially, the height information of the measured object was computed. For rapid reconstruction, a rectangle region of each scatter data point on the parameter plane was constructed. The coordinates of each grating point were computed from the region boundary and the grating space. The measured scattered data were interpolated with a special Hermite algorithm, and the height of each grating point in each functionary field was computed. The new surface with rectangle gridding was formed by the accumulation of several overlapped rectangles. The method was applied to the rapid reverse engineering of an automobile engine cover, and shown to result in great improvement.

A screw dismantlement machine is special equipment used in the ammunition assembling operation line. The control system of the machine should have high reliability and safety. A master-slave distributing structure (The IPC+PLC structure) is proposed for a control system. Industrial control computer is in charge of the management of resources, assignment and control of slave machine, real-time communication, and the implementation of interactive action functions. PLC is in charge of the motion control of the machine, and standard modules are adopted in the configurations of the system. A redundancy design technique was used. All of the devices of the system were set reasonably in the design process. In the aspect of software-design, many measures were adopted to ensure the reliability of the machine. The control system showed a degree of high reliability that meets the requirement of screw dismantlement machine.

Ranging is one of the key technologies in Broadband Passive Optical Network based on the ATM (BPON) system. It is complex for software designers and difficult to test. In order to simplify the ranging procedure, enhance its efficiency, and find an appropriate method to verify it, a new ranging procedure that completely satisfies the requirements specified in ITU-T G.983.1 and one verifying method is proposed in this paper. A kind of ranging procedure without serial number (SN) searching function, called one-by-one ranging are developed under the condition of cold PON, cold Optical Network Termination (ONU). The ranging procedure includes the use of OLT and ONU flow charts respectively. By using the network emulation software OPNET, the BPON system is modeled and the ranging procedure is simulated. The emulation experimental results show that the presented ranging procedure can effectively eliminate the collision of burst mode signals between ONUs, which can be ranged one-by-one under the controlling of OLT, while also enhancing the ranging efficiency. As all of the message formats used in this research conform with the ITU-T G.983.1, the ranging procedure can meet the protocol specifications with good interoperability, and is very compatible with products of other manufacturer. According to the present study of ranging procedures, guidelines and principles are provided, Also some design difficulties are eliminated in the software design.

In this paper, the design and implementation on the high-speed network system of the Computer Integrated and Information Network System (CIINS) for aeronautical manufacturing enterprise based on ATM is explained. And designing the high-speed network, choosing the devices, network administration, and developing the network application are discussed. And also, the key technology of the network design is analyzed. The system safety is ensured, when the ATM with QoS in the main backbone network and the work team with network layer in intelligent Ethernet equipment are adapted, and a kind of firewall based on Hard-wall technology is implemented.

CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture) is a solution to distributed computing methods over heterogeneity systems, which establishes a communication protocol between distributed objects. It takes great emphasis on realizing the interoperation between distributed objects. However, only after developing some application approaches and some practical technology in monitoring and diagnosis, can the customers share the monitoring and diagnosis information, so that the purpose of realizing remote multi-expert cooperation diagnosis online can be achieved. This paper aims at building an open fault monitoring and diagnosis platform combining CORBA, Web and agent. Heterogeneity diagnosis object interoperate in independent thread through the CORBA (soft-bus), realizing sharing resource and multi-expert cooperation diagnosis online, solving the disadvantage such as lack of diagnosis knowledge, oneness of diagnosis technique and imperfectness of analysis function, so that more complicated and further diagnosis can be carried on. Take high-speed centrifugal air compressor set for example, we demonstrate a distributed diagnosis based on CORBA. It proves that we can find out more efficient approaches to settle the problems such as real-time monitoring and diagnosis on the net and the break-up of complicated tasks, inosculating CORBA, Web technique and agent frame model to carry on complemental research. In this system, Multi-diagnosis Intelligent Agent helps improve diagnosis efficiency. Besides, this system offers an open circumstances, which is easy for the diagnosis objects to upgrade and for new diagnosis server objects to join in.

According to the requirement of leather manufacturing, such as sofa industry and automobile interior decoration, etc, an effective intelligent nesting mothod is proposed for leather nesting. This method is capable of handling some intractable forms of nesting problem, such as non-convex stencils and sheets, multiple irregularly shaped stencils and sheets, and so on. Boundary-detection algorithm is to obtain the boundary information of the stencils and sheets and polygonalize the boundary while DXF files are loaded. After obtaining the polygons' contours, a heuristic near-to-centre strategy is employed to sequentially place stencils on sheet. The optimal placement sequence is determined by Heuristic-search algorithm, the optimal placement orientation and rotation are determined by Best-matching algorithm and Collision-detection algorithm. Experimental results show that this system can be suited for the placement of two-dimensional irregular stencils on two-dimensional irregular sheets.

The experimental investigation and theoretical analysis of an orbital cold forging of an edge cam was explored. The effects of blank shape and the process parameters on the edge cam forming are discussed. Photoplastic technology was successfully applied to the simulation of an orbital cold forging process applied to an edge cam. The China-made polycarbonate (PCBA) was used as a simulation material, and a 3-D strain distribution was obtained inside the model materials, which provided theoretical guidance for optimizing process parameters on the orbital cold forging of the edge cam. The factors that caused a crack were identified and the deformation laws in orbital cold forging of an edge cam were clarified. The metal flow line, hardness, microstructures and accuracy of the orbital cold forged edge cam were found to meet the required service properties of the product.

The data environment on integrated information system and the basic standard on information resource management are the key effectively of the remote collaborative designing and manufacturing for complex product. A study project on rebuilding the data information environment for aeronautical manufacturing enterprise (Aero-ME) is put forwarded. Firstly, the data environment on integrated information system, the basic standard on information resource management, the basic establishment on corporation's information, the development on integrated information system, and the information education are discussed profoundly based on the practical requirement of information resource and technique for contemporary Aero-ME. Then, the idea and method with the data environment rebuilding based on I-CASE in the corporation is put forward, and the effective method and implement approach for manufacturing enterprise information is brought forwards. It will also the foundation and assurance that rebuilding the corporation data-environment and promoting standardizing information resource management for the development of Aero-ME information engineering.

For optimizing the performance of the electrostatically actuated micropump, a multi-terminal behavior model of a micropump membrane is constructed by a modal projection technique. The dynamic state of the membrane is represented by a weighted combination of a few eigenmodes, which was obtained by using commercial finite element analysis programs ANSYS^TM. By the data extraction technology, the capacitance of electrostatic excitation and membrane strain energy can be represented in modal coordinates. For considering the fluidic damping impact on the mode natural frequency and mode shape, the pump flow was treated as an additional mass attaching to the membrane. The pumping flow rate can be calculated by integrating the deformation profile function over the membrane's area. As a result, the terminal behavior model of membrane can be formulated in a set of ordinary differential algebraic equations, which is suitable for system level simulation. Finally, the dynamic behavior of a membrane was investigated.

