The military display market is analyzed in terms of all fully electronic and many electro-mechanical displays used on combat platforms across all DoD Services. The military market for displays is defined by parameters such as active area, bezel-to-bezel measurement and technology. Other characteristics such as luminance, contrast ratio, gray levels, resolution, viewing angle, color, video capability, and night vision imaging system compatibility are noted. This study takes into account all displays that are either installed or funded for installation. In some few cases, it also includes planned displays. Display sizes having aggregate defense applications of 5,000 units or greater and having DoD applications across 10 or more platform fleets, are tabulated. The issue of size commonality is addressed where distribution of active area across platform fleets, individually, in groups of two through nine, and ten or more, is illustrated. Military displays are also analyzed by technology, where total quantities of such displays are broken out into CRT, LCD, AMLCD, EM, LED, Incandescent, Plasma and TFEL percentages. Custom, versus Ruggedized Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (RCOTS), versus Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) designs are contrasted. High and low information content designs are identified. Displays for several high-profile military programs are discussed, to include both technical specifications and program history. Our defense-wide study as of February 2006 has documented 1,195 direct-view and 15 virtualview display sizes across 628 weapon system platforms for a total of 1,161,977 displays.

When a cockpit display is squawked by the pilot due to an observed problem, the normal maintenance action that follows is to replace the display. It is often found that the replaced display shows the same problem and the source of the problem is elsewhere in the system. This paper discusses a unique feature as part of the display architecture currently used by Astronautics, which uses the display to indicate to the maintenance technician, while on the aircraft, if there is a system problem. This greatly reduces maintenance times due to unnecessary display replacements.

This paper presents the development, the achievements and the performance of a Multipurpose Color Display (MPCD) and an Up-Front Control Display (UFCD) for the F/A-18 E/F aircraft. Each subassembly of the two displays is described including design trade-offs, problems encountered during the development and selected solutions. Technological achievements are highlighted such as an LED backlight, an infra-red touch panel and the extremely severe environmental conditions we had to meet. The final performance of the two displays significantly exceeds the originally specified requirements. Not less important, the paper describes achievements such as very fast development time, design to cost and the outstanding cooperation between the companies involved in this development. The two displays were flying 18 months after the start of the development at the full satisfaction of the pilots.

A low-power, yet sunlight readable, display is needed for dismounted applications where the user must carry the power source. Such a display could potentially replace paper checklists and maps with electronic counterparts. A reflective active matrix electrophoretic ink display (AMEPID) was evaluated as a candidate technology for such applications. This display technology uses ambient illumination, rather than competing with it, and requires power only when rewriting the display. The device was tested for viewability under a variety of lighting conditions. Readability of displayed text, as compared to standard print on white paper, was evaluated in an indoor office environment and in outdoor lighting conditions. Viewability of the display with night vision goggles (NVGs) was evaluated under simulated full moon, starlight, and overcast illumination conditions. Objective measurements of luminance, contrast ratio and reflectance were conducted under corresponding irradiance conditions and viewing angles using state-of-the-art photometric and radiometric measurement equipment. In addition to visible spectrum measurements, infrared (IR) reflectance and contrast were measured for the extended spectrum of 720-1700 nm. Results are discussed in terms of performance criteria for military displays, which are often much more demanding than for civil applications.

This paper outlines how the convergence of: high resolution rugged AM-LCD; high reliability solid-state backlighting; low-power, high-performance microcircuits; and robust, reconfigurable software can be combined in a modular architecture, to provide a truly "one size fits all" multi-function instrument. The 3ATI form-factor has been selected for this demonstration, as it both represents a very significant population of legacy applications, and because of its compact nature, providing a significant technical challenge. The authors outline how these challenges were addressed and present one application example as applied to the Threat Warning Instrument (TWI), for the Canadian Forces CH-148 (derived from the Sikorsky H-92 platform) "Cyclone" Defensive Aids Suite.

