We have performed Finite Element Electromagnetic modeling of light scattering in 'apertureless' Scanning Probe Optical Microscopy. Metal tips above metallic and transparent surfaces were modeled to determine suitable conditions for Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (TERS) and fluorescence. Gold, silicon, and oxidized silicon were evaluated as potential tip materials, as were the widely used flat substrates of gold, mica and silicon. The lateral resolution of optical imaging is calculated, as a function of tip-substrate separation. This resolution can be made significantly smaller than the tip radius for small tip-substrate separations. In order to model biologically relevant samples, aqueous environments are investigated for the first time, yielding some surprising results.
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