A laterally sheared beam splitter-savart polariscope was developed based on a single birefringent component. It is a key part in a novel polarization interference imaging spectrometer. The Savart polariscope consists of two paralled plates of calcite cut at an arbitrary angle to the optics axis and can split up a ray of light incident on the surface into an ordinary ray and an extraordinary ray. The output rays are paralled laterally sheared. The Savart polariscope is 25×25×12mm³ in size. The lateral displacement is 1mm and transmissivity is about 90 percent in spectral range of 0.4~2.5μm. A static polarization imaging spectrometer based on a Savart polariscope has advantage of ultra-compact size, wide field of view, high throughput and without any moving parts. The principle and construction of Savart polariscope are described, and the experimental results of the interference imaging spectrum are given.

Null testing by null lens is the most important method to test high precision aspherical surface, and the error of null lens affects the measurement accuracy of the aspherical surface directly. In testing processing, the error of null lens brings two kinds of wavefront aberration, among which one is symmetrical, the other is unsymmetrical. In the paper, a technique to correct the unsymmetrical part was described. The technique is based on expressing wavefront aberration in terms of zernike's circle polynomials. By turning the null lens on different degrees along its optic axis, different testing results were got. According to these results, wavefront aberration's unsymmetrical coefficients of zernike's circle polynomials which were introduced by the error of null lens were gained, then a corrective file to correct the last testing result can be made. Experimental result shows this technique is very effective, and it has been successfully applied to testing a hyperboloid convex surface.

As critical dimension shrinks, the effect of coma aberration on the performance of modern lithographic tools has become increasingly obvious. So, research on high-accuracy in-situ measurement of coma aberration is necessary. In this paper, a new method to measure coma aberration in projection system is proposed. The principle of the method is described in detail. The coma-induced image displacements are simulated at different defocus positions by simulation program PROLITH. The sensitivity coefficients of coma aberration are calculated. The advantage of the method is that the measurement accuracy of coma aberration can increase approximately by 25% compared with commonly used TAMIS method.

For a semi-conductive thin film and substrate system, it is difficult to obtain the geometric thickness and optical constants directly from reflectance value, if the materials of interest have finite thickness, absorption and dispersion. To simplify this, the model of Forouhi-Bloomer (F-B) is adopted to express reflectance merely with wavelength and several parameters which have definite values. Then the genetic algorithm (GA) is introduced to optimize and fit these parameters on data of reflection index in detected wave ranges. By comparing with a traditional optimization method the fitting error of GA is smaller. Finally, a sample with a thin film of amorphous Si coated on a crystal Si is analyzed. Thus, a novel method is presented to characterize the optical property of the film coated on a semi-conductive substrate, merely basing on the reflection index data.

A new edge detection method based on nonlinear fitting is used in the measurement of the curvature of lens in this paper. Non-contact Newton's rings are formed by an interferometer. In order to detect the diameters of dark rings and calculate the lens radius of curvature, the edge detection method is used for the image process. The auto-measuring system of lens curvature captures the gray scale image by CMOS image sensor, and then processes the data and calculates the position by a microprocessor. The scale of image pixels corresponding to Newton's rings that are related to the radius of curvature is obtained by scanning fringes or other optical methods. The accuracy of measurement is better than 0.3 percent.

Cone-shaped cavity is an effective method for measuring energy of high energy laser, where the effect absorption coefficient of the cavity is often thought to be equal to 1. But in actual, because of the limitation of surface roughness, backscatter laser will happen in the cavity, which will influence the effective absorption coefficient. The paper reported here discusses this question in detail. According to the reflection rule, which is deeply relied on the surface roughness, the distribution function of backscatter laser power density is deduced in the paper. Numerical calculation method is used to analyze the expression of backscatter laser profile and calculate the total backscatter laser energy loss. Ring shaped backscatter energy meter is designed to inspect the backscatter energy lose of a cone-shaped high energy meter and to prove the theory calculation results. Experiment result shows that backscatter laser energy is indeed a significant error source in high energy laser measurement, and by adding the backscatter energy loss into the main measurement result, the precision of high energy laser energy measurement will greatly be enhanced.

Differential laser gyro is an ideal equipment to solve the "lock-in" behavior. The ring cavity must be low loss and the reflectivity of mirrors in gyro must be more than 99.99%. But the insertion of a piece of quartz glass and a Faraday cell in the cavity will broaden the "lock-in" area due to additional loss, so it is very important to measure ultra-high reflectivity of mirrors and the loss of transparent glass plate used in gyro. 632.8nm He-Ne laser is the most suitable light to travel around the ring cavity in gyro, so the traditional cavity ring down spectroscopy (CRDS) must be improved by using continuous-wave (CW) He-Ne laser instead of pulsed one. The results show that the single-pass loss through the glass plate can be kept below 3.0×10^-11cm^-1. Using combination of linear and folded cavity ring down spectroscopy, the loss such as absorption of gas in the cavity are counteracted due to the equalized length of cavity, so the reflectivity of the mirrors is measured with high accuracy. The ring down time of the cavity with and without a sample is obtained respectively, and then the total loss of the measured sample is calculated. The results show that the improved CRDS is suitable for accurately measuring low loss of medium and reflectivity of mirrors.

Topography of a granite surface has an effect on the vertical positioning of a wafer table in a lithographic tool, when the wafer table moves on the granite. The inaccurate measurement of the topography results in a bad leveling and focusing performance. In this paper, a method to measure the topography of a granite surface with high accuracy is presented. In this method, a double frequency laser interferometer is used to measure the tilts of the wafer table in the X and Y direction. From the tilts information, the height of every point on the surface can be obtained by a special algorithm. Then, according to the height information, a high order polynomial is fitted to express the topography of the granite surface with high accuracy. Experiment results shows that the measurement reproducibility of the method is better than 10 nm.

In this paper, we propose a new algorithm to enhance global and local contrast of infrared image. The aim of our research is to carry out pretreatment for infrared video moving objects tracking. For the inherent difficulty, it is difficult for infrared image enhancement to get comparatively ideal result by adopting only one kind of method. So we propose a novel algorithm. First an enhancement algorithm is proposed based on plateau histogram using a self-adaptive threshold to enhance global contrast, which is different from the traditional histogram equalization algorithm. Second step, after getting a nonlinear gain function, the equalized infrared image is transformed by discrete stationary wavelet. Then the high frequency sub-bands are enhanced with the gain function better than linear filter. It also can suppress the amplification of noise. Experimental results show that the new algorithm can enhance the contrast of infrared image effectively and get more excellent visual effect than traditional histogram equalization method and unsharp masking method.

Based on the third-order aberration theory, the equation expressing the relationship between the conic constant and unaberration conjugate points is obtained. The corresponding graphs illuminating the relationship between e² and β are given. According to the equation and graphs, the analyses of convex and concave surfaces are given in detail. We not only consider the unification of all kinds of reflective testing methods, such as Hindle test, concave elliptical mirror test and Ritchey-Common test etc, but also apply the unaberrational conjugate points test to refractive surface. The auto-collimating and interferometer diagnostic methods are powerful for the manufacture of lens. Kinds of convex and concave aspheric lenses have been manufactured with the detecting methods as mentioned above.

Implementation of a 4 by 1 comb-type Position sensitive detector (PSD) array for position sensing applications is presented. Unlike conventional application, we utilize the method of subdivision to increase the resolution of PSD beyond the feature of photosensitive area, which is presented periodically. To obtain output signal of comb-type PSD, classic grating subdivision circuit is used. Resolution of 6.25μm of comb-type PSD is achieved using optical grating array of a 50μm in pitch and signal power of 3mW. The resolution is limited by the spacing of comb-type PSD and the mismatch of position of PSD array and optical grating array.

The optical radiation measurement and analysis to the glow discharge plasma at atmospheric pressure have been done in the paper. The low temperature plasma due to atmospheric pressure glow discharge (APGD) in air has been produced on the planar surface of designed electrode plate. The optical radiation spectra of the plasma produced in two kinds of electrode plats with different power values loaded have been measured and sampled with the minitype grating spectrograph system. The acquired spectra data are processed averagely and analyzed. The results of analysis indicate that the optical characteristic of the APGD plasma is related to the loaded power and layout of the electrode plate. This shows that it is feasible to describe the characteristic parameters of APGD plasma qualitatively and control the strength of the APGD plasma quantitatively by the obtained relationship, which provides a convenient approach for utilizing APGD plasma effectively and also establishes some foundation to investigate APGD plasma further.

Dynamic structural changes of macromolecules undergoing biochemical reactions can be studied using a novel single pair fluorescence resonance energy transfer (sp-FRET) tool which can be used as a nanoscale spectroscopic ruler. Although recent advances in applying such a nanoscale ruler to biological systems have been made, improvements in photon detectors and photophysical properties of the single FRET pair are still being studied. Motivated by the recent progresses in single-atom laser, we have investigated the ability to use the optical microcavity to amplify the sp-FRET signal. When the single FRET pair and the attached macromolecule of interest are placed inside an optical cavity with the emission mode of the acceptor dye in resonance with the cavity mode, quantitative modeling shows that, when adjusting the acceptor-cavity coupling parameters to be appropriate values, the acceptor fluorescence emission signal amplified by the cavity coupling mode would reach a significant value, leading to a much brighter sp-FRET spectroscopic signal. Possible applications to sp-FRET measurement of biological molecules are quantitatively examined.

A 500-mm-aperture wavelength-tuning phase-shifting interferometer has been developed in FOERC applied to the measurement of large optics. The optical and mechanical design and the calibration technique of the phase shifter are described in detail. Test results show that Peak-to-Valley value smaller than 63nm of interference cavity is achieved.

The automatic inspection of surface imperfections of precise elements is a durable problem expected to be solved. These goals require the use of objective methods to automatic inspection of surface imperfections. Based on the defects image which are light in dark background in scattering imaging system, a complete digital evaluation system of surface imperfections, is presented in this paper. Using the XY- scanning system to detect sub-aperture, digital image could be stitched based on isometric serial images. Implementing binary image segmentation and marginal test, feature extraction by using erosion and dilation algorithm was studied. In this system, the lateral resolution is approximately 1μm. The results provide theoretical and practical evidence to establish the precise surface imperfections evaluation system.

As the resolution of the interferometer is rapidly increasing, the higher requirement is proposed to the interferometry. For avoiding losing of the useful information of the actual interferogram, an algorithm is presented based on singular value decomposition (SVD) which is more stable than other algorithms to some extent. The weight coefficients of the orthogonal polynomials can be worked out directly, which can eliminate the computational error. Then an evaluation criterion is developed to choose the optimum Zernike polynomial number. The computer simulations of this algorithm are also made. The simulation experiments have proved that it is an efficient algorithm and can reconstruct the wavefront accurately and stably.

Shaft calibration is an important technique during installation and maintenance of a rotating machine. It requires unique and high-precision measurement instruments with calculation capability, and relies on experience on heavy, high-speed, or high-temperature machines. A high-precision laser alignment system has been designed using PSD (Position Sensing Detector) to change traditional manual way of shaft calibration and to make the measurement easier and more accurate. The system is comprised of two small measuring units (Laser transmitter and detector) and a hand operated control unit or a PC. Such a laser alignment system has been used in some actual shaft alignment with offset resolution 1.5μm and angular resolution 0.1°.

High data rate of inter-satellite optical communication systems should be matched by high performance of beam orienting. A novel beam orienting mechanism utilizing no CCD or quadrant detectors is presented. High-precision and extreme-sensitivity beam orienting can be achieved by the application of beam nutating and coherent detecting technologies. Mathematical and computer simulation model of the entire orienting system is developed. The computer simulation results show that high beam orienting precision provided low laser phase noises are maintained. Preliminary experiments have verified the feasibility of using this technology for beam orienting.

It had been proved that MTF plays a key role in evaluation the quality of imaging system even in infrared spectral bands. Two methods of MTF test procedures have been used widely in visible domain, i.e. the direct method which is based on measuring the response to sinusoidal; and the indirect method, which is based upon computing the Fourier transform of the measured line spread function. However it can also be used in infrared spectral bands even in the evaluation of the system with staring arrays. But there is still something different in infrared imaging system. The infrared flux will be influenced by many factors such as: optimum focus, not normalized to zero spatial frequency properly, signal out of linear region, blackbody or ambient temperature changes during the test, S/N ratio and the width of the slit on the sensor's surface. Concerning the applications of staring arrays system both MRTD and MTF are the main factors in the target acquisition characteristics in infrared wavebands. So the MTF test could be implemented on fixed special frequency, for example 20lp/mm, We will deal with the influence of illumination on sensor with SRF (slit response function) method under a special frequency.

Based on the research to the resolution of digital holography theoretically and experimentally, a method to realize high lateral resolution digital holographic imaging is experimentally demonstrated. By placing CCD in the rear focal plane of two confocal lenses, their front focal plane as an equivalent digital holographic recording plane can receive more object waves, and the magnifying ratio of the lateral size of the object waves received by CCD is equal to the ratio of focal lengths of two confocal lenses. During the recording of a digital hologram, Shannon sampling criterion can be satisfied by using a spherical reference wave and high resolution CCD (with 4.65×4.65μm² pixel size). The long working distance belongs to important advantage of the experimental setup. Experimental results show a good agreement with theoretical analysis.