The Boeing Electronic Flight Bag (EFB) is a key element in the evolutionary process of an "e-enabled" flight deck. The EFB is designed to improve the overall safety, efficiency, and operation of the flight deck and corresponding airline operations by providing the flight crew with better information and enhanced functionality in a user-friendly digital format. The EFB is intended to increase the pilots' situational awareness of the airplane and systems, as well as improve the efficiency of information management. The system will replace documents and forms that are currently stored or carried onto the flight deck and put them, in digital format, at the crew's fingertips. This paper describes what the Boeing EFB is and the significant human factors and interface design issues, trade-offs, and decisions made during development of the display system. In addition, EFB formats, graphics, input control methods, challenges using COTS (commercial-off-the-shelf)-leveraged glass and formatting technology are discussed. The optical design requirements, display technology utilized, brightness control system, reflection challenge, and the resulting optical performance are presented.

Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display technology has been developing rapidly. A review of near-eye applications indicates its utility and efficiency, especially in comparison to legacy technologies. Next-generation designs now feature improved performance (significantly increased luminance and lifetime), further underscoring the utility of this display technology for consumer, military and industrial applications. Consumer applications include electronic gaming and personal entertainment. Military and industrial applications include situational awareness, thermal imaging, and simulation & training. Recent development activity is already leading to new opportunities for technological advances supporting a broader range of applications.

Currently deployed conventional flat panel AMLCD displays employ fluorescent lamp backlights to achieve the required lighting levels for cockpits in high performance aircraft. Advances have been made in backlighting technology by replacing fluorescent lamps with high performance LEDs. However, these new LED-based backlights are lacking in control of color and luminance intensity especially when related to NVIS requirements in a cockpit. This paper describes a unique integration of LED, electronic, and optical components to meet the requirements of high performance aircraft over their extreme range of operating environments. The LED-based backlight utilizes state-of-art components to enable daylight, night, and NVIS requirements to be implemented in a simple cost-effective package. The performance results presented highlight the advantages of this new design when compared to currently available backlighting designs. Techniques as described in section 2 of this paper are covered under patent application to the US and International Patent Offices.

We have fabricated pentacene organic thin-film transistor (OTFT) driven active matrix organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays on both glass and flexible polyethylene terephthalete (PET) substrates. These displays have 48 × 48 bottom-emission OLED pixels with two pentacene OTFTs used per pixel. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and parylene were used to photolithographically pattern the pentacene active layer and isolate the OTFT backplane from the OLEDs. Pentacene OTFTs are able to easily supply the current required for OLED operation, but improvements in device uniformity and stability are of interest.

The paper outlines the development and realization of a new breed of 4ATI instrument, based upon a modular, open architecture, intended to provide end users and system integrators maximum flexibility in both product sourcing and functionality. A critical component in successfully realizing such an outcome was the securing of AMLCD modules of requisite performance, that, preferably be multi-sourced, or include alternate provisions to preclude premature obsolescence. As the 4ATI size is poorly supported by custom FPD manufacturers, the developers elected to pursue a "cut-glass", or re-sized approach, thus greatly expanding the choice of AMLCD source. As part of the process, the authors developed a novel, low-stress, re-sizing approach, which proved successful in providing a high-yield process, of optimal environmental integrity.

Resizing AMLCD's by cutting has been demonstrated over a period of 15 years. However, compatibility of this approach with a harsh land-military environment has only recently been established. This paper will describe development and testing of a resized AMLCD, specifically to explore application to this environment. The application and test environment selected is that of the Control-Display unit for the Mobile Gun System (MGS). We describe the existing MGS display requirements and how the resized COTS display matched these requirements. We have also included results from performance and environmental tests that were used to validate this technology in the land-mobile environment.