A more accurate vertical dynamic model with nine degree-of-freedom (DOF) is proposed for better describing the vertical dynamics of high-speed elevator system. By developing a calculation program according to the proposed dynamic model, the dynamics behavior of a 2:1 high-speed roping elevator with rise over 24 meters is numerically calculated in empty load and full load cases at three landing positions: bottom, middle, and top floors. Under the test conditions identical with the simulation but without full load case, modal experiment is applied to an elevator having the same specifications as simulated one. The proposed model is confirmed by comparing numerical and experimental results, and both results indicate that the vertical dynamic characteristics of high-speed elevator are time variant. It is also presented that the low order frequency of high-speed elevator is not sensitive to the variation of hoist rope length but greatly influenced by passenger load.

In order to satisfy the needs of advanced dynamic balancing emendation technique, an automatic dynamic balancing emendation integrated system with remote manipulating ability, which took an embedded system as central controlling and measuring unit, was introduced. In the system, automatic dynamic balancing measurement, numerical control machining and workpiece-transfer manipulator were integrated, and two key techniques, including automatic dynamic balancing measurement and remote real-time data transmission, were studied emphatically. For the dynamic balancing measurement, an improved method of adaptive filtering based on harmonic wavelet was presented, an adaptive filter was designed by means of the phase-locking and narrowband analysis ability of harmonic wavelet, and the problem of abstracting unbalance quantity and its phase precisely in the environment of strong background noises with variable frequency structure was successfully solved. For the remote real-time data transmission, based on wavelet transformation, the remote environmental information and field operating parameters were collected, compressed and coded, an approach of collection and compression on video image data was advanced, and the time delay in network communication was forecasted and eliminated. On the basis of above works, an automatic dynamic balancing emendation integrated system with remote manipulating ability was integrated and applied in practice. Applied results indicate that this system runs with the performance of high efficiency, precision and reliability, can meet the needs of dynamic balancing emendation on a large scale, moreover, the system has got remote manipulating and maintaining ability.

Networked manufacturing is a trend of reciprocating pump industry. According to the enterprises' requirement, the architecture of networked manufacturing system for reciprocating pump industry was proposed, which composed of infrastructure layer, system management layer, application service layer and user layer. Its main functions included product data management, ASP service, business management, and customer relationship management, its physics framework was a multi-tier internet-based model; the concept of ASP service integration was put forward and its process model was also established. As a result, a networked manufacturing system aimed at the characteristics of reciprocating pump industry was built. By implementing this system, reciprocating pump industry can obtain a new way to fully utilize their own resources and enhance the capabilities to respond to the global market quickly.

Well-defined resource model is significant for resource management in internet age; so many resource models have been developed. The key issue is that the resource dynamic property is lack of an in-depth study, although the resource property is the universal element in these models. This research focuses on the dynamic property of resource. A new conception of state property was proposed. State property is distinguished from general resource properties in environmental and temporal correlation. Resource state property set was defined strictly. State property set is a perfect and independent set separated from dynamic property set. Completeness and time series are the primary features. Combined with a manufacturing resource model, the state property set was created to demonstrate the methods to get the state property set.

Microchannel cooler has offered a new method for the cooling of high power diode lasers, with the advantages of small volume, high efficiency of thermal dissipation and low cost when mass-produced. In order to reduce the sensitivity of design to manufacture errors or other disturbances, Taguchi method that is one of robust design method was chosen to optimize three parameters important to the cooling performance of roof-like microchannel cooler. The hydromechanical and thermal mathematical model of varying section microchannel was calculated using finite volume method by FLUENT. A special program was written to realize the automation of the design process for improving efficiency. The optimal design is presented which compromises between optimal cooling performance and its robustness. This design method proves to be available.

Crown gear couplings are usually used in metallurgy and steel rolling equipments, which is manufactured by duplicating processing in common. The method makes the manipulator work hard, and the efficiency is low. The machining precision is limited to the shape of the mold and it is difficult to control the movement of machines table. This work stated an NC system to use hobbing machine. It consists of an industrial control computer, grating sensor, servo- motor and its driver source, servo driver card and other I/O equipments of inputting and outputting. The grating sensor was installed in the axial direction to trace the instantaneous position of gob rest. The radial movement of the machine table was controlled by a servomotor. When the computer captures the axial signal, this system controls the machine table by moving ahead or backwards according to the calculated value of interpolation theory. Thus, two dimensions (axial and radial) associated movement was realized while the crown gear was processed. The feature of the system is that a grating sensor used in the axial direction replaces the servomotor. By making a little change in the mechanism of the machine, NC can be implement and its redesign cost is very low. The design software has an interpolation function for a circular arc and line. The system has been used on a Y1380 gear hobbing machine, and the correlative software of machining crown gear has been designed as well. Satisfactory results have been obtained, showing facility and reliability in practical operation.

Based on the analysis of the development potentiality of wind-power generator and domestic manufacture of its key parts in China, an independent development system of the Increasing Gearbox for High-performance Wind-power Generator (IGHPWG) was introduced. The main elements of the system were studied, including the procedure design, design analysis system, manufacturing technology and detecting system, and the relative important technologies were analyzed such as mixed optimal joint transmission structure of the first planetary drive with two grade parallel axle drive based on equal strength, tooth root round cutting technology before milling hard tooth surface, high-precise tooth grinding technology, heat treatment optimal technology and complex surface technique, and rig test and detection technique of IGHPWG. The development conception was advanced the data share and quality assurance system through all the elements of the development system. The increasing Gearboxes for 600KW and 1MW Wind-power Generator have been successfully developed through the application of the development system.

The micropump, an important operational device of MEMS, plays a very important role in micro systems. As the micropump becomes smaller and smaller, the fabrication of the moving parts becomes more and more difficult. Therefore, many micropumps based on new principles have been developed. They are divided into two types, pumps with mechanical components and ones without them. To date, most of these micropumps are membrane-driven. The research on the micropump in the past decade is reviewed. The current status of micropump research, the structural designs and principle of operation of microfluidic controlling systems are presented in this paper. Some unresolved problems are discussed. Finally, new ideas are put forward.

A practical micromachined relay, i.e. bistable electromagnetic micromachined relay, was proposed. The relay made up of three parts: movable electrode plate, plane coil chip and permanent magnet plate, which are fabricated respectively and assembled together finally. The simulation was performed for the electromagnetic field and electromagnetic force of the micromachined relay as well as the statics and harmonic response of the movable electrode. Based on the simulation results, the structure design of the relay was optimized, and the performance of the relay is evaluated.