Optical turbulence degrades the quality of laser beam propagation and the quality of the image of optical system, limiting the spatial resolution that can be obtained. A novel single-air-gap fiber optical interferometric system useful for non-contact measurement of the fine structure of optical turbulence is presented. The main idea of this system is based on the application of a specially constructed optical fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer to measure the phase fluctuations effected by the random fluctuations of refractive index in the turbulent atmosphere. The light source is a long coherence length infrared laser operating at the wavelength of 1.31μm and the optical path exposed to the atmosphere can be adjusted to a most suitable value according to the operational environment. Theoretical estimation illustrates that the system can measure the minimal atmospheric refractive index fluctuation up to 10^-10 during a 2cm propagation path. It is easy to have a calibration of the system and the result shows that the voltage refractive index sensitivity is about 2.1x10^-6 V^-1. The system is integrated and well fixed in a burly airproof box with only the sensing arm exposed to the air. It follows that the system is suitable for the measurement of atmospheric turbulence over land and ocean surfaces.

In order to measure the quantitative surface characteristics of large aperture optics conveniently, a digital knife-edge is formed based on the combination of traditional knife-edge, CCD image processing and computer aided calculation, which includes knife-edge positioning with image processing and introduces parameter PSD to describe frequency spectrum. Quantitative digital measurement of knife-edge is realized and surface characteristics of &nullset;150mm and &nullset;125mm spherical mirror is obtained with an accuracy up to 0.12λ(λ=532nm). In the meantime, the testing error, especially the tilt error is analyzed. Compared with testing results of interferometer, the digital knife-edge testing technology is verified available and the data useful for calculating geometric aberration and provides theoretical bases for surface modifying.

In this report, based on the near-field Raman theory which mechanism is fundamental different with the far-field Raman, a new viewpoint of near-field Raman was brought out. In this view, to be the excitation light, the effect of evanescent light in near-field Raman was emphasized, at same time, the evanescent light component in the Raman scattering light was noticed, too. The sample could be excited through evanescent light and the component of evanescent light in Raman scattering light was collected entirely in the novel ultra-sensitive near-field Raman sample cell. According to the sample cell, initial experiment was performed. The high aperture oil immersed object lens was employed to form excitation light which included evanescent light component. High signal-to-noise surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signal of rat serum was obtained. By analysing the Raman spectrum, it was found that the new Raman peaks come out because of the excitation light including evanescent light.

Using cavity ring-down spectroscopy technique, the precise measurement device for the high reflectivity at 1.315μm has been built. Tested reflectivity of high-reflecting mirror is as high as 99.979%. The precision of measurement is at the 10^-5 level. For further investigation, some factors such as the instability of laser source, the cavity length, the diaphragm aperture and detector position, the mode match, the reflectivity of cavity mirror, which may affect the precision of measurement are studied. Our study will provide a theoretical and experimental reference for further improvement of the measuring accuracy.

A real-time 16-bit digital video grabber based on USB 2.0 protocol, thermal temperature measurement and dynamic analysis software are presented. One kind of 35 μm square pixel pitch's uncooled focal plane array thermal imaging module with 16-bit digital video output was selected. As long as being equipped with suitable camera lens, power supply and monitor, the module can be integrated as a thermal imaging system for observation, recognition, tracking and thermal images detection. Cypress Corp. CY7C68013 USB protocol chip is utilized. Main developments of video grabber are stressed on data transfer and logic control between imaging module and CY7C68013 with CPLD devices, and programming windows drivers based on Windriver. The measurement and dynamic analysis software involves not only traditional false color coding, point/line/area temperature analysis, but also several new functions: 1. Automatically mark and monitor the area when its temperature is higher than a setting threshold, and plot the curve of temperature histogram against time. 2. Monitor and plot the temperature movement versus time in manually setting points or area. 3. Database based on local area network convenient for sharing and managing data. Statistics form, curve plot, single-frame and sequence images can enter into database by manual operation or in term of some conditions set previously, such as files saving interval. Moreover, different functions are designed according to the authority of accessing local area network.

A novel method for measuring the optical performance of convex aspheric lens using Computer Generated Holograms (CGH) as reference component is proposed. The testing setup is based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Relevant optical theories of testing setup are described in detail. This method ensures higher fabrication accuracy of CGH, allows accurate figure measurement of optical performance. In order to verify the sensitivity to alignment error using this method, the test model which is accordant to actual measurements is established by use of ZEMAX. Computer simulation is carried out; alignment errors are considered in simulation; interferometric patterns of the primary aberrations in simulation are presented. Results show: the system is sensitive to testing arm than reference arm; tilt is a main error source in testing arm and reference arm; the space error between the collimating lens and the test lens accounts a lot of errors and should be strictly limited.

A new laser sensor for long distance measurement with high accuracy is proposed in this paper. A stable double modulation laser in the sensor combines the pulse modulation with the phase modulation in single time-of-flight or distance measurement. The double modulation method can be used to solve two problems. The first is the measuring range and the measuring accuracy, the second is the response speed and the measuring accuracy, which are the possible keys to advance the measuring capabilities. The measuring accuracy can be improved by the phase-based modulation. Meanwhile, the measuring range can be extended to several kilometers due to the introduction of pulse features, which can also be used to solve the multiple-solution problem in the phase modulation system. A field programmable gate array is introduced into the demodulation part to acquire the distance information. Based on the measuring uncertainty analysis the accuracy of the distance sensor is discussed.

Image intensifier and intensified CCD (ICCD) are critical components in the field of night vision technology. There are some specifications, such as luminance uniformity, fixed pattern noise, resolution, modulation transfer function (MTF), etc., which can be used to evaluate the performance of such components. A digitally integrated test system for performance evaluation of image intensifier and ICCD is described in this paper. The system can test 11 specifications for imaging intensifier (generation 1, 2 and 3) and ICCD with some essential accessories. The system operation theory, structure and testing results are represented in detail. The system has been run at North Night Vision Technology Co. for about 10 months. The results after long running period are given. And the factors that affect the measurement accuracy are analyzed. The results show that the digitally integral system has high measurement precision and stability.

A full-vectorial finite-difference frequency domain (FDFD) method is used to analyze the photonic bandgaps and the mode fields of photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) with different structures. As a new kind of developed fibers with many particular and useful characteristics, PCFs have recently attracted a great deal of interest both in theory and experiments, and many modeling techniques have been applied to describe their characteristics. It has been proved that the full-vectorial FDFD method can achieve an accurate and stable analysis on the fantastic features of the PCF, by which the photonic bandgaps and the mode fields can be simply calculated first. The bandgap scan map of the triangular structure with the change of holes diameters has been proposed. And the bandgap maps of the 2D triangular lattice with and without defects are compared, too. Furthermore, the numerical results for 2D TE modes in the two dimensional triangular lattice with defects have been presented, where the air holes are circle and hexagon, respectively. The latter structure brought forward by us proves to be fit for the gas sensors. Based on the photonic bandgaps and the mode fields of the PCF, several other useful features can be calculated for the later analysis of the fibers.

This paper studies near infrared technology for measuring moisture content in solid substance. After analyzing and improving traditional moisture instruments and discussing their disadvantages, we present a measuring scheme and instrument structure design with high performance and stability. The novel instrument utilizing near infrared range analysis (NIRA) technology possesses characteristics of on-line working, high accuracy, distribution and non-contact measurement.

Hollow core bandgap microstructure fiber was used to make a probe of temperature sensor based ruby fluorescence lifetime. Fiber-optic temperature sensors using a fluorescent lifetime of ruby crystal are regarded as useful thermometer due to its wide dynamic range, intrinsic immunity to electromagnetic interference, small size, and calibration-free measurement. It often be used under extraordinary conditions. In these thermometer, a ruby crystal as sensor head is connected mechanically with the silica fibers or the sapphire fibers, or grown from the melt droplet on the end of the sapphire fibers. In this paper, microstructure fiber was used to make a temperature sensor probe based fluorescent lifetime. To avoid the redistribution of the photoluminescence, a small size ruby crystal with Cr³⁺ concentration of 0.35at.% was made as a rod (with diameter 60 micron and 2 millimeter long) and was inserted to the air-core of the microstructure fiber at one end. The ruby rod was fastened in the hole by optical adhesive. The ruby crystal cylinder was plated with silver on its surface except the top side. The silver plating can hold the fluorescent light in the crystal and fiber to enhance the intensity of the week fluorescence signal, prevent stray light coming into the probe. Compared with the conventional optic-fiber temperature sensor, the microstructure fiber sensor based ruby fluorescence lifetime sensor has more advantages: such as larger dynamic range, higher precision and resolution, smaller size, and so wider applying region.

The micro-structured optic fiber system has been designed, built and tested. The whole system is effectively enough to monitor micro-vibration movement caused by acoustic wave. The developed system has a strong ability to anti-EM interference. The thin film is specially designed and fabricated using RIE method. The diameter of the film is Φ200μm and the thickness is thin enough to sense micro-vibration. Single fiber is used to generating, transmitting and receiving optical signal. The optical fiber coupler is used to direct the light from laser diode onto the film and to guide reflected signal to the detector. The distance between the film and fiber end is fixed. The light modulation function, the system noises and the way against noises are discussed. Factors influencing system sensitivity are also investigated through our test results.

The design and realization of a novel targeting method based on non-diffracting interference technique are proposed in this paper. An axicon lens can be used to produce non-diffracting beam, which is a conical refracting surface, and gives rise to a conically converging wave front. This produces a line focus with an extended Rayleigh range, determined by the radius of the input beam and the base angle of the axicon. Edge and feature points are basic low level primitives for image processing. The justification is that such points convey a lot of structural information about the surfaces of the objects captured in the imaging process. For this reason, edge and feature detection are two most common operations in image analysis. The SUSAN approach is in this paper utilized in edge and feature detection and smoothing.

Star sensor is a special high accuracy photoelectric sensor. Attitude acquisition time is an important function index of star sensor. In this paper, the design target is to acquire 10 samples per second dynamic performance. On the basis of analyzing CCD signals timing and star image processing, a new design and a special parallel architecture for improving star image processing are presented in this paper. In the design, the operation moving the data in expanded windows including the star to the on-chip memory of DSP is arranged in the invalid period of CCD frame signal. During the CCD saving the star image to memory, DSP processes the data in the on-chip memory. This parallelism greatly improves the efficiency of processing. The scheme proposed here results in enormous savings of memory normally required. In the scheme, DSP HOLD mode and CPLD technology are used to make a shared memory between CCD and DSP. The efficiency of processing is discussed in numerical tests. Only in 3.5ms is acquired the five lightest stars in the star acquisition stage. In 43us, the data in five expanded windows including stars are moved into the internal memory of DSP, and in 1.6ms, five star coordinates are achieved in the star tracking stage.

The binocular stereo vision measurement system with two CCDs, whose optic axes are parallel, is presented in this paper to measure the 3D profile of a dynamic object in long distance. Two key technologies in the binocular stereo vision measurement system are dissertated. The first technology is to extract the features of two images which are separately gathered by two CCDs. The second technology is to process the feature pairs to build a corresponding relationship of different feature points of the same space point and get the disparity image. Experiment results of stereo matching and 3D profile of measured object are given. These results show that the mathematic model is simple relatively, stereo matching is easy comparative, and the measurement is rapid. And the presented binocular stereo vision measurement system can be used to measure the attitude and 3D profile of flying missile, and the measurement system which requires some hardware, can be realized easily, operated stably and is of high measurement precision.

Fourier Transform Profilometry and Phase Shifting are two important methods in 3-D measurement of body. Phase-shifting requires exact Phase-shifting sets, and more than an image collected, therefore its application is limited. Fourier Transform Profilometry required only an image, and calculated phase value of each point, measurement is higher degree of precision and wide range, its application is not limited. Wavelet Digital Filter and Fourier Transform Profilometry are combined, higher spectrum and direction components removed, kept useful components, raised dividing phase degree of precision, phase information of measured body resolved. This paper presents the analysis above the calculus and the results of simulated experiment.

This research aimed to identify weeds from crops in early stage in the field by using image-processing technology. As 3CCD images offer greater binary value difference between weed and crop section than ordinary digital images taken by common cameras. It has 3 channels (green, red, ir red), which takes a snap-photo of the same area, and the three images can be composed into one image, which facilitates the segmentation of different areas. In this research, MS3100 3CCD camera is used to get images of 6 kinds of weeds and crops. Part of these images contained more than 2 kinds of plants. The leaves' shapes, sizes and colors may be very similar or differs from each other greatly. Some are sword-shaped and some (are) round. Some are large as palm and some small as peanut. Some are little brown while other is blue or green. Different combinations are taken into consideration. By the application of image-processing toolkit in MATLAB, the different areas in the image can be segmented clearly. The texture of the images was also analyzed. The processing methods include operations, such as edge detection, erosion, dilation and other algorithms to process the edge vectors and textures. It is of great importance to segment, in real time, the different areas in digital images in field. When the technique is applied in precision farming, many energies and herbicides and many other materials can be saved. At present time large scale softwares as MATLAB on PC are also used, but the computation can be reduced and integrated into a small embedded system. The research results have shown that the application of this technique in agricultural engineering is feasible and of great economical value.