This paper is a response to the challenge of providing a large area avionics display for the E-2D AHE aircraft. The resulting display design provides a pilot with high-resolution visual information content covering an image area of almost three square feet (Active Area of Samsung display = 33.792cm x 27.0336 cm = 13.304" x 10.643" = 141.596 square inches = 0.983 sq. ft x 3 = 2.95 sq. ft). The avionics display application, design and performance being described is the Primary Flight Display for the E-2D Advanced Hawkeye aircraft. This cockpit display has a screen diagonal size of 17 inches. Three displays, with minimum bezel width, just fit within the available instrument panel area. The significant design constraints of supporting an upgrade installation have been addressed. These constraints include a display image size that is larger than the mounting opening in the instrument panel. This, therefore, requires that the Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) window, LCD panel and backlight all fit within the limited available bezel depth. High brightness and a wide dimming range are supported with a dual mode Cold Cathode Fluorescent Tube (CCFT) and LED backlight. Packaging constraints dictated the use of multiple U shaped fluorescent lamps in a direct view backlight design for a maximum display brightness of 300 foot-Lamberts. The low intensity backlight levels are provided by remote LEDs coupled through a fiber optic mesh. This architecture generates luminous uniformity within a minimum backlight depth. Cross-cockpit viewing is supported with ultra-wide field-of-view performance including contrast and the color stability of an advanced LCD cell design supports. Display system design tradeoffs directed a priority to high optical efficiency for minimum power and weight.

Fast-switching flexoelectric cholesteric liquid crystal displays that can be operated in two modes: amplitude (flexoelectric effect, in-plane-switching) and phase (dielectric coupling, out-of-plane switching) have been developed. The device comprises of a small amount of polymer network localized at the substrate surfaces and short-pitch cholesteric liquid crystal whose helical axis laid in the direction parallel to the substrates. The polymer network stabilizes the helical axis in the plane parallel to the substrates at zero voltage. The response times for amplitude and phase switching of a polymer-stabilized cholesteric display with 2 microns cell gap are 200 μs at 3.5 V/μm and 3 ms at 12.5 V/μm, respectively. Using a dual-frequency switchable nematic liquid crystal, we are able to improve the contrast of the amplitude switching by obtaining a larger deviation angle of helical axis with a high voltage and in the same time, suppressing the helix unwinding.

American Panel Corporation (APC) designs and delivers customized AMLCD products for aircraft cockpits and rugged ground vehicles. APC specifies AMLCD's to be designed and manufactured, based on an exclusive relationship, with both LG.Philips LCD, in South Korea and BOE Hydis, in South Korea. This paper addresses the Fringe Field Switching (FFS) technology developed by BOE Hydis and APC's customization of this technology into both high end avionics display products as well as consumer display products. FFS technology optimizes all optical and electrical performance qualities into a single product. APC offers the high temperature FFS products for all applications.

Interest has existed for a considerable period of time in migrating weather penetrating sensor technology from its origins in military applications to the civil sector, and some civil certified systems are now available on business jets. This paper discusses the issues that such a migration raises from the perspective of the requisite head up display performance requirements, and includes results of flight trials conducted in this area.

For over four decades the Head Up Display (HUD) has been a critical instrument in tactical aircraft, as well as in an increasing number of commercial air transports. HUDs provide a unique means to present vital information to the pilot, precisely overlaid on the real world, without the need to look down or refocus onto the instrument panel displays. HUD imaging technology, using high brightness CRTs, has remained largely unchanged during this period, despite dramatic advances in display technology across the remainder of the avionics spectrum. As reliability improvements have reduced life cycle costs for other avionics systems, the relative cost of ownership for CRT-based HUDs has become increasingly unacceptable. Further, as special-purpose CRTs have steadily been replaced by digital display alternatives the number of potential sources has dwindled, raising growing parts obsolescence issues. These issues can be resolved by replacing the CRT and its associated electronics with a solid-state digital image engine. Such "digital" HUDs (DHUDs) have been certified for use in a number of commercial air transports, and are gaining wide acceptance in the user community. The operational and environmental requirements for DHUDs for tactical aircraft are more demanding than for transports, however the core technologies are in place to meet these needs. The stage is set to achieve excellent performance, dramatic life cycle cost reductions and low cost, for both legacy and new tactical aircraft. This paper describes digital HUD development efforts to date and summarizes key performance parameters and design issues.