SPWM is a critical method used in asynchronous motor-driven area. But harmonic components of inverter output wave impair its application in motor speed control. A new mixed algorithm was proposed for SPWM, which was a designated harmonic suppression technology by way of improved regular sampling in low voltage and low frequency and harmonic elimination in high voltage and high frequency. This algorithm was based on both analysis of sampled SPWM and Fourier series transform method and aimed at eliminating some odd harmonic components to obtain an identical sine wave. After explication of the harmonic elimination procedure and real time calculation process, an effective control mode and its control circuit were put forward so that the designated harmonic suppression made a reality. Applied it in whole speed adjusting range, the voltage can be conveniently controlled and high frequency harmonic components of SPWM are also improved.

Independent Component Analysis (ICA) can recover the original sources in multichannel observations when the original sources and the mixing process are not known. An experiment system with three known sources as an analog of the real world to research the validity and feasibility of ICA in gearbox fault diagnosis was set up. A normal gearbox and an abnormal gearbox were the object, a small motor was used to simulate the effect of the environment, and single tooth failure and the misalignment fault were considered as the inner known sources. Eight selective places where accelerometers glued on presented the full information of gearbox. The experiment results show that when the signal frequency is less than 100hz, it is appropriate to consider the mixing model of vibration sources as instantaneous model. The separation results by mean of FastICA algorithm which obtained from instantaneous model can successfully separate the vibration of disturbing motor, the pulse of single tooth failure and the frequency of misalignment fault from the observation on gearbox with light load. The experiment results suggest that the setup of the experimental system provides us an efficient experimental environment for algorithm research of validity and its feasibility testing and verifying.

In this paper, a new digitizing method for object definition based on the use of liquid was proposed and described, along with its basic principles. The digitized object was first placed in a vessel with liquid. An intersection profile of the liquid and the object would appear at the height of the liquid surface; this was the section profile of the object in fact. The image could be captured and processed by an optical senor and computer system, and the profile then digitized. By changing the height of the liquid face, the profiles of object could be obtained one by one. The key technologies and problems associated with this method are discussed. A prototype of this equipment was designed and manufactured. The problems that would be studied and solved in the future using this method were also discussed.

On the basis of the research on nanometer drive parts under large feeding force, and according to the thermal expansion principle, the nano precision drive part based on the semiconductor refrigeration equipment was designed. In order to simulink the process of the nanometer drive parts under large feeding force and optimize the parameter of the drive part with different materials and different working conditions, a new method to establish the virtual machine for nanometer drive parts under large feeding force is presented. Firstly, the virtual machine for nanometer drive parts under large feeding force is established by using heat conduction differential equation and its finite difference technology, then, an experimental platform is constructed which constitutes of nanometer drive parts, the pressure installment, high precision inductance measures, WS16DP sampling card, computer and power amplifier. Finally, the actuation characteristic research on nanometer drive parts under large feeding force will be done on the experimental platform by virtual machine. Experiments show that the virtual machine established in this paper conforms to the physical machine.

In the ultrasonic non-destructive evaluation (UNDE) of Metal Matrix Composite Structure(MMCs), one problem is that echoes from different interior layers may overlap, causing obscurity or loss of the fault-detection-and-localization information from a particular layer. To address this issue, a wavelet-transform-based approach was adopted to extract features from UNDE data, which in turn were used to estimate the specimen's adhesive properties. Specifically the db3 wavelet (based on the impulse response of the test instrumentation system) was applied to perform the wavelet transform and separate the overlapped echoes. The features thus extracted were found effective in analyzing and identifying the adhesive properties of the specimen concerned. This method of feature extraction is expected to be largely applicable to the UNDE of multi-layer bonded structure.

This paper presents a novel approach for demodulation method of signal processing circuit in MEMS gyroscope. Since the MEMS gyroscope utilizes Coriolis acceleration that produces a modulated signal of the input angular velocity and driving signal, in order to measure the original angular rate, the demodulation process is essentially needed. The conventional AM demodulation process in MEMS gyroscope is sensitive to the phase difference between the output signal and the modulation reference signal. Moreover, the output is easily affected by nonlinear and noisy properties of a multiplying circuit. Proposed method eliminates the phase tuning of the demodulation stage and the multiplying process of the signal processing circuit that are likely to be major error factors of signal processing circuit but are essential parts of the conventional demodulation process in MEMS gyroscope. The proposed method utilized the envelope detection scheme of AM demodulation in communication system and modified it to apply to the electromechanical system of gyroscope. Experiments were accomplished to verify the performances. From the results, the proposed method shows a satisfactory performance without a multiplying component and tuning effort of the phase in signal process circuit.

This paper proposed an algorithm to generate I-t curve of an IPS from its simplified model. The model used electrical and thermal characteristics of IPS like its on resistance (R_ON), thermal resistances (R_th) and capacitances (C_th) of its thermal circuit and its thermal tripping/shutdown temperature (T_SHUTDOWN). I-t curves are extremely important for selection of an IPS for a particular load and wire in automotive industry. If only the IPS can sustain the load current and can protect the wire in case of a fault, it can be used for the application. This evaluation can be easily performed with the help of IPS I-t curve. The I-t curve generated using this algorithm was compared with that provided by the company (in application note) for some IPS. An application example using the I-t curve was also described. Finally the limitation of the model was mentioned and its effect was discussed with the help of the application example.

A self oscillation loop in vibrating gyroscope based on the phase locked loop (PLL) was proposed and a phase error in the PLL was analyzed. The self oscillation loop is a nonlinear feedback loop, which keeps a self-generated and sustained oscillation. In vibrating type gyroscope, a structure needs a driving oscillation at resonant frequency, which is provided by the self oscillation loop. In order to sustain the loop to be stable oscillation and to operate at the precise resonant frequency of the gyroscope, phase locking condition is essentially needed. Phase locked loop is a suitable component for such a purpose. In oscillation loop, PLL provides exact phase shift to oscillate at the resonant frequency point over wide frequency range. However, the performance of the PLL is affected by certain condition of the circuit, e.g. phase error due to the variation of the component values and noise-sensitive features. This directly leads the performance degradation of the gyroscope. Therefore, phase error analysis of PLL was performed and the robust phase shifting circuit was newly suggested. The experiments were accomplished to verify the suggested method.