In this paper the defects' harm is pointed out and previously used inspection techniques are reviewed ^{1, 3, 5,} and then a new measurement of defects--microscopic scattering imaging system suitable for digital image processing is put forward, which can detect defects in random distribution and random shape on the surface of optical component with large aperture. The imaging system is a 0.7×~4.5×zoom microscope. Multi-beam fiber optic illuminators are evenly distributed in annularity, and illuminate the detected surface with a special angle α; in the image are bright defects in black background, what is suitable for digital image processing; match defects to a set of standard defects and assess the dimensions of defects accurately. In the new system, the lateral resolution is approximately 1μm or even smaller, and the image and experimental results are very good. The experiment result has been proved by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).

The pseudo-color processing for infrared (IR) image is useful for object detection and tracking. Image fusion of IR and visual images is an effectual scheme for pseudo-color processing. But in some conditions, we only have the IR images of the scene. How to perform a pseudo-color processing for these IR images is a difficult and interesting problem. In the paper, a novel image fusion method based on wavelet and color transfer is proposed. With wavelet and color transfer, the chromaticity values of the color visual image are assigned to the IR image. By the method, the IR and visual images can be fused even if the scenes of two images are not the same one. The only requirement of the method is that the compositions of the source and target scenes resemble each other. The experimental results show that the algorithm can give IR image a natural color appearance. Such a full color representation of nighttime scenes may be of great ergonomic value by making the interpretation of the displayed scene easier (more intuitive) for the observer.

Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company (SKB) have identified the need for a better understanding of radionuclide transport and retention processes in fractured rock since 1994. In the study, the first hard problem is to obtain rock fracture images of a good quality, since rock surface is very rough, and composed of complicated and multiple fractures, as a result, image acquisition is the first important. As a cooperation project between Sweden and China, we sampled a number of rock specimens for analyzing rock fracture network by visible and ultraviolet image technique, in the field. The samples are resin injected, in which way; opened fractures can be seen clearly by means of UV light illumination, and the rock surface information can be obtained by using visible optical illumination. We used different digital cameras and microscope to take images by two illuminations. From the same samples; we found that UV illumination image gives the clear information of fracture opening or closing, and the visible optical illumination gives the information of the rock surface (e.g. filling materials inside of fractures). By applying this technique, the minimum width of rock fracture 0.01 mm can be analyzed. This paper presents: (1) Rock fracture image acquiring techniques; (2) Rock fracture image acquisition by using UV light illumination and visible optical illumination; and (3) Conclusions. The studied method can be used both in the field and a laboratory.

The most important part of the digital level is a bar code gauge identification system. This paper introduces the principle and the hardware design of the bar code gauge identification system based on DSP. The algorithm of the bar code gauge identification is also discussed in the paper. The DSP is the core of the system, with expanded FLASH RAM and SRAM, executes the core algorithm program, controls the CCD and A/D converter as the data acquisition sub-system. The LCD and keyboard are also expanded as the interface between user and the system

In this paper the image by high-speed photography of plasma in CO₂ laser welding is studied including the area of these images, the change rate of these images, the isogray line of the image and the maximal variation of the image gray. The used laser is RS850 made in German and the high-speed photography is NAC-10 made in Japan. The weld material is low carbon steel. The welding parameters include laser power 4KW, welding speed 1.2m/min, shielding gas Helium, Helium flow rate 11L/min. The parameters for high-speed photography are as exposure time 1/5000 of second, shoot frequency 1000 frame/s. According to the analyses the main conclusion as follows: In the experiment, the values of gray of these images cover from 40 to 255. The area of the plasma is oscillation and the average frequency of the oscillation is about 300Hz. The laser welding plasma can be divided to three parts: periphery, smoothness and core from the external to inner. The isogray line of the periphery is very irregular because of shocking of the shielding gas and the metal spatter. In the core region, the thermal motion of the electrons is violent, so there is lots of little division with complex shape. The gap of isogrey line in the periphery region and core region are larger than it in the smoothing region. The isogrey lines of the image in the melting pool link with the isogray line of the image of the laser welding plasma, so it can be used to checking the temperature field each other. There exits an isothermal kernel in the core region.

Maksutov made a good deal of study in the field that the reflective mirror was used to compensate and test the conicoid mirror, its principle is that normal aberration of conicoid mirror is compensated by reflective mirror. Based on the third-order aberration theory, the initial configuration parameters of the reflective mirror compensator are described in the paper. Assuming spherical aberration coefficient ΣS₁=0, the relations between compensating mirror and the mirror under test are obtained, the surface of compensator may be sphere or ellipsoid. Setting e₁² = 0,0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4. based on the equations of the graph of e₂²/α ~ β, αr₀₁/r₀₂ ~ β is drew, the relations of β ∝ α, e₁², e₂², r₀₁, r₀₂, d₁₂ and the initial configuration parameters of compensating mirror are also obtained with the equations and graph. There are two cases about the location of compensator, one is α>0, α>1, the compensator is set in front of curvature center of tested mirror; the other is α<0, the compensator is set in back of curvature center of tested mirror, each case includes β>0, β=0, β<0. By analyzed in detail, all cases of compensator can be got, some cases have been discussed before, others haven't been discovered and discussed. In this way people can understand the mirror compensator comprehensively, which is much good for compensating test.

3-D information becomes more and more important in engineering field. With the advent of miniaturization and the emergence of micromechanics, microdynamics and nanotechnology, 3-D measurement was introduced in confocal technology in recently years because of its high precision, non-contact, and wide field. This paper describes the principle, the characteristics of confocal microscopy. Main conclusions based on Fourier coherent theory are given. According to the conclusions, some key parameters can be selected. In addition, some actual case should be concerned. The paper also gives the practical set-up in the experiment which is designed for surface topography. Experiment results obtained for different conditions are also presented.

The grating digital subdivision system in this paper is made up of light resource, metrological grating, object lens of microscope, electronic-eyepiece based on CMOS image sensor, and personal computer. In this paper, we introduce the experiment system that use different object lens and electronic eyepiece, for example, object lens with different NA, electronic eyepiece with different CMOS image sensors and different resolution. We write a digital subdivide software for the system, in experiment, we use only one subdivide software and image collection software. In the paper, we analyze the experiment with theory and practice, which use the same software but different hardware. We used the different object lens with 5X, 10X, 20X, 40X, and used the different CMOS image sensor resolution with 320×240,640×480,1280×1024,1600×1200. After these experiment, we do analysis the data, all these practice will take a reference to everyone who research on grating digital subdivision.

Several models of target acquisition range prediction of the uncooled staring camera and their advantages are proposed in the paper. NVTherm is used to evaluate the modulation transfer function, minimum resolvable temperature difference and target acquisition range. The analysis result shows that the performance of the detector is the key factor to limit the performance of the uncooled staring camera. The target acquisition range of the uncooled infrared camera can be improved by increasing effective focus length (EFL) of optical component, decreasing its F/# or reducing the pixel pitch of the detector. The detection range of 1.09 km can be achieved under the condition of 75 mm EFL and F/0.8. When the EFL changes from 75mm to 150 mm under the condition of F/0.8 and 45μm pixel pitch, the detection range of 2.36 km, recognition range of 0.47 km and identification range of 0.24 km have been gotten. When the pixel pitch is reduced to 35μm, the detection range is 2.59 km. Furthermore, when 2 x 2 microscan is adopted in the camera design, then the pixel pitch will change from 35μm to 17.5μm. Although the infrared camera becomes an optical performance limited system, its performance improves a lot to get the detection range of 2.94 km. The field test shows that the detection range to a 1.7 m x 0.45 m target is 2.2 km under the condition of F/0.8, 150mm EFL and 45 μm pixel pitch, achieving good matches with the evaluation value of 2.36 km through NVTherm. An optimum uncooled infrared design is achieved using the NVTherm software which shortens the design cycle.

A 100-mm-aperture high lateral resolution interferometer has been developed in Fine Optical Engineering Research Center (FOERC), which is applied to the measurement of spatial frequencies of up to 2.5 lines/mm over a 100mm field of view. The system transfer function of the interferometer is greater than 60% at near half the Nyquist frequency. To demonstrate the performance of this high lateral resolution interferometer, theoretical errors of the system are thoroughly analyzed and the design implementation is carefully studied, such as light source, wave front slope, tolerance analysis, CCD sample and so on.

In this paper, a new system and method of grating nanometer metrology are introduced. The system is made up of light resource, metrological grating, object lens of microscope, electronic-ocular based on CMOS image sensor, and personal computer. Firstly, metrological grating were irradiated by light resource. Secondly, the grating images on electronic-ocular based on CMOS image sensor. Thirdly, electronic-ocular gained the image and trans to the PC by USB. After gained the image, computer converts it to bitmap and processing. There are three steps of the grating subdivision. Firstly, digital image processing is used to set a soft-reticle over the bitmap. Position of the origin in a period is the result we want, and system resolution depends on pixels in a period. Secondly, pixels on gratings border will be calculated, analyzing any pixel coordinate and value, and using statistics and linear function to calculate more precision of the position of border. And thirdly, multi-origins and average effect of grating are used. In this system, higher measuring resolution based on higher quality gratings and clearer imaging system are obtained, and more pixels are processed in arithmetic. In the experiment system, period of grating is 0.02mm, object lens 40~60X, CMOS image sensor pixels, and the resolution of subdivision. Many experiment data have been gained by using this system, and all measuring data are displayed on the screen, in real-time, and automatically recorded in disk. At last, analyzing these data, conclusion of the measuring resolution and precision accuracy is drawn.

This paper presents results of investigations of the radiant power spectral responsivity within the near-infrared spectral range. Large-area windowless InGaAs photodiodes of 10mm×10mm are studied in the spectrum ranged from 900 nm to 1600 nm. The InGaAs trap detector used as a transfer standard for power measurements has been characterized and calibrated, obtaining an uncertainty of less than 0.1% at several wavelengths.

As a measurement system, the most essential variable of a machine vision measurement system is effective resolution. So far the analysis and evaluation of effective resolution of measurement systems are qualitative. In this paper, a quantitative evaluation method is presented bases on analysis of variance (ANOVA) and correlation analysis. Using this method, effective resolution of a machine vision measurement system can be calculated fleetly. An online evaluation system which bases on this method is introduced.

We design an optical fiber spectrometer based on optical fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer. In optical fiber Fourier transform spectrometer spectra information is obtained by Fourier transform of interferogram, which recording intensity change vs. optical path difference. Optical path difference is generated by stretching one fiber arm which wound around fiber stretch drive by high power supply. Information from detector is linear with time rather than with optical path difference. In order to obtain high accuracy wavenumber, reference beam is used to control the optical path difference. Optical path difference is measured by reference laser interference fringe. Interferogram vs. optical path difference is resampled by Brault algorithm with information from reference beam and test beam. In the same condition, one-sided interferogram has higher resolution than that of two-sided interferogram. For one-sided interferogram, zero path difference position must be determined as accurately as possible, small shift will result in phase error. For practical experiment in laboratory, position shift is inevitable, so phase error correction must be considered. Zero order fringe is determined by curve fitting. Spectrum of light source is obtained from one-sided interferogram by Fourier cosine transform. A spectral resolution of about ~3.1 cm^-1 is achieved. In practice, higher resolution is needed. This compact equipment will be used in emission spectra and absorption spectra, especially in infrared region.

A digitalization measurement method of structure parameters of optical low-pass filter (OLPF) is presented in this paper. OLPF which comprises two or three crystal plates is adopted in front of the CCD to reduce aliasing in a digitized image. Transiting a triple plate OLPF, an object of the point-source light can separate into eight points which are imaged in CMOS array. The distance of point to point provides us with the information of thickness of each crystal plate. The accuracy of measurement is better than 0.15μm.

The properties of Morphological Dependant Resonance (MDR)'s for spherical, cylindrical microcavity have been investigated. The behaviour of locations, quality factors of resonances for spherical and cylindrical microcavity has been discussed. The resonance spectrum for symmetric microcavity is rigorously calculated and shows the strong dependence of the resonance spectrum on the physical characteristics of the microcavity. Note that the position of the resonance peaks is extremely sensitive to wavelength or diameter, permitting a very accurate determination of symmetric microcavity size.

Automatic understanding of objective things is the ultimate goal of many detecting systems. Since optical detecting system can achieve this goal more effectively, it has recently obtained more and more attentions in many fields. This paper presents a novel hierarchical model of optical detecting system by demonstrating how it is used for human activities analysis. This paper is described in two main sections. In the first part, an optical detecting system model (ODS model) is proposed, which can be fit for not only the presented system, but also many others. Unlike other image processing systems, this model makes the system capable of changing optical image sensor and monitor freely according to the requirements of practical conditions. An implementation on ODS model is also presented in this part. The second part mainly describe an application (human activities analysis) based on presented system. The algorithm of the application mainly includes: contour analysis, human body parts detecting, human modeling and human activities analysis. In contour analysis and body parts detecting, a two-step view-based head location algorithm acting on the foreground region is proposed. Assuming the people detected are all stand-up, a subjective-partition algorithm based on Negative Curvature Minima (NCMs) and views are also proposed to identify the human body parts with a low cost of computation. At last, the results of the application based on our optical detecting system are given.

To overcome the drawback of traditional universal tool microscopes, a remanufacturing scheme based on charge coupled devices (CCD) is proposed. In this paper, the remanufacturing of old tool microscopes is replaced gradually by CCD and grating ruler and the development of a novel measuring system designed to directly analyze image of the screw to be measured is discussed. For the analysis of image, such novel image processing methods as adaptive switching median (ASM) filter and edge detection based on the modified Sobel operator are designed. For the line detection algorithm, HOUGH transform also is used to measure the screw parameter. Experiments on screw images demonstrate that the scheme of remanufactured universal tool microscope is of feasibility and the proposed measurement is of validity.

Subaperture polishing technologies have radically changed the landscape of precision optics manufacturing and enabled the production of components with higher accuracies and increasingly difficult figure requirements. Magnetorheological Finishing (MRF^®), for example, is a proven, production-worthy, deterministic, subaperture finishing technology that has excelled at extending precision finishing well beyond the limitations of traditional polishing. Several recent MRF developments will be presented, including the post polishing of Single Point Diamond Turned (SPDT) surfaces, transmitted wavefront correction, and finishing of increasingly large apertures. The high precision finishing of challenging optics using a newly developed jet-based technology will also be discussed. A series of examples spanning a wide range of materials, geometries and specifications will be presented. Specific areas to be discussed include the finishing of optics less than 5 mm in diameter, which typically require a very labor-intensive, iterative process to finish, and the correction of steeply concave optics, such as domes, which are typically not well suited for sub-aperture polishing processes.

The surface of AISI304 TIG welding line was processed by LSP (laser shock processing). The effects on the microstructure, hardness and residual stress of AISI304 welding line by LSP were observed, and its mechanical properties were researched by SEM (scanning electron microscope) and test device of mechanical property. Residual stresses of AISI304 TIG welding line by LSP were measured with Model X-350A X ray analyzer. The test results show that compressive residual stress values of AISI304 TIG welding line by LSP are about 110MPa. Strengthening effects of AISI304 TIG welding line by LSP is very obvious, and fatigue properties of welding line is improved, and tensile residual stresses of welding line are obviously reduced, the distribution of residual stress tends to equality, and service life of AISI304 TIG welding line is improved.

Design of an embedded optical fiber micro-displacement measurement system is presented. It consists of an optical fiber displacement sensor, a signal pre-processing unit and an embedded microprocessor unit of ADuC812. The displacement sensor is a reflective intensity-modulated optical fiber bundle sensor with two paths of optical signal output, so influences of light resource fluctuation and other common interferences such as external environment and fiber loss are reduced. The signal pre-processing unit consists of several functional circuits, such as optical-electrical transducer, pre-amplification unit, band-pass filter and phase sensitive detection circuit, and is used to transform the two paths of optical signals mentioned above into two paths of electrical signals. ADuC812 is an advanced embedded microprocessor module with high performance and low price. In this application, it is used to accomplish functions of two paths of signals sampling, signals dividing and signal nonlinear processing, and finally output an analog voltage in proportion with the measured displacement. By introducing the embedded microprocessor module of ADuC812, the measurement performance and intelligent extent of the micro-displacement measurement system can be improved, resulting in the wide applications in advanced manufacturing and testing.

With the development of the research on life sciences and clinic medicine diagnose, the fluorescence microscope is requested to not only satisfy subjective observation, but also have computer external analysis. It also is requested to not only offer image conformation information, but also offer image spectrum information. The research of the system is brought forward for satisfying the questions. It found the solutions to that the traditional fluorescence microscope could not offer contiguous adjustable excitation spectrum, and that we could not get digitized fluorescence microscopic image information and spectrum information and so on. The paper detailedly specifies the pivotal technologies of the research of the continuous spectrum analytic system of micro-fluorescence image: the part of excitation lamp-house, the part of micro- fluorescence image acquisition and the part of computer control analysis.

By studying on the output characteristics of random type optical fiber sensor and semicircular type optical fiber sensor, the ratio of the two output signals was used as the output signal of the whole system. Then the measurement range was enlarged, the linearity was improved, and the errors of reflective and absorbent changing of target surface are automatically compensated. Meantime, an optical fiber sensor model of correcting static error based on BP artificial neural network(ANN) is set up. So the intrinsic errors such as effects of fluctuations in the light, circuit excursion, the intensity losses in the fiber lines and the additional losses in the receiving fiber caused by bends are eliminated. By discussing in theory and experiment, the error of nonlinear is 2.9%, the measuring range reaches to 5-6mm and the relative accuracy is 2%.And this sensor has such characteristics as no electromagnetic interference, simple construction, high sensitivity, good accuracy and stability. Also the multi-point sensor system can be used to on-line and non-touch monitor in working locales.

In this paper, in order to find a simple, quick and untouched method to check the level of nitrogen in canola, the spectral reflectance and SPAD values of the canola leaves of fifteen regions were measured by an ASD Field Spec(R) and SPAD 502 chlorophyll meter. The measurements were carried out at experiment field in Zhejiang University during growth season of 2004 to 2005. The authors combine the vegetal course of canola, and use SPAD 502 chlorophyll meter to investigate the distributing rule of chlorophyll concentration of the canola; Measure the third ramous of the canola from top, and analyze the variation rule of the chlorophyll concentration in different vegetal course. The spectral reflectivity property of canola leaves in different growing periods was analyzed, the spectral reflectance of the leaves were gradually getting smaller in the visible region and bigger in the near infrared region before flowering, but with reverse change after flowering. The authors also achieve the chlorophyll concentration and reflectance of 32groups of canola leaves and investigate the quantitative relationships between them by correlation analysis. The results reveal that they have good relationship in the range of 510-640nm and 685-720nm, and the peak of the correlation is at the wavelength of 707nm.

On the basis of the measuring principle of dynamic active optical confocal probe based on time difference measurement that has a reference path, a dynamic active optical confocal probe based on time difference measurement without reference path is developed. In this paper, the working principle of this optical confocal probe is dissertated. A large-scale integrated measuring system is designed to simplify the structure of the probe and to enhance the stability of the probe. At the end of the paper, experiments about the performance test of the optical confocal probe based on time difference measurement with no reference path is carried out. Experiment results show that the probe has a measuring resolution of 0.1μm, a measuring range of 0.2mm and a linearity of 0.4μm.

A fast analytical method was introduced based on near-infrared (NIR) technology in this paper. The protein content was measured in short order using the near-infrared transmission spectroscopy (1000-1700nm) of milk. There were several waves of milk's NIR spectroscopy selected. By correlating the spectrum data of the waves selected and the protein content in milk, a calibration model was established. The protein content could be measured by importing the spectrum data to the calibration model. In this model there were several parameters, which were the spectrum data of the waves selected. Then, the method how to select the waves best was introduced and the characteristic waves of milk were selected by utilizing genetic algorithm. A partial least squares (PLS) regression model between the spectroscopy and the protein content was presented for milk samples, and the predictive repeatability was also researched.

Acquiring useful signal from large noises is a crucial consideration during NIR instrument design. In the paper, the characters of signal and noise in NIR instrument are analyzed and light signal acquiring and disposing process is researched. A practical circuit used in the near infrared diffuse reflection instrument is introduced, and every process in the light signal acquiring and processing is analyzed according to the practical circuit. Besides, some other problems such as the choice of the fittest work frequency are discussed too. The conclusion is that modulating the light signal with optical chopper is an effective method to inhibit the noise, and phase sensitivity detection technique can effectively acquire signals emerged in the noise.

These years, with the development of more complicated manufacturing method and new electronic component are developed, the quality and performance in production line can no more be well monitored by only visual inspection. On the basis of Virtual Instruments technique, a new system is developed to construct a reliable inspection and control system. This system can find defections such as missing, converting, and inclining in PCB automatic. It will highly upgrade the inspection speed and precision, contrasted to traditional way of visual-inspection. This system is flexible, easy to be extended, thus greatly deducing the cost.

The fundamental principle of the airborne green-blue lidar for the underwater target detection is that a 532nm pulse laser beam is transmitted from an aircraft and reflected by the underwater targets, and then the airborne laser receiving system receives the echo signals. Besides the useful target signal, the echo signals also contain a lot of background noises, and the main one is the seawater backscattering noise. Therefore, restraining the effect of the noise on the signal light is important to enhance the detection depth and reduce the false alarm rate. Since the end of 1960s, many experiments on the underwater detection techniques of the airborne laser have been finished in US and Australian, especially for the laser propagation characteristics through the different water quality. Some French researchers made a depolarization experiment on the submerged targets by using the circularly polarized light and linearly polarized light with the 532nm wavelength in 1990. In 1987, extensive experiments were carried out in the former Soviet Union on the polarization receiving characteristics of echo signals after the laser produced by lidar through the atmosphere. The results showed that the target contrast could be enhanced significantly by using polarization receiving, and in the case of a smaller receiving FOV (field of view), the contrast effect was much better. This paper makes some theoretical and experimental research on the scattering depolarization characteristics of airborne laser through the seawater.

The status and effect of the optronic system in shipborne weaponry have been widely accepted, for which each developed country takes it as essential equipement in equipment developing programme. Following radar, shipborne optronic system is another important means of detection from single set to multi-set network system step by step. For reasons that shipborne IRST system can overcome four threats of radar and is an extremely effective short-range defense and countermeasure equipment for threat targets flying in low altitude and superlow altitude, so every navy has attached great importance to it. After transforming the operating range equation of an IRST system, the integrated efficiency coefficient Q is derived, by which factors of influencing the operating range of an IRST system and the approaches to improving the operating range and its feasibility are analyzed in the paper. In the present stage, because of limitations of D* the area of pixels and of an infrared detector, the major method for improving the operating range is to increase the aperture with the transmittance of an optical system remaining unchanged basically. However, increasing the aperture, remaining F number constant, increasing the focal length, reducing the effective FOV will decrease the spacial detective efficiency. So the integrated efficiency of an IRST system can be improved by optimizing the range, detective efficiency and so forth reasonably under existing conditions.

Frequency shift in Brillouion back-scattering light can be changed when strain is exerted to an optical fiber. Brillouin scattering can be used to measure strain in distributed manner. A new fully distributed fiber optical strain sensing is proposed based on Brilliouin optical-fiber frequency domain reflectometry (BOFDR). A new measurement is reported by utilizing fiber Bragg grating Fabry-Perot interferometer (FBGFPI) to directly separate the Brilliouin signal. The experimental setup and result are presented. Primary result confirms this configuration feasible.

A Magneto-Optic (MO) system is being utilized in aerospace industry for the detection of surface defects. To extend the capability of the instrument to detect and quantify sub-surface defect, we present a new Magneto-Optic (MO)/Pulsed Eddy Current (PEC) imaging system which, supported by laser, is being used for testing fine defects beneath precision surface of mental materials. The technique is based on the combination of pulsed eddy current excitation and magneto-optic sensing and imaging. In the experimental set-up, the induction of eddy currents is conventionally performed by pulsed current excitation coil over the object surface. The magnetic field induced by the pulsed eddy currents is detected by using Faraday effect. For this target, a laser beam passes through a special crystal, Faraday rotation glass (FRG), which has its easy axis of magnetization in the direction of normal magnetic fields and memory effect, integrated in the excitation coil. The polarization direction of laser beam is rotated in crystal depending on local magnetic field. The area distribution of rotation angle caused by fine defects beneath precision surface is transformed into "light" or "dark" picture using an optical set-up, which consists of a conventional microscope, a lighting, a polarimeter, and a CCD sensor. In the paper, the basic principle, configuration of the test equipment and image processing are described, and an original experimental results of fine artificial defects beneath precision surface of mental materials is presented.

The geometrical Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) of CMOS APS (active pixel sensor) is analyzed in this paper. Advanced APS have been designed and fabricated where different pixel shapes such as square, rectangle and L shape, were placed, because the amplifier circuit and other function circuits inter pixel of APS take up some pixel area. MTF is an important figure of merit in focal plane array imaging sensors. Research on analyzing the MTF for the proper pixel shape is currently in progress for a centroidal configuration of a target position. MTF will give us a more complete understanding of the tradeoffs opposed by the different pixel designs and by the signal processing conditions. Based on image sensor sampling and reconstructing model, the MTF expression of any active pixel shape has been deduced in this paper. According to actual pixel shape, three different active area pixels were analyzed, they were square, rectangle, and L shape, their Fill Factor (FF) is 30%, 44% and 55%, respectively. Results of simulation experiments indicate that different pixel geometrical characteristics contribute significantly to the figures of their MTF. Different geometrical shape of active sensitive area of pixel and different station in pixel would influence MTF figures. The analysis results are important in designing better APS pixel and more important in analyzing imaging system performance of APS subpixel precision system.

A new method with conical mirror was put forward to detect and orient the laser threaten sources. The intensity distribution of reflecting light interference field was analyzed. The theoretical formula about the relation of wavelength with azimuth angle orientation was given. The interference field with oblique incidence was analyzed based on the idea oblique section cylinder. It is concluded that the ratio of long axis and short axis is linear to angle of incidence. The detecting and orienting system for laser threaten sources was built in the laboratory. This orientation method can realize the all-direction valid warnings to laser threaten sources.