A decoupled dual servo (DDS) stage for ultra-precision scanning system is introduced in this paper. The proposed DDS consists of a 3 axis fine stage for handling and carrying workpieces and a XY coarse stage. Especially, the DDS uses three voice coil motors (VCM) as a planar actuation system of the fine stage to reduce the disturbances due to any mechanical connections with its coarse stage. VCMs are governed by Lorentz law. According to the law and its structure, there are no mechanical connections between coils and magnetic circuits. Moreover, the VCM doesn't have force ripples due to imperfections of commutation components of linear motor systems - currents and flux densities. However, due to the VCM's mechanical constraints the working range of the fine is about 5mm². To break that hurdle, the coarse stage with linear motors is used for the fine stage to move about 200mm². Because of the above reasons, the proposed DDS can achieve higher precision scanning than other stages with only one servo. Using MATLAB's Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP), the VCMs are optimally designed for the highest force under conditions and constraints such as thermal dissipations due to its coil, its size, and so on. For linear motors, Halbach magnet linear motor is proposed and optimally designed in this paper. In addition, for their smooth movements without any frictions, guide systems of the DDS are composed of air bearings. And then, precisely to get their positions, linear scales with 0.1um resolution are used for the coarse's XY motions and plane mirror laser interferometers with 20nm for the fine's XYθz. On scanning, the two stages have same trajectories and are controlled. The control algorithm is Parallel method. The embodied ultra-precision scanning system has about 100nm tracking error and in-positioning stability.

The development of control related applications requires knowledge of different subject matters like mechanical components, control equipment and physics. To understand the behavior of these heterogeneous applications is not easy especially the students who begin to study the electronic engineering. In order to introduce to them the most common components and skills necessary to put together a functioning automated system, we have designed a simple elevator model controlled by a PLC which was designed based on a microcontroller.

An optimal soot blowing system has been developed for the optimal operation of coal-fired power utility boilers by both the minimization of use of steam and the number of soot blowers worked during soot blowing. Traditionally, the soot blowing system has been operated manually or by the scheduled time-based interval. However, it has caused the reduction of power and the thermal performance degradation because many soot blowers installed in the plant should be worked even there are lots of tubes those are not contaminated by slagging and/or fouling. The degree of pollution on a boiler tube is based on heat transfer model. Heat transfer area is divided into several groups consisting of furnace, convection area including superheater, reheater and economizer, and air heater. The condition of cleanness of the tube is calculated by several parameters obtained by various sensors. Then, a part of soot blower works automatically where boiler tubes are contaminated. This system has been applied in a practical power plant. Therefore, a comparison has been done between this new system and manual operation, and then the results are discussed.

Infrared detectors have many application fields. One of those, MEMS based thermopile is attractive for many low-cost commercial and industrial applications, mainly because it does not require cooling for operation and the process technologies are relatively simple. The MEMS thermopile fabricated on a silicon nitride microbridge structure was proposed. Using microbridge rather conventional membrane makes it possible to fabricate much smaller micro thermopile and to reduce heat loss because of small contact area at silicon rim. The bridge material is only composed of Si3N4. The thermocouple was used a poly-Si and an aluminum. The characteristic of electromotive force (EMF) generation was evaluated for various patterns at hot junction. Aluminum thermocouple shape on bridge structure was designed two patterns. One was a square shape and the other shape was a hollow square. The output voltage of hollow square-type electrode was increased in compared with square-type electrode from 3.03uV/°C to 4.609uV/°C at body temperature (37°C). With the same membrane dimensions and the same overall thickness of the chip a thermopile on microbridge is almost 53% smaller a conventional thermopile chip.

This paper proposed a new approach to the shape design of an epicycloidal gear, which is a key part of an epicycloidal drive with a fixed outer ring. Applying the concept of instant center of velocity of a contact mechanism to the drive, this paper derived the analytical equation fot designing the epicycloidal plate gear, including the generation of curve conjugated to the pin-tooth of an outer ring and the calculation of transmission angles and determination of the contact points. This method has been completed by three steps: the first is to find the instant center of velocity for the epicycloidal drive; the second is to determinate the transmission angles and the contact points in the special coordinate systems; and the last is to generate the full shape of the epicycloidal gear by the coordinate transformation technique. A program for design automation of shape of the cycloidal gear has been developed with C⁺⁺ language. Finally, an example was given to demonstrate the feasibility of the application.

This research analyzed the specification and machinability of micro drills, which were currently manufactured and used for drilling, obtained from five different manufacturing companies (one sample from Korea, two samples from Japan, one sample each from Taiwan and German), and suggested a criterion for the evaluation of reliability of micro drills. Breaking force of micro drills (φ0.3 mm) was analyzed using samples. Also, dimension and shape of micro drills of five different manufacturing companies of Korea, German, Taiwan and Japan were analyzed. Machinability of micro drills (φ0.3 mm) obtained from five different manufacturing companies also was analyzed using a steel plate (SKS 3, 70×70×2.0 mm) with operation conditions of the spindle speed of 10,000 rpm, feed rate of 1.8 μm/min, return stroke of 0.05 mm/sec, and cycle time of 82 sec/hole for 100 times repeated drilling hole operation. On the machinability test of micro drill, wear and chip discharge of micro drill, machining accuracy (i.e., hole shape), and durability of micro drill was analyzed. The wear, locating accuracy, and durability of micro drills for high-speed repeated drilling operation were major concerning factors for the reliability evaluation. The dimension of each part of micro drill (φ0.3 mm) was almost different for five different manufacturing companies. The characteristics and dimensions of flute were also different for four different manufacturing companies. The breaking force of micro drills without flute increased as the diameter of micro drill (φ0.10, 0.15, 0.20, and 0.30 mm) increased from 0.38 to 1.73 N, but the breaking force of micro drill with flute did not showed the same trend as the diameter of micro drill increased.

Radiation hardening parts are to be used for satellites and nuclear power plants due to various kinds of radiation particles in space and radiation environment. Here, our focus is to implement a testing board of AVR Microcontroller checking for Single Event Upsets (SEU); the effects of protons on the electronic devices. The SEU results form the level change of stored information due to photon radiation and temperature in the space environment. The impact of SEU on PLD (Programmable Logic Devices) technology is most apparent in SRAM/ROM/DRAM devices wherein the state of storage cell can be upset. In this research, a simple and powerful test technique is suggested, and the results are presented for the analysis and future reference. In our experiment, the proton radiation facility (having the energy of 30 MeV with a beam current of 20 uA in the cyclotron) available at KIRAMS (Korea Institute of Radiological Medical Sciences) has been applied on two kinds of commercially available SRAM and EEPROM.

Nano-Hardness is commonly defined as a materials resistance to permanent or plastic deformation at the nano-micro level. Nano Hardness is a significant mechanical properties of materials commonly used to characterize the wear resistance of materials. In this present paper, a procedure is developed for calculation of nano hardness by use of nano indentation and an Atomic Force Microscope (A.F.M). For the indentation experiment a three sided pyramidal diamond tip has been used. Experiment have been concluded on single crystal Silica ( Si ) . At room temperature nano hardness properties of single crystal Si have been investigated at dissimilar indentation loads. Inorder to obtain the nanoindentation hardness of single crystal Silica , the load displacement data have been used. After the indentation, the indentational images were observed by AFM. The images were triangle shape and the sides of triangle were measured by AFM for area calculation. Comparison of the data obtained using nano indenter with that obtained by using new technique was shown. It has been concluded from the results that the measured nano hardness values of the material sensitively depend on the applied load of indentation and surface roughness. It is also concluded that the calculated nano hardness is smaller than nano indenter hardness which indicates the calculated area is bigger than indentational area.