The laser speckle patterns taken from grinded work-piece surface of a glass plane is processed to obtain the data results related to surface roughness using a visual user interface which has been developed with an experimental setup mainly consisting of He-Ne laser and CCD. The functions of processing the speckle images with the user interface are presented such as smooth the images by Gauss filter before other processions, and make the binary images by the threshold got with OSTU and present its histogram. We give the fitting curve of laser speckles' probability density distribution and their parameters, and Calculate their texture characteristic parameters such as angle-second moment, inertia (contrast), correlation and entropy value. The user interface of computer is developed using GUIDE from MATALB. We also present to compare the experimental results produced from laser speckle patterns at different detective angles and distance with the theory. The studies are useful to processing data for the measurement of surface roughness and profile of the work-piece using laser speckle method.

An optical system is designed to get projection of the transmission grating, the deformed grating is obtained on surface of the object. The image of the deformed grating is given by the lens, the reference grating is put on the place of the image, and then the moire fringe is obtained. The amplify principle of the moire fringe is used to measure the profile of the object. The optical principle of the projection is analyzed. And the relation between the phase and the height of object is deduced. From the different point of geometry optics and the physics opticsl, the optical system is analyzed, the factors that influence the image equality and the measuring result are obtained. So the betterment of improving the measuring precision is brought forward, and in the later information processing, because of the diffuse reflection, the image equality is not very well. In order to get a good image, the digital filter is used to filter the noise and smooth the image firstly. Then in order to improve the measure precision, the subdivision technology is applied. The Fourier transform profilometry and phase shifting technology is used in the calculation. A detail analyses is done both in time field and frequency field. And the method of improving the measuring precision is put forward. A good digital filter algorithm is brought forward in the Fourier transform profilometry. In the phase shifting technology, the detail formula of three-step and four-step is given. At last the phase that is relational with the high information of the object is get, but the phase is disconnected phase, after the unwrapping algorithm,the disconnected phase is changed to be the continuous phase. Taking use of the relation between the phase and height, the height is obtained. Then the three-dimensional profile of the measured object can be reconstructed. The system is very convenient for non-contact measure of profile of some objects.

A novel interrogating fiber grating array based on optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) techniques was reported, and address inquiry of different measurement optical fiber was realized. Fundamental principle of OFDR has been analyzed and the space resolution and measurement range of this system were calculated theoretically. The calculated system's spatial resolution was 2.5m, and measurement range was 2000m. Thanks to the minimum resolution within meter range, frequency fluctuation due to trivial vibration in the environment won't cause error in the course of interrogating. Experiment studies on 3×3 fiber grating array were carried out. Experimental results confirm that with sufficiently large power of the light source, the novel fiber grating sensing array has attractive potential to interrogate and modulate several hundreds of fiber gratings in that it makes full use of optical frequency and wavelength information, and can be well applied to the distributed stress detection of two- or three- dimensional large structures

In this paper, the basic dispersion principle of AOTF (Acousto - Optic Tunable Filter) and the configuration of on-line auto gas detection system based on it are generally described. The off-axial reflection paraboloid mirror employed as the collimation system of light source avoids the light energy loss and spherical aberration. The filament length of infrared light source is limited to 5.2mm for separating incident light beam from diffracted light beam spatially. In this paper, DDS (Direct Digital Synthesizer) measure to be used to realize wavelength scan, an interface circuit between DDS and DSP (Digital Signal Processor) is introduced. Experiment results show that this system based on AOTF has 4000 - 2000cm^-1 wavelength range with 15cm^-1 spectral resolution and 0.3ms wavelength transfer rate. This system has already been satisfactory for detecting auto gas on-line.

Fiber Bragg grating under transverse force to a small grating section was studied by numerical simulation and experimentation. A numerical simulation based on the transfer matrix method was used to calculate the consequent changes in reflected spectrum. The reflected spectra of the FBG subjected to the transverse force split in two main peaks, and the split point shifted linearity and periodically versus the applied force. The split point shifted in the bandwidth with the period of 11.06N, and the sensitivity of the split point wavelength shift versus the applied force was the ratio of bandwidth to the period. Experimental consequents show good agreement with simulation analysis.

A new sense-finding and subdividing technique based on high speed Moire fringes is presented in this paper. Direct Current(DC) component and drift are picked-up by using of Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), and the input signal of sense-finding is corrected. The motion sense-finding of Moire fringes and four folds Moire fringes subdivision are completed. With the aid of high speed Central Processing Unit (CPU), the new synthetic trigonometric function is reconstructed by software. Combining with synthetic trigonometric function and original input signals, the quadrant location of synthetic trigonometric function is confirmed. The precision sense-finding and high-precision subdividing for Moire fringes are completed by division of synthetic trigonometric function range. The high speed and high-precision measurement based on Moire fringes is implemented.

With infrared thermal imaging detection technology, this paper illuminates the principle of infrared detection, summarizes the frame of an infrared detection system and gives the behavior of thermal trouble on the electric equipments by examining the effect of infrared detection. After getting the site condition and conclusion by analyzing the data, this paper offers theoretical and practical basis on constituting countermeasure and improving the work condition of equipment.

A new method, namely the closed-loop pipeline, is proposed for the detection and tracking of point targets in heavy cloudy background. At first, a preprocessing step, i.e., a local contrast threshold is used to remove slowly changing clutter, then the "and logical" pipeline consisting of three frames are used to filter out the noise based on the highly consistency and continuity of the targets in temporal-spatial domain. After the two steps, the sequence is projected into one frame and the trajectory of the target is accumulated in the test pipeline. The target trajectory is detected by cluster analysis and smoothed by finding zero-crossing points; moreover the next searching window is identified by the achieved trajectory segment. So compared with the old open form pipeline, the new structure can predict the tracking window and it is advantageous over the traditional one in terms of searching space, computational complexity and clutter resistance. The experiments show that the proposed method can detect and track dim point targets with arbitrary trajectories accurately, and can also predict the searching windows efficiently.

The kernel of modern interferometry is to obtain necessary surface shape and parameter by processing interferogram with a reasonable algorithm. The circular interferogram must be spread into square region when the interferogram is dealt with by using 2-D FFT arithmetic, which is only applied to numeric discrete data and requires square distributing region. On the basis of the study of the basic principle of interferometry by using 2-D FFT arithmetic, the principle and the method of interferogram region spreading are proposed. This technique has been used in region spreading of an actual interferogram with a satisfactory result. The results indicate that the method, with high processing precision, has established the foundation for phase recovery.

The emitting frequency of a diode laser is very sensitive to operating temperature. In the design of the temperature controller of a diode laser, it is important that the control parameters of PID should be tuned to match with the characteristic of the controlled target in order to get an optimal correcting effect. In the experiments, two methods of determining PID parameters, Ziegler-Nichols and critical level of proportion methods, were used, and the approximate same results were obtained. The measured result shows the controlling precision of the temperature controller is ±2m°C after PID parameters are tuned.

The use of homodyne interferometers has been limited to vibration measurements at objects with high surface reflectivity. This paper presents the modification of a homodyne Michelson laser interferometer that has been designed for vibration analysis at objects with industrial rough surfaces. High linearity, wide measurement range and low measurement uncertainty are the main features of this system. Experiments on an atomic force microscope (AFM) demonstrate the capability of the system.

The aim of the work described in the paper is to fabricate Bragg type porous silicon reflectance interference filters (PSRIF) with optimum quarter wave layer by pulsed etching and to study its application in liquid concentration measurement filed based on reflectance peak shift with ethanol as sample. Orthogonal method has been adopted to optimize fabrication parameters. Under optimal condition, current applied to layers with high and low index were 3.8 mA /35 mA with anodic duration of 36.0 s/3.0 s, pulse interval of 50 ms and duty cycle of 50, and optimal repetition of quarter wave layer with low and high indexes was 6. In room temperature, the full width at half maximum of light emission peak is 13 nm and position of reflectance peak was 475.6 nm. Thereafter, as-prepaired porous silicon was used to measure liquid concentration. Results show that reflectance peak of PSRIF filled with ethanol shifts to longer direction compared to that of as-prepared samples and the shift is proportional to ethanol concentration. The regularity fits sodium chloride and sucrose as well.

A new detecting system of low responsibility detector surface respond is introduced. The testing principle of detector surface respond detecting by laser modulation is given. The instrument consists of a modulation laser, focusing optical system, a week current amplifying circuit, two dimensions movement flat, the data acquisition, computer interface circuit and related software. The critical part of instrument is a focusing optics system with φ5mm aperture and a narrow frequency amplification with 1 MHz frequency. The interface chip of USB is CY7C68013-128TQPF which controls the sampling of the signal and disposing data. The CPLD controls modulating laser, FIFO time and two dimension flat. The result of experiment indicates that the system offers an excellent way for selecting detector of good characteristic and analyzing detectors' respond characteristic. Also it can be used to detect manufacturing, apply heat detector and analyze characteristic of heat detector fields.

This paper describes an optical voltage transducer(OVT) for a 35kV system based on Pockels effect in a BGO(Bi₄Ge₃O₁₂) crystal. OVT used to measure the voltage of power are superior to conventional electromagnet-induced voltage transducer in many aspects, thus it has great potential to applications. It has some advantages. These advantages are: 1)Optics provides total galvanic separation between the measuring point at high voltage (HV) potential and the measuring equipment at ground potential. 2)Transmission of measuring signals in optical fibers is immune to induced electromagnetic noise even in EMI-environment of switchyards and other high voltage installations. 3)Optics and especially optical fibers make the insulation costs independent of voltage levels thus giving an economical advantage at voltage levels above 100kV. 4)The use of optics is expected to reduce the weight of the transducers. 5)Optical transducers are expected to have a large bandwidth than conventional transducers. 6)The output-signals from an optical transducer are easily interfaced with computers and electronically operated equipment such as digital relays. New techniques developed in electronics and optical field including fiber optic technology bring new contributions to the measurement of voltage and electric field. A Pockels voltage sensor has been widely introduced to electrical power transmission and distribution systems and some advantage of the optical voltage measuring techniques are reported. In this paper, a brief summary of electro-optic effects and the principle of OVT is proposed. The signal processing schemes of different optical path and features are analyzed. The basic principle of OVT is to modulate the irradiance of the light-directed to OVT by an optical fiber-according to the potential difference between the HV-line and the ground potential. The modulation of the light is accomplished by placing a material-that has an optical property (the birefringence), which is sensitive to the electrical field strength (Pockels effect)-inside the OVT.

Total suspended particles (TSP) are one of the main atmospheric pollutants. The ingredients are very complex, mainly including black carbon (C),organic compound, inorganic compound and biologic component, which will do great harm to human's health. During environmental monitoring, the airborne suspended particle always is an index for evaluating the quality of atmosphere. In this article, possible mixture of TSP is proposed to determine its ingredients and content by photoacoustic spectroscopy. The normalized photoacoustic (PA) signal of the sulfur powder, mixtures of sulfur and black carbon in different proportions are obtained respectively. Simulation with linear equation says that the PA signal has a certain relationship with the content of sample. The normalized PA spectroscopy of various materials is acquired via examining the sample of the powder of cupric sulfate mixed with nitro compound (2, 5 -methoxybenzoic-4nitro-dehyde), Portland cement, residual particles of automobile exhaust pipe, ash of power plant's stocks. The experimental results have important reference value to the practical analysis of TSP, it also provides new possible methodology to the environmental monitoring.

A novel method to measure the roll angle using a quarter wave plate and a Wollaston prism is presented in this paper. The setup and principle of the measurement system are introduced. According to the optical structure, the mathematical model was established by Jones matrix method. The output voltage from an optical detector located after the Wollaston prism can be used to determine the roll angle. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the sensitivity of roll measurement can reach arc-second. The chief advantages of the sensor are simply, stable and compact. This system can be applied to dynamic roll angle measurement. Experimental results have shown that the angular resolution is 0.04 arc-minute in a ±40 are-minute range.

Phase generated carrier (PGC) homodyne demodulation technique is frequently used in optical fiber interferometric sensors for demodulating sensing signals. However, it is difficult for the system to achieve optimum performance because the electronic components which constitute the analog circuit of a PGC homodyne demodulation system have some problems such as overload, improper resistance, etc. all those will bring noise to the system. Therefore, the system could not be allowed to work well for those noises introduced by electronic components. For overcoming these disadvantages of the analog circuit mentioned above, a digital PGC demodulation system based on LabVIEW is described in this paper, and it is applied to demodulate the sensing signals from all fiber oil pipeline leakage detection system based on Sagnac interferometer. The results verify that this system can well demodulate sensing signals.

A system designed for measuring large-size parallelism and perpendicularity of large-size workpieces by laser alignment was developed. This paper mainly focuses on three questions. First, the building of long distance alignment optical beam based on laser diode, single mode optical fiber and phase plate diffraction technique. Second, the building of datum planes that parallel or perpendicular to each other by using pentagonal prism. Third, a new image processing algorithm called orthogonal projection method. The algorithm converts two-dimension image into two one-dimension images, which can speed up the data processing and restrain noise. The performance of this system was tested and verified in National CIMS Engineering Technology Research Center in China. The experimental results show that the relative measurement accuracy of the alignment system attains micron (μm) (0.3×10^-6L) in 10 meters measurement range.