An AC-coupled amplifier system in biomedical instrumentation suffers from baseline variations which cause problems for the accurate measurement of signal amplitude,which may even be and even out of the measuring range of the system. A DC-servo baseline restorer has been designed to restore the baseline of a DC-coupled signal to a zero DC level. This enables a DC-coupled amplifier to be used in biomedical measurement systems, such as blood cell-sizing and ECG.

Magnetic nerve stimulators activate nervous systems by inducing electric fields inside the tissue. It has proved to be an effective noninvasive technique that can be used to excite peripheral and central nervous systems. In this technique, the excitement of the neural tissue depends on exposing the body to a transient magnetic field. This field can be generated through passing a high pulse of current through a coil over in a short period of time. The general guidelines for designing and constructing a Function Magnetic Stimulator (FMS) were described. RLC model that produces the impulses in FMS was presented. Some factors that influence induced magnetic field were discussed. Experiments were carried through with self-developed round coil and 8-shaped, and Tesla meter was used to detect the magnetic fields. The experimental data show that the distribution of the induced magnetic fields by the two coils is tailored to those of theoretical calculation adopted now.

Edges are the most essential feature of an image. Edge-detection is an important step before 3-D reconstruction of medical image occurs. Because of the miscellaneous variety of medical images, some traditional edge-collect methods are not satisfactory. Utilizing Matlab, a program of edge-collect for medical-image was developed. For its specificity of compact support-set better than Gauss-function, the 3-order B-Spline function was chosen as the base function of wavelet used in this method. The results show that both the quality of the edge image and the treating efficacy are improved by the proposed method, compared with the traditional methods.

Blood pressure reflects a person's health.It is proposed here that the method of detecting blood pressure may be the key to improving the precision of blood pressure measurements. The oscillometric blood pressure measurement technique is widely used in automatic blood pressure measurement instruments correctly. A method of blood pressure measurement by oscillometric method is first presented. In the oscillometric method, the basic principle of the "feature point" method and the "amplitude characteristic ratios" method is also explained and discussed here. A new method of blood pressure measurement, namely the coefficient difference comparative method, is proposed here,which is based on the feature point method and amplitude characteristic ratios method. The method is proved both effective and reliable through the analysis of many cases and clinical tests. Utilizing Visual C++, software for this new and novel method was developed and passed criterion simulation apparatus test. When applied in hospital situation, its error was ±5%. It is concluded that the oscillometric blood pressure measurement method can provide better means of blood pressure measurements reference for doctors.

Heart disease is one of the main diseases that threaten the health and lives of human beings. At present, the normal remote ECG monitoring system has the disadvantages of a short testing distance and limitation of monitoring lines. Because of accident and paroxysmal disease, ECG monitoring has extended from the hospital to the family. Therefore, remote ECG monitoring through the Internet has the actual value and significance. The principle and design method of software of the remote dynamic ECG monitor was presented and discussed. The monitoring software is programmed with Delphi software based on client-sever interactive mode. The application program of the system, which makes use of multithreading technology, is shown to perform in an excellent manner. The program includes remote link users and ECG processing, i.e. ECG data's receiving, real-time displaying, recording and replaying. The system can connect many clients simultaneously and perform real-time monitoring to patients.

The equipment is developed to measure and control micro-pressure in loading experiment of plant cell mechanics. The motivation for the development of this equipment was to maintain a stationary micro-pressure on the agar of culturing cells to keep cytoactive in biology experiments. A singlechip controls the stepping motor of this equipment to drive loading equipment in the system, in order to load between 50mN and 250mN under a constant voltage. The accuracy is estimated to be ±0.4 mN. The structure and control system of this equipment is introduced and described in detail. The experimental results show that the equipment is capable of maintaining a constant, stationary micropressure in cell culturing application and is worth of extending and applying.

The Rheological Behavior of the small intestine as required for the design and operation of a robotic endoscope was discussed. With the goal of engineering a safe and reliable machine, a spirally grooved impeller has been made and the hydrodynamic mucus film formed when the impeller rotates has been used to prevent the injury to intestines and the contact between endoscope and intestine.

Supported Bilayer Lipid Membrane (s-BLM) is a kind of mimicking biomembrane in vitro. The s-BLM was widely applied as a cell membrane model and sensing material of biosensors and biomolecular devices. An electrode based on s-BLM modified with valinomycin was fabricated. Utilizing Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), the influence of temperature on the formation of s-BLM on the top section of the electrode was investigated. The results show that the BLM formed on the top of stainless electrode occurs "phase transition" around 39 Celsius degree. This alters the CV characteristics of BLM. The "phase transition temperature" can be as a new judgment method of the s-BLM configuration.

It is critical to improve the diffuse reflecting light energy for monitoring the blood glucose level from the skin spectra. The optic fiber probe used in non-invasive detection of blood glucose is consisted of one central fiber around with several optic fibers arranged in circle. The distance between central fiber and circle fibers d and the incidence angle β of the central fiber mainly determine the diffuse reflecting light energy. A three-layered skin model and Monte Carlo simulation algorithm are described to simulate the light propagation and distribution in the skin tissue. Simulation results show d should be greater than 0.05cm and less than 0.1cm, and β should be less than 18°. The simulation results can be used in the probe design.

The disturbance of alpha-amino acids and proteins on the analysis of formaldehyde content in food was investigated by electrochemical assay. Results show that the pH decreases gradually from 9.91 to 4.36 with increasing aspartic acid concentration. The recovery rate changes from 8% to 100% after different amounts of formaldehyde were added into protein solutions. For edible bamboo shoots, the recovery rate of formaldehyde is 80% to 100%. For shrimp kernel, however, the recovery rate of formaldehyde is 8% to 60%. These results indicate that the consumed quantity of formaldehyde is correlative with the protein concentration in foods. Therefore, the determinate formaldehyde content in food is actually not the totally applied amount, but just the residue after its reaction with the alpha-amino acids or free amino groups on the protein surface.

Human EEG (Electroencephalogram) signals, including 4 rhythms i.e. δ, θ, α, β, are typically nonlinear. They just coincide with different human sleeping states. The wavelet package decomposition and reconstruction techniques are firstly introduced in order to analyze the nonlinear EEG. A 6 level decomposition of EEG was achieved with "db20" as the mother wavelet, and the above 4 rhythms were combined with specialized 8 frequency sub-bands obtained in wavelet package transform. The four frequency band energy ratios, with normalized values, were calculated from the reconstructed signals. These frequency band energy ratios are used as quantify estimation indexes for human sleeping states. The experimental results confirm the proposed method to be effective.

The electroencephalograph (EEG) signals and heart rate variable (HRV) signals, which are relative to human body mental stress, are analyzed with the nonlinear dynamics and chaos. Based on calculated three nonlinear parameters, a synthesized quantitative criterion is proposed to assess the body's mental fatigue states. Firstly, the HRV and α wave of EEG from original signals are extracted based on wavelet transform technique. Then, the Largest Lyapunov Exponents, Complexity and Approximate Entropy, are calculated for both HRV and α wave. The three nonlinear parameters reflect quantitatively human physiological activities and can be used to evaluate the mental workload degree. Based on the computation and statistical analysis of practical EEG and HRV data, a synthesized quantitative assessment criterion is induced for mental fatigues with three nonlinear parameters of the above two rhythms. For the known 10 measured data of EEG and HRV signals, the assessment results are obtained with the above laws for different metal fatigue states. To compare with the practical cases, the identification accuracy of mental fatigue or not is up to 100 percent. Furthermore, the accuracies of weak fatigue, middle fatigue and serious fatigue mental workload are all relatively higher; they are about 94.44, 88.89, and 83.33 percent, respectively.

In order to achieve in-store customer traffic tracking, a method should be capable of catching personnel routings and ambulation trajectories while shopping. In this study, we presented a practical method for indoor personnel positioning, especially focusing on ambulatory path recognition and trajectory estimation. The method was designed to be autonomous needless of neither external measures nor cumbersome installations to a store environment. To avoid an inherent problem of trajectory estimation through Dead-Reckoning algorithm, an advanced probabilistic Map Matching method was applied utilizing a Particle filtering technique. The experiment was performed to confirm the utility of the proposed method in a small retail store. The result showed that the proposed method provided feasible successes in tracking personnel positioning.

The goal of our research is to develop a practical vehicle for lower limbs disabled to improve their mobility and health. The most significant mechanical character of the proposed vehicle is that it is driven by the lower limbs of the disabled themselves. We call it as Cycling Chair. Disuse of the lower limbs leads many subsidiary issues on health, deteriorating the whole-body circulation, it is the most serious problem, cases so-called the disuse syndrome. The proposed Cycling Chair solves those problems by using the leg-driven mechanism. In this paper, the mechanism of the Cycling Chair and the way to drive the chair by paraplegics are discussed. Some experimental results are also presented.

Some reports show that the physiological information measured in hospital is not enough without the one measured in home. The physiological information monitored in home, therefore, is strongly required recently. The goal of this research is to develop a wearable and tractable sensor system for detecting biomedical signals such as cardiac rhythm, respiration, body movement, and percentage of body fat (%BF) and for home health care. A belt type sensor for this purpose is developed, which consists of sensing materials of PVDF film and conductive fabrics. Also several data processing techniques, such as the discrete wavelet transform, cross correlation and adaptive filtering method, were introduced to eliminate noises and base wandering and to extract the specified components. The ECG and respiration signals obtained by the proposed belt type sensor system gave good agreements with commercial medical system. Furthermore, the body fat (%BF) measurement based on the four-electrode BIA was also built in the belt sensor. The body fat was calculated by measuring the body impedance from the belt type sensor and compared with the predicted %BF measured by the commercial adipometer (TBF-607). The results validated also the efficiency of the belt type sensor system.

Two kinds of advanced training machines for the elderly people were proposed. One was for the stooping/stretching motion, and the other was for the stretching astride motion. The proposed training machine adopted power-assisting technology for safe and effective training for elderly people. As the interface between user and the system, Muscle Stiffness Sensor(MSS) and Step Force Sensor(SFS) were used to measure muscle activity level and load to lower limb.

In this paper we propose a system to detect physical behavior of the elderly under bedridden status. This system is used to prevent those elderly from falling down and being wounded. Basic idea of our approach is to measure the body movements of the elderly using the acceleration sensor. Based on the data measured, dangerous actions of the elderly are extracted and warning signals to the caseworkers are generated via wireless signals. A feature of the system is that the senor part is compactly assembled as a wearable unit. Another feature of the system is that the system adopts a simplified wireless network system. Due to the network capability the system can monitor physical movements of multi-patients. Applicability of the system is now being examined at hospitals.

In this paper we perform movement analysis of an upper limb during resistance training. We selected sanding training, which is one type of resistance training for upper limbs widely performed in occupational therapy. Our final aims in the future are to quantitatively evaluate the therapeutic effect of upper limb motor function during training and to develop a new rehabilitation training support system. For these purposes, first of all we perform movement analysis using a conventional training tool. By measuring upper limb motion during the sanding training we perform feature abstraction. Next we perform movement analysis using the simulated sanding training system. This system is constructed using the general purpose robot arm "PA10". This system enables us to measure the force/torque exerted by subjects and to easily change the load of resistance. The control algorithm is based on impedance control. We found these features of the upper limb motion during the sanding training.

In this paper, we propose the development of a robot that can perform nursing tasks in a hospital. In a narrow environment such as a sickroom or a hallway, the robot must be able to move freely in arbitrary directions. Therefore, the robot needs to have high controllability and the capability to make precise movements. Our robot can recognize a line by using cameras, and can be controlled in the reference directions by means of comparison with original cell map information; furthermore, it moves safely on the basis of an original center-line established permanently in the building. Correspondence between the robot and a centralized control center enables the robot's autonomous movement in the hospital. Through a navigation system using cell map information, the robot is able to perform nursing tasks smoothly by changing the camera angle.

This paper describes support-equipment of operating a personal computer for users who have an obstacle on the regions of upper limb. The user wears a head set device with an angle sensor, and holds a plastic pipe connected to a pressure sensor in his or her mouth. Tilting his or her head and breathing are used for mouse cursor operation and characters input. Considering user's body conditions, the voluntary angle range of head tilting and strength of breathing are memorized to the controller beforehand, and obtained information is reflected for operations without fatigue. The character display board is used to indicate the Japanese characters and input options such as Back Space or Enter. Tilting motions change the indicated character and breathing actions can select and input the illuminated functions on the character display board. In test trial, it is confirmed that Japanese characters including Kanji and Katakana can be input with head tilting and breathing, instead of a general keyboard.

The Log Amplifier described in this paper is designed for hearing aids (HA) application. It works on a low single-supply voltage (1.3V). The input signal varies between 0.01mV and 100mV. To give enough compensation to the hearing impairment, the amplifier provides a very large gain. The output swing is limited because of the low supply voltage and the large gain. Therefore, the logarithmic amplifier introduced into the design of HA to compress input signal so that the output distortion can be avoid. Another factor we use it here is that the amplifier has enough sensitivity and gain to deal with the compressed input signal without getting extra distortion coursed by the pre-process on input signal. The short channel CMOS devices play an important role in reduction of the supply voltage. DONG-BU ANAM 0.18 μm process is selected.