This paper describes the development of software used for the ultra smooth surface roughness measurement system, whose precision reaches nanometer level. The software mainly consists of two independent modules: the image acquisition and the roughness analysis modules. The first module controls the rotation of the phase-shifter and gathers images from the CCD camera. The process is repeated several times according to the means of calculating phase. The second module is used to analyze the sample's roughness. Firstly the images are loaded, and then the phase image is calculated and processed in the light of the unwrapping algorithm. Finally the roughness data are acquired by integrating the unwrapped phase image. The roughness carves on both x and y direction can be readily displayed and the roughness parameters are calculated and simultaneously shown. Then the three dimensional profile is displayed by employing the functions of OpenGL, and the parameter of the three dimensional roughness is also shown. All these results can be readily saved. The software is developed with VC++ 6.0, and has several characterizations as follows: it runs independently without any aid of other software; to depress the influence of noises, ten images are gathered at one time and averaged automatically; through loading image the software can discriminate that whether four-bucket or five-bucket method should be adopted, and choose the corresponding algorithm in the following calculations; the sample's three dimensional profile is also shown directly.

In this paper we report the study of a single mode fiber grin lens tunable Fabry-Perot filter. The Fabry-Perot filter consists of two grin lens on which the multi-layer film with high reflectivity is deposited. The cavity is tuned continuously over the whole wavelength range of 40nm by a piezoelectric transducer (PZT). The device has a free spectrum of 30nm and 3dB peak bandwidth is less than 1dB. The filter can be applied to wavelength interrogation in fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensing system to detect the drift of the Fiber Bragg wavelength.

Based on the studying of multisensor image registration and pixel-fusion algorithms, the simulation experiments on IR/CCD image registration, fusion and matching along a flight course is presented, with the pairs of real-time IR/CCD images acquired in a real flight experiment and optical reference image covering the flight course as the experimental data. IR image is registered with optical CCD image by the multisensor image registration algorithm based on orientation function of contours¹. After that, co-registered CCD and IR images are fused. In order to compare the matching performances when different fusion images are taken as real-time images under a certain matching scheme, 11 classical and modern fusion algorithms are introduced to obtain the fused gray images. Finally, the fused gray images are preprocessed and matched with the reference image. Experimental results and corresponding analyses are presented.

"Ox-eye" interference image analysis is an important means to acquire related optical information such as wavelength and the incidence angle of laser from far away. For the unavoidable noise, it is very difficult to extract object pattern from the noise background, so the contrast enhancement and thresholding is a crucial step for such image processing. In this paper, a novel method is proposed for "ox-eye" interference image processing based on maximum fuzzy entropy. In the new method, the maximum fuzzy entropy is used to conduct contrast enhancement and optimum threshold selecting. By comparing with the traditional methods, the presented method can process images more quickly and can extract the parameters more accurately.

A fiber-optic evanescent wave biosensor has been developed, using fiber bundle to transmit excitation laser beam and fluorescence signal. Based on the theory of evanescent wave and mode matching in probe, the geometric configuration of probe is designed, and the detection ability of this sensing system in direct binding is tested... The system is tested in two cases, in one case the probe is put in airs and in the other case the probe is put in water, the signal data is collected to computer by DAQ devices at the same time, then make correlation detection with this data. The experiment results show that the correlation detection method can distinguish the system noise and the detected fluorescence signal clearly. The system has good feasibility.

Several methods to test high accuracy hyperboloid convex surfaces were introduced. A kind of arrangement was chosen to test a surface with a diameter of 92mm, radius of 280.25mm, and conic k -3.115. A null corrector for testing was developed, which is made up of three thin lenses with designed residual wavefront aberration less than 0.008λ(RMS). The variation of wavefront aberration of the testing system for manufacture, test, assembly and adjustment errors of the null corrector was analyzed. Finally the test result by the null corrector was shown.

In this paper, a fast 3D reconstruction method based on structured light for the raceway groove of bearings is presented. As to our method, digital parallel grating stripes distributed with sine density are projected onto the raceway groove by a DLP projector, and distorting of stripes is encountered on the raceway groove. Simultaneously, aided by three-step phase-shifting approach, three images covered by different stripes are obtained by a high-resolution CCD camera at the same local location of the raceway groove, thus a more accuracy local topography can be obtained. And the bearing is then rotated on a high precision computer-controlled rotational stage. Three images are also obtained at next preprogrammed location through the trigger of the motor. After one cycle, all images information is combined to get the 3D information in form of a full 360° raceway groove. According to the assemble simulation and running result, the bearing windage can be obtained, especially, the raceway of bearing balls centers can be calculated. Thus, most bearing running parameters can be got before being really assembled. The one of our goals is to simulate the state of bearings with more exacter prototyping during assembling and running. As a result, a simulation based on the obtained 3D topography of the raceway groove is discussed.

One-time phase shifting method, by which a high-quality correlation fringe image has been obtained, is presented in this paper. By comparison with the image quality obtained in traditional ways through simulation on a computer, there is no essential difference between images obtained by this method and twice or three times π/2 phase shifting methods. Subsequently, the image obtained from experiments of digital shearography is processed. Experiment result proves that the method is feasible.

Aiming at various influential factors during the ultra-precision aspheric surface testing, this paper introduces an aspheric measurement technique based on the high accuracy and non-contacting measuring equipment of laser. To form the platform of four-dimension control system, the measuring instrument of laser is used to realize on-line testing process error of aspheric mirror, and the results of measurement provide error data for compensation processing. To build testing and controlling mathematical model and to design the measurement of ultra-precision aspheric workpiece, the method of compensation based on analyzing the reason of non-contacting error comes into being and the finest way of processing data is given. With full automatic measuring and data processing of the system, error analyzing, displaying could be realized, and data could be provided for compensation processing to processing system.

The mass extinction coefficient of superfine graphite smoke to 10.6μm laser emission produced by CO₂ gas laser and the granularity distribution of the smoke particles at different time have been tested in a middle-size smoke chamber. The absorption, scattering and extinction efficiency factors of graphite smoke with different diameters to 10.6μm laser emission have been calculated according to Mie scattering theory and the curves of extinction factors varied with wavelength or particle diameter have been drawn too. Experimental results have shown that the superfine graphite smoke has a good extinction performance to 10.6μm laser emission and that the average mass extinction coefficient of the smoke to 10.6μm laser emission is 1.214m²/g. By the analysis, the optimal scattering diameter of graphite smoke to 10.6μm laser emission is 9μm while the optimal absorption diameter is 2.0μm and the optimal extinction diameter is 3.0μm. If the scattering diameter of the graphite smoke is smaller than the wavelength of incident laser emission, the extinction effect is dependent on the absorption. The scattering function increases with the enlargement of smoke particle diameter. In addition, the superfine graphite is difficult to effectively diffuse and form a thick concentration in air. The average diameter of graphite smoke particles gradually decreases with the time increment after forming the smoke.

The effect which photoelectric response non uniformity of four-quadrant detector used in target tracking act on the output characteristic linearity and tracking location accuracy is quantitatively analyzed, then a lower limit value of detector non uniformity must corrected is put forward, last a new method of multiple correcting non uniformity caused by differences of dark current, channel gain and photoelectric response between quadrants of detector is presented here. Based on compensation of light distribution, a linear fitting soft correction algorithm is applied to each quadrant photoelectric response in two-dimensions coordinate of detector by turns, this intelligent self correction method can control the non-linear error to 5% and tracking location accuracy to 2%. Compared to hardware correction of gain compensated and soft correction method that doesn't eliminate dark current it decreased the non-linear error 2%, and increased location accuracy near 3%.

In an optical three dimensional measurement system, structural light is often used in order to improve the measurement speed and reduce the cost of the system. But the experiments have demonstrated that the precision in such a system is reduced with the increasing of the depth of the detected object. So in the system a series of planes were introduced as reference planes, in which the first plane is called the base plane. The planes divide the area of the object into several parts. The information processing of every part bases on a corresponding plane. The system improves the measurement precision, as well as increasing the complexity of information processing. The new arithmetic of unwrapping is used and relativity of all the points in different area has been found in the research.

"Interaction-free measurements" (IFM) originate from the latest quantum interferometric technologies. The latest research of quantum optics demonstrates, by using the complementary wavelike and particlelike natures of photons, it is possible to make interaction-free measurements by which the presence of an object can be determined with no photons being absorbed. The paper introduces the concept of "Interaction-free Measurement" (IFM), the original Elitzur-Vaidman scheme, the "High Efficiency Interaction-free Measurement", the application of quantum Zeno effect and the improved scheme proposed by Kwiat et al. The EV scheme is implemented in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Theoretically this paper also draws a conclusion in IFM feasibility by analyzing the wave functions of photon at various locations in the interferometer.

Theoretical model and optimization of a novel optical fiber current sensor is presented, and the principle of this sensor is based on Fabry-Perot cavity multi-light interference theory and magnetostrictive effect of Tb-Dy-Fe material. This optical fiber current sensor is specially suitable in application of the hazardous high-voltage environments due to their characteristics including a dielectric nature, immunity to electro-magnetic interference, high sensitivity, non-contacted measurement feature, small size, light weight and capability of remote measurement and control. In practical application, it can be hung on a high-voltage wire and its range of measurement and sensitivity can be adjusted through modulating the distance between the sensor and the high-voltage wire. Static electromagnetic analysis is presented by means of ANSYS software, and the distribution of the magnetic field in the sensor can be gotten, which offers an effective reference for further calculation. In order to achieve a well-distributed magnetic field on capillary of Tb-Dy-Fe material, the distance between the sensor and the high-voltage wire was optimized by the finite element analysis software. The result of theoretical simulation obtained is as follows, the sensitivity is 13nw / A, while the distance between the center of high-voltage wire and transducer head is 20mm, the range of the measured current is 1000A to 8000A.

Wheel set tread is a part of wheel that contacts with rail. Wheel set tread defects include scotching and flaking on wheel tread. The paper presents an on-rail measurement method to detect running wheel set defects based on optoelectronic technique. In the method, grid-trace is projected on the wheel tread. High speed CCD cameras are used to acquire the tread profile image. Digital image process technique is used to process the data. The measuring device is installed along the straight railway section. When the vehicle is running in a limited speed, the devices placed on both sides of the railway can get depths, lengths and positions of possibly existed wheel defects. The scotching longer than 17mm, flaking longer than ±2mm can be detected with an error of theoretically.

A new die leveling method based on passive auto-focus in automatic high precision flip-chip bonder is presented in this paper and is used in our project. Automatic high precision flip-chip bonders ,in which the alignment system are the one of the key components, are used for die placement and die bonding in IC, MEMS and MOEMS assembly process. The alignment is divided into traverse alignment and longitudinal alignment-focusing alignment. Simultaneously, the die must be parallel to the substrate before being bonded for well-proportioned force on bumps. Die leveling and, sometimes, auto-focus are completed by aided complex optical devices other than imaging system in the bonders, where several different components must be alternated orderly in time axis. Firstly, just a set of imaging optical component, which used to merely complete traverse alignment and now could be used for the all three procedures, is designed and adopted in our method. Auto-focus is completed by estimating the sharpness of images and leveling by focusing for several locations covering the feature. As a result, the complexity of system is reduced; the resolution of system is also satisfying; time-consuming can be compensated to some extent by high-speed processors and algorithms. The optical system consists of a dual direction microscope system (with two 10X objectives), which can be inserted between die and substrate to provide visual images of both die and substrate. A 1/2" CCD (cell size, 8.6μm x 8.3μm) receives alternately images of the die and substrate by controlling the illumination (blue coaxial light). The resolving power of the optical system is up to 1.7μm and the depth of view is not beyond 8μm. Secondly, passive auto-focus method is discussed as an emphasis. The method determines the distance to the object by computer analysis of the image itself. Changing focal distance or the object distance is then responded to obtain the sharpest image. These two steps above are the sharpness calculation and the searching focus. After a review and comparison of the existing sharpness calculation methods, a grads-based sharpness calculation method for a row or a column of the feature images is suggested for our application object and small depth of view of optical system. Because the height of feature is beyond the depth of view, a large-numbered result of sharpness calculation doesn't mean an exact focusing on searching plane but perhaps on a mid-layer of the feature. The feature recognition is necessary and also could be solved through the change of grads. Lastly, a group of focusing results is obtained by experiment. Passive auto-focus precision can reach in near 1 micron, which could meet the need of die leveling. Except that, the limitations of the system are analyzed, and some potential improved thoughts are also discussed.

This paper proposes a method to calculate the system's precision theoretically. The statistic theory and specially the regressive analyzing method have been employed. The theoretical analyses results show that the stitching process will not cause the additional error. The number of the sample points and the connatural error of the interferometer are the most important factors in the analyzing process. In practice the number of the sample points is decided by the size of the common area and the resolution of the interferometer. So to estimate whether the stitching operation is accurate enough the experiment is need to be done. And the experimental analyses results show the when the number of the sample points is not less than 25000 the stitching interferometer works well.

An optical fiber biosensor is introduced herein, which could directly detect biological interaction such as immunoreactions of antigens and antibodies without destroy the biolayer. The test is based on the theory of multilayer-reflection principle in white-light interferometry. When immunoreactions occur, the reflected spectrum phase shifts. Immunoreactions could be detected by means of reflected spectrum phase shifting, or by biolayer thickness changing. Continuously detecting of thickness changing on a fractional nanometer scale with subsecond repetition times is allowed in this system. The detecting system has high sensitivity, high precision, high speed, cost effective and working on a high reliability. The bioprobe is easy integrated as a BlAcore. The system and the experimental results on the reaction of rabbit-IgG with anti-rabbit-IgG are described in this paper. A sandwich method was adopted in the experiments.

A new method of double point sources interference scanning image for phase object is proposed in the paper. Based on the principle of the light interference, the expressions of the period and its displacement of the interference fringes have been deduced theoretically. The pictures of the fringes are gained by the CCD camera and the data are processed by the image processing technology. A gray-level image and a pseudo color image of the phase object are reconstructed. The scanning image intensity displayed by this method is linear to the phase. The phase accuracy could reaches π/10 ~ π/25, and the range of phase varies from 0 to 2π. The ray path of the experimental system is simple, and the operation is easy.

The key technique of optical wireless communication is Acquisition, Pointing and Tracking (APT). Owing to very large distance of optical wireless communication, all these factors such as equipment joggling, the scintillation will cause drift of facula. Traditional solution consists of acquisition system and tracking and pointing system. The acquisition system means that the acquisition of target in large scope of range of response. The tracking and pointing system means that accurate pointing to the communicative target. The function of system is to accurately point the target and to real-time track it after the acquisition of the target. This paper presents an innovative solution. The main idea proposed in this paper is to take the diameter of the light beam emitted by the optical taper in control, using the piezoelectric ceramic to adjust the smaller diameter of the optical taper of polymer optical fiber. This can make the facula larger when the system proceed to acquire and track, and make it smaller when the system proceed to communicate. The larger the facula is, the lower the energy density and SNR become. However, because of the lower precision requirement of information in tracking than in communication, the technique can fulfill the request generally. Meanwhile, the adopting of the OCDMA technique can greatly reduce the power request of the laser equipment. This new technique combines the communication system and the beacon system together, resulting in the smart decrease in the equipment price and the sharp simplification in the system scale.

A humanoid head system consisting of two CCD cameras and four freedoms framework to simulate human eyes' vision and neck's movement is proposed in the paper. The structure and principle of the system, as well as the framework of the humanoid head system and the mathematic and optical model are introduced. And these technologies of step motor's subdivision driving, CCD camera calibration based on radial alignment constraint and image matching through correlation are integrated to realize precise object recognition and distance measurement and automatic target tracking.

A novel technology for simultaneous and independent measurement of dual parameters is proposed and experimented. The length of a single fibre Bragg grating (FBG) is divided into two parts. The temperature variation and the strain are able to be measured independently and simultaneously, and the thermal effect can be erased. A metrological grating is employed to read out the output of the measurement system. The resolution of the measurement of strain can reach to 0.5μ strain, which corresponds to 0.04°C of temperature variation.

Direct detection of the dynamics of photo-induced electrons in AgBr photographic system sensitized by dye-55026 was performed using picosecond time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. The dependence of the electron transfer rate on different conditions and microcosmic mechanism of electron transfer were analyzed. The experiment setup in our work was a system of high-speed streak photography (Streak Cameras) with a time-resolution of 5 ps. With stead spectroscopy, the peak of absorption and fluorescence of J-aggregation on AgBr grains both have a red shift contrast to monomer. On the same time the absorption spectrum band of J-aggregation becomes narrow. The fluorescence decay curves of J-aggregation on both the cubic and tabular AgBr grains (T-grains) were gained with different dye concentrations. These curves are fitted well by a sum of double exponential functions, which includes a fast and a slow component. Because of large amplitudes (68-99% for T-grains and 68-80% for cubic grains) of the fast decay (2.4-12.1ps for T-grains and 4.1-5.8ps for cubic grains) and the estimated quantum yield of the electron injection, this fast decay should be mainly attributable to the electron transfer from excited J-aggregation to conduction band of AgBr. At low concentration (<4.51mmol/molAg), the fluorescence decay lifetime for T-grains is longer than that for cubic grains. As the increase of the concentration, it will become more rapidly for T-grains than that for cubic grains.

By introducing scattering probability and statistical distribution functions of substrate subsurface defects' radius, refractive indices and positions, extended bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) was derived on the foundation of Jones scattering matrix. A numerical calculation of the extended BRDF for p-polarization incident light has been performed by employing Monte Carlo method. The calculating results indicate that the extended BRDF depends strongly on incident angle, scattering angle and azimuth angle, and presents a specific symmetry. For real refractive index, the extended BRDF is independent of subsurface defects' positions. And the extended BRDF will provide a more precise model for the calculation and measurement of polarized light scattering resulting from subsurface defects.

Based on modulation transfer function (MTF), a CRT projection tube resolution measurement system has been developed. This system features auto optical focusing and voltage focusing. It has high resolution, fast measuring speed and friendly operation interface. The results indicate that the error of the system is within ±4% by measuring the standard optical slit ranging 30μm to 500μm, while repeatability is better than 95%. Moreover, the measured data demonstrate that the resolution of YAG projection tube can meet the demands of HDTV.

This paper presents an optic-electronic voltage transformer insulated by SF6, Which is applied in 500KV (line voltage) power system. The voltage sensor is based on converse piezoelectric effect in a quartz crystal. High voltage is exerted on the quartz crystal after being divided by cylinder capacitor divider, piezoelectric deformation is sensed by elliptical-core dual-mode fiber around the surface of cylindrical crystal, the differential phase shift of light wave is recovered by means of two spatial modes (LP01 mode and even LP11 mode) transmitted in the optical fiber and interrogated by low-coherence interferometer. Except for capacitor divider, quartz crystal, it is a whole optical fiber scheme, no separated optical devices, such as: collimators, polarizer and wave plates; Thus the cost of sensor is reduced, accuracy is advanced, and it is convenient for production in scale. Finally, the paper offers a design scheme for the voltage transformers' system and insulator, studies the performance of voltage transformer and provides a theory gist for the application of high voltage transformer.

In this paper the theoretical analysis of the conical laser traveling in atmosphere is presented. Under the circumstances that conical angle of laser is invariable and conical laser travels along horizontal, vertical and slant routes, the basic equation of intensity attenuation of the conical laser is obtained and the time curve of transmissivity vs. transmission distance is given. The researches lay the theoretical and technical foundations for the conical laser application to laser guidance and laser radar.

The goal of this 4" phase shifting Fizeau interferometer design is to measure the small scale deformations of the optical surface down to 0.1 millimeter in 100 millimeter diameter. In this paper, the factors of affecting the wavefront information testing in medium and high frequencies are analyzed. The general description of the 4" high spatial resolution interferometer is provided and the design of the major optical components in the interferometer is described. Finally, the interferograms of such kind of high spatial resolution interferometer producing are showed, and the last result is analyzed.

A new distributed interferometic optical fiber sensor (IOFS) for strain and vibrations measurement is proposed in the paper. It measures the first simultaneous information by using Mach-Zehnder Interferometer. The important points in regard to phase demodulation are explained. The system is all fiber and uses a 3×3 coupler for phase demodulation. Parameters such as strain sensitivity, transverse strain sensitivity, failure strain, and frequency response are discussed. The new scheme greatly reduces the complexity of practical fiber interferometer. An experimental setup has been implemented to demonstrate its expected merits. This type of IOFS has better sensitivity and resolution than others. At the time of writing, the system is only partially completed; therefore the content of this paper will focus on the principle of distributed optical fiber sensor. The results mainly are presented in laboratory.

This paper introduces a calibration method of machine vision measurement by a micro motion. This method is the combination of micro-displacement and machine vision measurement technology. It could get the system's resolution in a short time. The evaluation of the system's performance is realized automatically. It is possible to improve the reliability of measurement system by analyzing measurement results in real time.

Based on the principle of Beer-Lambert Law and aiming at the limit of traditional infrared measuring method of the moisture which utilizes mechanical modulating technology, the current paper presents a new-style measuring means, the measurement circuit and an optical structure which are based on electrically modulated technology. This application overcomes the disadvantages of common method and the moisture can be inspected uninterruptedly, untouchedly, great-range and fast if the infrared detector is used in the industry process. Without the effects of mechanical vibration, the whole system has the characteristics of low power consumption, high stability, high selectivity, free maintenance and is pocket-sized.

The remarkable improvement of sensing and processing hardware performance makes the non-contact, on-line, high accuracy and high speed measuring possible by means of linear CCD. The goal of this paper is to describe the key questions on designing the cone diameter detecting system by linear CCD. This paper first describes the detecting scheme. In particular, the factors affecting accuracy, such as resolution, voltage difference between neighbor pixels, detecting rate and so on, are analyzed, and the quantitative estimation equations are provided. CCD takes on the photoelectric translation and measuring component double functions, so the waveform of CCD output signal and the affecting factors merit deep discussion. On the basis of discussion, several principles that can be used to improve the boundary recognition accuracy are presented.

The method for designing beam expander of near infrared laser altimeter is discussed in the paper. By designing the beam expander with 632.8nm and 1064nm respectively and integrating it with 632.8nm design but compensating the chromatic aberration with 1064nm design with gasket and finally testing the result with 1064nm laser, the beam expander with requirement magnification is integrated. With a simulate detector and a Continuous-Wave (CW) 1064nm laser, an infinite light with divergence of the Field-of-View (FOV) of the telescope is produced. By acquiring the image of this infinite lignt and the laser transmitter at a 4m collimator's focal plane using a CCD camera and adjusting the relative azimuth and pitching of the transmitter and receiver, the alignment of the two subsystems is finished with the decentration less than 5%.

In order to improve the reliability of photoelectric switch type sensor and its anti-jamming ability to the outside natural rays and industrial highlight, this paper presents a photoelectric sensor based on the light digital link cyclic code type. In the light link of this sensor, a set of digital information is used to substitute the DC light information or the DC modulated light information of conventional sensor. And the sensing device implements strict digital sequential detection of the digital information. As this digital information hardly exists in the nature and industrial field, it is impossible to make interference to the light link. Therefore, the digital link cyclic code type photoelectric sensor is of high reliability and especially is not susceptible to the interferences in signal capture mode.

Past because of restriction of the craft, the method of the thermal evaporation can't realizes that double waveband light enter infrared optical window at the same time in the band of 3um to 5um and 8um to 12um. In order to complete the light signal collection in Infrared thermal imaging system, we have to design two light roads for this optical system. Along with the development of science, the design bring many inconvenience for the application and development of Infrared thermal imaging system. For changing this kind of status, we researched a kind of optical thin film that have capabilities in double wavelength light entering into same window together. In our study, crystal germanium was used as the substrate, zinc sulphide(ZnS) and germanium (Ge) are used as double waveband infrared optical window thin-film materials, otherwise, the A of special thin-film material was used to design coating, it was constructed by evaporating two of fluoride material at same time. End-Hall ion source was used to assist the e-beam evaporation to deposit ZnS. Two surfaces were deposited by different thin film. Because of getting in touch with the environment direct, the outward appearance should have high strength and anti-fogging. We sacrificed a part of spectral energy, adopted the sulphur zinc and germanium to design the layers. Then, antireflection coating of three-layer had designed with Michael's software. Ultimately, we obtained a suitable thin film. Because inside surface was sealed completely in system, and did not touch with environment around it direct, it needn't be a kind of hard material. For increasing the transmittance values of thin film, ZnS was used as the middle-index material, for the high-index, Ge is used. And for low-index, we selected the A of special thin-film material as low-index layer. It made the transmittance of infrared optical window turned higher. Then, antireflection coating of Four-layer had designed with Michael's software. We chose different temperature to heat the substrate, while two of thin films were deposited. At last, Double Waveband Infrared Optical Window were completed.

In-line holography is introduced in this paper. It is one of the many methods that have been used for the precision metrology for objects in various fields of engineering. Holography is a modern powerful tool to measure and analyze particle fields. A 4-f optical system is applied in in-line holographic recording system. The information of a particle field not only is recorded on a holographic plate but also can be derived from the reconstructed images through a reconstruction system. In the parallel optical field, the analysis of a particle field can be done with different instruments and in different depth of field and different positions. This recording system makes every particle in different spatial positions in the particle field have a same amplification ratio. This will be benefit to the data processing and calibration of the particle field. The interferential patterns formed on recording plate and relationship of the particles and the noise of the background in the particle field are analyzed. Some experimental results of particle fields recorded by in-line holography are presented in this paper. The particle identification and the elimination of noise are discussed at the end of this paper.

The power spectral density (PSD) is an appropriate way to specify the optical super-smooth surfaces. The reasons to characterize the super-smooth surfaces using the PSD are discussed. Some super-smooth mirror substrates obtained by different process methods are measured with an atomic force microscope (AFM). The measured optical surfaces are characterized by the PSD. The result shows that the PSD is of great guidance to the selection of manufacturing methods and process improvement.

Segmented mirror method is widely adopted in large optical telescopes nowadays in the world. Using segmented mirrors to make up a large mirror requires the segmented mirrors co-focus. It needs corresponding co-focus detecting methods to measure the co-focus errors. In China this kind of research is insufficient nowadays. In the paper, Zernike polynomial is used as Optical-Mechanical Interface, with the help of the engineering softwares, such as UG, Patran, Matlab, and the optical software CODE V to model and simulate the widely used Shack-Hartmann method. The relationship between S-H measurement and segmented mirror co-focus is found. Finally, a computer aided design method for optical measuring of segmented mirror co-focus is proposed.