A real-time embedded system was developed for remote monitoring and checking the residual quantity and changing of Ringer's solution. It is monitored nurses' room. A Load Cell was applied as a sensor to check the residual quantity of Ringer's solution. This Load Cell detects the physical changes of Ringer's solution and transfers electronic signal to the amplifier. Amplified analog signal is converted into digital signal by A/D converter. Developed Embedded system, which computes these data with microprocess (8052) then makes it possible to monitor the residual quantity of Ringer's solution real-time on a server computer. A Checking system on Residual Quantity of Ringer's Solution Using Load cell cut costs using a simple design for a circuit.

This paper proposed biomedical body sensor networks using IEEE 802.15.4/zigbee wireless network and PDA. The networks consists of three kinds of devices - biomedical sensing device, PDA which controls sensor network, display and processing device(PC). The biomedical signal, which is acquired from each biomedical sensor, is transferred to display device via zigbee wireless networks. Main achieved advantages are interference-free measurement of different biomedical signals in close vicinity.

There developed a lower limb orthosis with a pneumatic rubber actuator, which can assist and improve the muscular activities in the lower limb of the elderly. For this purpose, the characteristics of the lower limbs muscle activities for various pressures in the pneumatic actuator for the lower limb orthosis was investigated. To find out the characteristics of the muscle activities for various pneumatic pressures, it analyzed the flexing and extending movement of the knees, and measured the lower limbs muscular power. The subjects wearing the lower limbs orthosis were instructed to perform flexing and extending movement of the knees. The variation in the air pressure of the pneumatic actuator was varies from one kgf/cm² to four kgf/cm². The muscular power was measured by monitoring electromyogram using MP100 (BIOPAC Systems, Inc.) and detailed three-dimensional motions of the lower limbs were collected by APAS 3D Motion Analysis system. Through this study, it expected to find the most suitable air pressure for the improvement of the muscular power of the aged.

It proposed a new early rehabilitation training system for postural control using a tilting bed, a visual display and a force plate. The conventional rehabilitation systems for postural control can't be applied to the patients lying in bed because the rehabilitation training using those systems is only possible when the patient can stand up by himself or herself. Moreover, there did not exist any device that could provide the sense of balance or the sensation of walking to the patients in bed. The software for the system consists of the training program and the analysis program. The training program was designed to improve the ability of postural control of the subjects by repeated training of moving the center of pressure (COP) applied to the forceplate. The training program consists of the COP maintaining training and the COP movement training in horizontal, vertical, 45° and -45° directions. The analysis program consists of the COP moving time analysis modules, the COP maintaining time analysis module. Through the experiments with real people, it verified the effectiveness of the new early rehabilitation training system. The results showe that this system is an effective system for early rehabilitation training and that our system might be useful as clinical equipment.

The temporal-resolution of the frequency-domain method for the identification of the impedance locus depends on the basis frequency used in the current waveform construction, i.e. the higher basis frequency provides the better temporal resolution. The impedance locus can be characterized by the impedance parameters. The frequency distribution in impedance locus, accordingly the accuracy of the estimated impedance parameters with limited number of data, highly depends on the level of impedance. Therefore, this paper investigated the relationship between the estimation accuracy of the impedance parameters and the frequency coverage of the impedance locus in relatively low to high impedances (51kΩ~45MΩ). As the basis frequency, 100Hz was enough for the usual impedance less than 203kΩ. On the other hand, 10Hz and 1Hz was required for the medium-level (517KΩ) and high-level (45MΩ) impedance. The results of this study are expected to serve as the reference of the frequency selection in the frequency-domain analysis of the skin impedance.

A prototype of a walking guide robot with tactile display was introduced, and the psychophysical experiment of the tactile recognition for a tactile display was carried out and analyzed. The objective of this research is the development of a walking guide robot for the blind to walk safely. The walking guide robot consists of a guide vehicle for the obstacle detection and a tactile display device for the transfer of the obstacle information. The guide vehicle, located in the front of the walking blind, detects the obstacle using ultrasonic and infrared ray sensors. The processed information makes a obstacle map and transmits safe path and emergency situation to the blind by the tactile display. The guide vehicle offers the information of position and walking direction acquired from GPS module to the walking blind by voice. The tactile display device, located in the handle which is connected with the guide vehicle by cane, offers the processed obstacle information such as position, size, moving, shape of obstacle and safe path, etc.. The psychophysical experiments for the threshold of perception and recognition ability of tactile stimulation were carried out by the estimation of the subject group. As a result, the appropriate tactile stimulus intensity and frequency to recognize tactile stimulation effectively were discussed and derived.

The design method of a cylindrical magnetorheological (MR) damper is established. The viscosity model is used to describe the viscous characteristics of the MR fluids subject to an applied magnetic field. The equation for the damping force is derived to provide the theoretical foundation for the design of the damper. Based on this equation the engineering expressions for the gap and effective length of the annular MR fluid between the piston and the outer cylinder are derived. The values of the gap and length can be calculated when the required damping force, the velocity of the piston, and the desired control damping force ratio are specified.

Photorefractive lithium niobate (LiNbO3) is a promising recording medium for holographic data storage. In order to get non-volatile holograms, two-color or photo-gated holography that employs an independent pulsed or cw beam as a gating beam has been proposed to solved this problem. However from the reference we could find that the dynamic range M/# of two-color holography is lower. In this paper, triply doped Lithium niobate LiNbO₃:Mn:Ce:Cu crystals and doubly doped Lithium niobate LiNbO₃:Ce:Cu crystals were grown and the nonvolatile characteristic were investigated at different oxidation/reduction state and persistent holograms were recorded in these crystals. From the results, we found that the range of dynamic range M/# in a triply doped crystal is lager than that of doubly doped one. We also showed the effect of the oxidation/reduction state of the crystal on recording and readout responses. The experimental results show that there is an optimum oxidation/reduction state which resulting in the best dynamic range M/#.

The importance of the present study is that the dielectric characteristic of powder materials with high specific resistivity can affect the electrostatic precipitator operation, electrostatic daub, lightning strikes, etc. This paper studied and analyzed a test system for the dielectric characteristics of high-resistivity powder, including current leakage and breakdown voltage. The resistivity range of the system was from10⁴Ω•cm to 10¹⁴Ω•cm. The test voltage was from 0.5kV to 30kV (direct current), and the least leak current was 10^-9A. The test temperature was from room temperature to 300°C. The system is capable of testing and studying the resistivity and the high-voltage field intensity of electrical breakdown of industrial powders under various laboratory conditions. Results show that this system has applied widely in China and it has obtained the invent patent in China.