A portable liquid sensing system based on a dual-channel and concave-shape optical coupling sensor array is developed for in-situ quantitative measurement of a liquid sample. The liquid sensing cell is specially designed by Multigassensors GmbH. In the cell, three light emitting and sensitive units with different light wavelength are integrated in a SiO₂ base. Each unit is composed of one light-emitting diode and two light-sensitive diodes. The cell is a concave-shape with a dual optical channel. The portable liquid sensing system is constructed by the sensing cell and peripheral devices which achieve functions of data acquisition, signal processing and mode identification. With different light absorption property for particular light wave, the tested liquid sample with different components and contents will produce special light response mode. Using the advanced sensor array signal processing algorithm and mode identification method, quantitative liquid measurement can be achieved in-situ by the portable system. The pH measurement for abromcresol green liquid sample is made using the present system and is compared with the result from a spectrometer. The accordant values from these two different devices demonstrate the feasibility of the novel liquid detection method and validity of the developed sensing system.

A noncontact optical fiber bundle displacement sensor with nanometer resolution and low drift is proposed. The principle of the sensor is based on reflective intensity modulation technique. The optical fiber bundle probe contains one transmitting bundle and two receiving bundles. There are 727 identical glass optical fibers with a diameter of 50μm arranged in a concentric random pattern at the probe end. The diameter of the probe coated with a thin stainless ferrule is as small as 2.5mm. A carrier amplifier system is adopted to reduce dc drift and the interference of ambient stray light. The disturbance caused by fluctuation of light source and variation of target surface reflectivity is eliminated by taking a ratio of two receiving signals. The thermal drifts from two photoelectric signal processing circuits cancel out each other by using elements with identical specifications for both photodetector-amplifier chains. The sensitivity of the sensor is 5.9mV/nm over a linear range of 700-2300μm with a nonlinearity of 1%. The achieved resolution is 1nm/square root Hz; over a dynamic bandwidth of 10KHz and the dynamic range is 286dB. It has been proved that the sensor run sufficiently well when used with nano-technological instruments.

Infrared tracking means to sense and automatically track an object on the base of various infrared reflective sensors. To enhance the precision of tracking in low contrast and improve the ability of withstanding outside natural lights or diversified noises, this article puts wavelet analysis into the signal-processing of low contrast tracking. As the wavelet transform can carry out non-linear filter according to different features of signal and noise, it is of high time(position) resolution when improving the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and is insusceptible to the form of signal,thus enhances the reliability of tracking. Emulation result shows that the effect of wavelet analysis picking faint signal from noise has great advantage over traditional filtering methods.

For FY-1C meteorological satellite radiation calibration at Chinese Satellite Calibration Test Site and establishment of the quantitative relation between the output of sensor and the known standard radiation., calibration of absolute spectral responsivity for ASD Field Spec Pro FR spectrometer made by ASD(Analytical Spectral Device) company has been done in the radiation calibration lab of Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, with the radiation calibration system of standard lamp, at the same time, the result of the calibration has been compared with the calibration of ASD company in American. In this paper method of procedure and results have been introduced, simultaneous source of uncertainty has been analyzed in detail. The uncertainty of the result is about 1.9%~6%, which has reached the request of the National Satellite Meteorological Center.

It is important to describe optical surfaces by means of quantitative measurements. The interferogram obtained by large aperture phase shifting interferometry can help better characterize surface features and provide sufficient description of surface structures. There are several factors affect the measurement results: the optics, electronics and the test environment. Wavelet transformation is an ideal tool to detect trends, discontinuities, and short periodicities on a surface. We have calculated the PSD in three different conditions by simulative analysis, including ideal condition, noise-interference condition and wavelet denosing condition. Comparing these data, we find that the PSD in wavelet denosing is the most similar to it in ideal condition.

Laser position detecting to weld seam is based on the principle of structured light measuring. The intense arc, combusting gas and spatters influence the acquisition of weld seam image in the process of welding. Therefore, the problem of anti-light disturbance is studied in four aspects. First, the forming factors of the light disturbance such as the arc and the melting cell radiation and so on is studied from the viewpoint of the distribution of spectrum energy. Matching the narrow-band filter with the wavelength of laser can obstruct the ultraviolet and infrared radiation. Secondly, the influence brought by the reflection on the surface of steel plate is studied and a neutral filter is used to absorb the light disturbance and then the signal-to-noise ratio of an image is improved. Thirdly, there are still some stripes of spatters on image after compound filtering. For calculating the position of weld seam, the technology of digital image processing is also adopted. And finally, obstructing the light disturbance by a mechanical part is also an important measure. A baffle installed between the welding torch and the laser sensor can effectively obstruct some of the spatters. After taking the above four aspects measures, the light disturbance is better eliminated and a clear image is acquired. It can be used to track the weld seam by crawling arc welding robot.

Multi-layer data storage based on nonlinear effect caused by two-photon absorption is an attractive approach in the field of mass data storage. A two-photon multi-layer optical disc storage system with disc rotation structure has been proposed. The multi-layer fluorescent disc used in this system consists of three layers. A transparent substrate (under layer) and a thin reflective layer (middle layer) are bonded together forming a kind of structure similar to DVD disc, which is necessary to servo the vertical and radial deviation. Two-photon bits are recorded in top layer. The storage system has two modules: servo module and confocal module. The former keeps following the vertical and radial deviations by means of focusing and tracking servo technologies used in current two-dimensional optical storage devices, so the system can be compatible with CD/DVD. According to the driving signal of actuators in servo pick-up, the confocal module can also follow the disc deviation in both recording and reading processes. The servo module has been finished and the result of preliminary experiment is presented. Using the actuator and the objective lens (NA 0.6) in SANYO pick-up, we successfully recorded and read three data layers in photobleaching material with a homemade femtosecond laser. The layer separation was 15μm and the transverse bit separation was 4 μm.

Optical correlator technologies play the important role in image processing systems. However, building a set of optical correlation system in lab, such as Vander Lugt correlator (VLC) or Joint Transform Correlator (JTC), takes lots of time and the expensive price. Meanwhile, there are some key technologies to solve in building processing. As an adjuvant tool, the simulation for optical correlation system by computer becomes an important means in building course. The computer simulation can find out the possibly potential problem in building term and the different operating condition to analyze the different experimental results. The paper offers detail the simulating procedure for JTC and VLC. In simulating term, the joint power spectrum differential method to smooth down the zero-order diffraction spot in JTC and produce an optimizing method to subdivide the macro-pixel based on Lee encoding method in VLC. The comparison between simulating and experimental results proves the feasibility of these methods and shows the bright application field. In the end of paper, an applying sample of simulating software to identify fingerprint images is given.

This paper presents an approach to extract local frequency and phase of interferogram from the ridge of its wavelet transform simultaneously. The principle is introduced. A Morlet wavelet is adopted for the continuous wavelet transform of interferogram. A numerical simulation and an experimental example have shown to verify the validity of the method introduced above.

This paper describes a kind of automatic test technology of the parameters used in a dual-CCD TV measure-system (TV-MS) .The TV-MS is the ground control equipment of the anti-tank missile and integrates the technologies of optical, machine and electronics. It is important and key component. The main technical parameters of the TV-MS are field of view, zero point, precision, sensitivity, anti-jamming ability, zooming time and focus time, etc. To insure the TV-MS satisfying the tactical and technical requirements and discover fault and reason, a fast and accurate equipment satisfying the test technical parameters of the TV-MS is urgently needed in manufacture and service. Firstly, the parameter test system converted optical signal to electronic signal, implemented automatic control of the invariant illumination of parallel pipeline output. Secondly, data and command delivering, displaying or printing are realized by using 80C196KB. The experiment result shows that the approach of automatic testing of the Parameters used in a dual-CCD TV-MS is successful and it can be used for all tests of the functions and parameters of the TV-MS. The main innovations are to realize the fast, veracious measure of technical parameters of the dual-CCD TV-MS, and integrate the technologies of optics, machineries and electronics. An advanced means is provided to judge the technical states, find malfunctions and discover the reasons in producing and maintaining process. The equipment suited for anti-tank missile systems is given.

An automatic measuring facility for the measurement of the energy distribution of a spot diagram based on the prototype of the Moderate Resolution Spectroradiometric Imager(MRSI) is presented in this paper. The facility consists of four main parts: 1. a microscope objective, 2. a special CCD camera, 3. a scanning system, 4. a data processing and output system which can implement data acquiring, storing and processing of images produced by the tested optical system. The facility can assess the optical imaging quality by obtaining the area of the energy distribution and find out the final image plane by comparing the spot diagram at different positions. The spot diagram gained by the CCD camera can be shown on the display screen in gray mode or color mode. The measuring facility has been developed and used in optical fabrication, assembling and evaluating of MRSI, and it is proved to be effective.

Micro-machining plays an important role in MEMS. In the micro-machining, the influences of the surface effect and the size effect must be considered. Moreover, the deformation and damage mechanics of the materials of the micro parts are different from those of the macro ones. Thus, traditional measuring methods are unsuitable for the micro-machining. In this paper, a new apparatus based on the computer vision is developed to measure the micro tensile strain of foil material in the micro-machining. A three-CCD computer vision system is constructed. Through image processing and calculation the micro-strain of the specimen is obtained. Therefore, on-line measurement of the micro-strain in the micro-machining can be realized by this system.

In order to obtain the phase modulation characteristics of liquid crystal spatial light modulator (LC SLM) a polarization interference method is introduced to measure the phase shift. In this method the polarized components of the light reflected from the LC SLM will interfere with each other after crossing two polarizers. The phase shift can be determined by analyzing the interference intensity. Since the two interference components of the light travel through the same path, the measurement setup is insensitive to vibrations and air currents, and then the accuracy of the measured data can be improved. The experiment results show that the phase modulations corresponding to different pixels of the LC SLM are relatively uniform across the aperture. The phase shifts will change linearly over 0 to 2π with gray levels when the custom look-up table (LUT) is used.

For making complex optical system meet the design requirement, such as the space camera used in remote sensing and UVX lithophotography, especially for off-axis all-reflecting optical system, alignment technology is so necessary. In this paper, a method is presented. Based on the ideas of linearity instead of non-linearity and difference quotient instead of differential quotient, a mathematical model for computer-aided alignment is proposed. This model included the characteristics of the optical system, wavefront difference of its exit pupil and its misalignment of the misaligned optical system. Then comparing self-compiled software with alignment package of CODE V, as a result, this self-compiled software is much more valid than alignment package of CODE V. For a large aperture, long focal length and off-axis three-mirror optical system, computer-aided alignment is successful. Finally, the wavefront error of the middle field is 0.094 waves RMS and the wavefront error of +0.7 field is 0.106 waves RMS and the wavefront error of -0.7 field is 0.125 waves RMS at π=632.8nm are obtained.

An optical diagnosis and analysis system is developed to in-situ observe and estimate crystal growth situation. A polarizing filter and a high pass binary amplitude filter are used in a common microscopy to observe the phase object and also to inverse the image contrast and strengthen the image edge. Meanwhile, a series of image processing techniques, such as median filtering, Robert operator, optimal threshold method and so on, are introduced to analyze the images of the crystal. An improved Hough transformation is carried out to get the pattern of crystal lattice. Finally, according to the integrity of crystal lattice and the evenness in the crystal lattice, some advice on the crystal growth situation is given. Experimental results with the acquired images demonstrate that the proposed system is feasible.

Optical measurement systems and instruments with diffractive optics have been successfully applied in various fields, particularly for the tasks, such as measuring geometries of large-scale workpieces, profiling large aspheres used in synchrotron radiation facility, etc. In this paper efforts to further improve the measurement resolution and accuracy of these optical measuring techniques are presented, in which principles of the optical systems employing typical diffractive optics as π-jump phase plate are, in detail, described, and characteristics of the image patterns created within these systems are analyzed. Finally a novel diffraction pattern processing method based on multi-layer feedforward neural networks is proposed, which is proved by digital simulation to be better than the conventional method based on the Least-squares curve fitting. Preliminary experimental setups have been built up to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of this novel method, and the results coincide with simulation very well.

Micro-hollow cathode discharge (MHCD), as a high-pressure glow discharge, has many applications in industry. Theclosed-MHCD is investigated experimentally in argon in the paper. The relations between breakdown voltages of glow discharge and gas pressure in argon are measured. Minimum breakdown voltages obtained, are about 520V at 200Torr argon. The differential resistivity of the voltage-current characteristics for all of the pressure studied is positive. Strong optical emission from the closed-MHCD is also observed. Measurement of electron temperature is carried out by optical emission spectroscopy. The electron temperature was about 1eV at the pressure from 200Torr to 760Torr and at the discharge current from 0.5mA to 10mA. An increase in pressure of the working gas leads to a slight decrease in electron temperature. The electron number density and gas temperature of closed-MHCD was investigated by diode laser atomic absorption spectroscopy. The gas temperature and the electron number density were evaluated from the analysis of the absorption line profiles, taking into account significant Stark broadening mechanisms. The gas temperature was found to increase with pressure from 1100K to 2100K. The electron number density was calculated from Stark broadening and shift, and it ranges from 7×10¹⁴ to 1.5×10¹⁵cm^-3. Thus, the closed-MHCD is similar to MHCD, which has the non-equilibrium character with the advantage of high-pressure. And it can also be used for non-thermal plasma processing e.g. surface treatment, plasma chemistry and generation of UV and VUV radiation.