In this paper, a disorder hopping model was improved from analysis of the quantum size effect and interface effect of organic diodes doped with rare earth ions. The microscopic mechanism associated with the applied voltage influences on the recombination efficiency and the luminous efficiency of rare earth ions-doped OLEDs was investigated. The dependence of recombination efficiency and luminous efficiency on applied voltage varies with rare earth ions such as Nd, Eu and Er. Recombination efficiency, and then luminous efficiency increases first, and then reaches a maximum at a certain applied voltage. Then it decreases slowly. Maximum recombination efficiency, and then maximum luminous efficiency vary with rare earth ions. The corresponding voltage varies with rare earth ions also. The relation between recombination efficency and luminous efficency was studied. The results of this study agree closely with other studies cited herein.

It is a rapid prototyping and manufacturing process that deposits metals and ceramics by local heating of a substrate with a laser. Laser Chemical Liquid Deposition (LCLD) process planning requires new efforts due to its unique characteristics. Based on LCLD system powered with a 50 W Fibers-laser, a set of experiments performed was described. The morphologies of the metals deposits were studied while varying laser power, chemical liquid reagent concentration, scanning speeds and scanning patterns, and explore process issues in using LCLD to create multi-layer metals structures were addressed. Through studies of the LCLD process, the unique deposit characteristics were identified. The spatial resolution is potentially very fine, depending on the accuracy of stage or laser movement, and the size of the laser spot used for the localized heating. Multi-layered structures require an understanding of interlayer adhesion and the propagation of geometric anomalies through multiple layers. It can build conformal layers (conform to non-planar substrates) and thin walls. Current research efforts focus on the creation of more advanced three-dimensional metals objects through the use of multi-layered deposition.

Raising hardness of gear surface and smooth surface is an important way to improve the wear-resistance and transmission efficiency as well as prolong the lifetime of gear. 32CrMoV, 40Cr, and 0.2%~0.4% carbon were selected to manufacture gear. After been plasma nitrided, 32CrMoV and 40Cr were deposited TiN onto teeth surface by multi-arc ion plating. All of these uncoated gears and coated gear have been running in the gearbox under the same initial conditions (power, lubricant and rotating speed) for 2 hours. After running tests, loss of weigh reveals gears coated TiN had more wear-resistant. Results of the observation of the gear surface show that gear faces of The coated TiN gears did not cause surface abnormalities, contrarily the gears nitrided exhibited wear on the tooth surface. The morphology of the surface indicats that the surface of the TiN film is dense and smooth (Ra<0.4) so that it had higher wear resistance than the uncoated gear. Distribution of hardness gradient of the coated gear subsurface reveals more rational than those of uncoated. Microstructure of substrate observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and optical microscope showed that surface of coated gears were more refined. It can be very effective for increasing the wear-resistant to deposit TiN onto nitrided gears.

In this paper, electrorheological (ER) suspensions containing polypyrrole particles and castor oil were prepared. The rheological and conductive properties of these polypyrrole-based suspensions and their influencing factors, such as electric field strength, particle concentration, temperature and shear rate, were investigated as well. The experimental results show that with increasing electric field strength, particle concentration and shear rate, the shear stress of the suspension is enhanced; while with an increasing temperature, the shear stress of a suspension decreases. The conductive properties of the suspension was found to increase with an increase of electric field strength, particle concentration and temperature, but decrease with shear rate.

The Magnetic, yield and rheological properties of the Magnetorheological (MR) fluids are discussed. Based on the microstructure of a magnetic chain a theoretical model was developed to analyze the effect of the applied magnetic field on the yield stress of the MR fluids. A bingham model was used to describe the rheological characteristics of the MR fluids subject to an applied magnetic field. The results show that the MR fluid exhibits super paramagnetic behavior. The yield stress increases as the applied magnetic field increases. The MR fluids can be used in clutch, valve, and damper devices because the yield stress of these fluids can be continuously adjusted by the applied magnetic field.

A three-dimensional simulation of the grain growth was conducted by means of cellular automata (CA) and Monte Carlo (MC) algorithm. The growth rate of grain, its microstructure evolution and size distribution can be predicted according to evolution simulation. Evolution process of such model-microstructures can be used to simulate the real physical-metallurgy processes and to predict quantitative dynamic information of the evolution of microstructure. This method is also useful for optimization of materials properties by controlling the microstructure evolution.

The behavior of melting solder has an important influence on the tiny joints of electronic products. In order to improve the properties of lead-free solder, a Sn-3.5Ag0.6Cu alloy was smelted using traditional and a modified technology, respectively. The solderability of the two alloys were investigated using a wetting balance method for the different conditions. The test results showed that the modified solder had good solderability, where the excellent flux used was rosin-ethanol or rosin-isopropanol solution. In experimental condition, when the added active agent is 0.4% of rosin mass or 0.1% of solution mass, the wetting velocity and wetting force can be improved 5 times and 1.5 times, respectively. The best soldering parameters are temperature levels less than or equal to 270°, and the soakage time in 2-3s.

Fuzzy-time varying composite control to rotor vibration with SMA (Shape Memory Alloy) is proposed. Fuzzy control was applied in active control to rotor vibration, and the effect of uncertainty of mechanical model of SMA on system control was avoided; time-varying control was introduced to restrain transient response caused by parameter varying with time in variable stiffness control of rotor system, control discipline was designed by gradient algorithm. The simulation results show that composite control can reduce steady and transient response of system effectively, and vibration amplitude of improved system is only 60% of the original one.

The surface tension of molten Ni and Ni-Cr (5 and 10 mass fraction) alloys was measured at temperatures of 1773 K ~ 1873 K using an improved sessile drop method with an alumina substrate in an Ar+3%H₂ atmosphere. The surface tension of molten Ni and Ni-Cr (5 and 10 mass fraction) alloys was found to decrease with increasing temperature. On the basis of the experimental data obtained, the surface tension was also theoretically deduced both as functions of concentration and temperature using a model of Butler's equation. The results agreed well with a model for the surface tension. The difference between the experimental data and deduced data may be caused by the measurement error, the assumptions for a surface such as monolayer atom, and the differences in the energy of the Gibbs' free energy of the surface. Chromium was found to segregate on the surface of molten alloys.

Our previous study has proved that piezo-cantilever coated with temperature-responsive polymer gel can measure swelling ratio of the polymer in solution by piezo-impedance measuring technology. However, the sensitivity and accuracy of the piezo-cantilever transducer is related to the vibration modes actuated by the piezoelectric cell. The bending mode seems not available to work in solution as its amplitude is attenuated greatly and causes noise easily in solution. In this study, the longitudinal mode of piezo-cantilever transducer has been studied to detect physical changing due to the temperature-sensitive polymer gel. The impedance responses to variation of physical properties such as length, thickness and density of the polymer gel have been investigated. The results show that for a certain longitudinal mode, variation of length of the polymer can be neglected. The swelling ratio of the piezo-cantilever transducer is obtained theoretically. Finally. A new type of piezo-cantilever transducer is proposed that is more convenient in practice.