Recent years have seen a migration by industry away from Cathode Ray Tubes towards solid state alternatives. In the Aerospace industry, head down displays in cockpits no longer use CRT technology and head up displays are set to follow suit. This paper describes a program of research and development that has explored the technical issues involved in producing an all digital, solid state illuminated HUD, and describes the results obtained from testing the flyable pre-production unit.

Command and Control (C2) environments require several key decision-makers to visualize, interpret, and analyze voluminous static and dynamic information of varying complexity originating from multiple sources. The challenges in providing a paramount display solution for today's mission planning relies heavily on building a large, high resolution, and collaborative display system which foster better information management, and heightened situational awareness. The Advanced Visualizations and Interactive Displays (AVID) team at the Air Force Research Laboratory Information Directorate addresses the needs of the present C2 environment, and has designed, developed, and deployed versions of the Interactive DataWall (IDW). The IDW is a contiguous large display solution equipped with multiple methods for application interaction, and the ability to receive numerous sources of data in real time. Fostering a collaborative environment, the IDW architecture enables multiple users to engage simultaneously with the display via camera-tracked laser pointer interaction, in combination with personal digital assistants (PDA). Decision-makers share the large-screen display area together by sending their applications to the IDW, originating locally or remotely. Simultaneous and multiple cursor support are fully functional without requiring any special modifications to the operators' existing applications.

Display technology for DOD immersive projector-based flight training systems are at a crossroads as CRT technology slowly disappears from the market place. From the DOD perspective, emerging technologies arrive poorly matched to satisfy training needs. The DOD represents a minority voice in the marketplace. Current issues include: Satisfying requirements for black level, brightness and contrast ratio, Establishing standard metrics for resolution, system performance and reliability, Obtaining maintainability and self-calibration in multi-channel arrays, Reducing screen cross-reflection in wrap-around immersive display arrays. Laser, DLP, and LCOS projector systems are compared for their current acceptance and problems in defense flight training systems. General requirements of visual display systems are discussed and contrasted for flight trainers for low flyers (helicopters) high flyers (tactical aircraft) in real-time immersive, networked systems. FLIR and NVG simulation techniques are described.

Conventional bezel switches rely on mechanical contacts. This paper describes a novel technology using high frequency trapped mechanical vibrations to sense switch action with no moving parts. This technology provides robust switch activation and a high level of environmental immunity (both electrical and mechanical). The signal processing scheme recognizes if a switch has failed or is about to fail, and can move switch functions in a pre-determined manner to other switch positions on the bezel. The result is a "smart bezel" with not only higher reliability over mechanical switches, but with the ability to greatly improve overall system reliability as well as support on-board maintenance by five times, reduce the maintenance costs by 50% and repair costs by 90%, thereby providing substantial savings to the Navy in T-45 multi-functional display Life Cycle Costs. The resulting system architecture as explained in this paper is used in conjunction with a "smart display" to fully realize the advantages of this technology. This new bezel technology has recently been flight qualified in a military aircraft.

The next generation Soldier will be required to provide control for both ground and air unmanned systems in support of future combat operations. Unmanned systems show a great deal of promise in that they will increase Soldier safety and enhance situational awareness, but based on their current state of autonomy, will require high levels of interaction from the operator. These interactions will range from platform and payload control while mounted within a combat vehicle to dismounted outside or some distance away from the vehicle, and will be performed in addition to his or her primary mission. In order to effectively work together with these systems, he or she must have a consistent interface that provides intuitive control of primary unmanned system functions and does not impose a unique training burden. In addition, the interface must be able to present information to the Soldier independent of display size and environmental conditions, minimize power and weight, and provide the proper control devices necessary to manipulate vehicle functions to include mobility, sensors and weapons.

Implementation of an efficient 3D display with high-quality image is beneficiary for a variety of applications, including the entertainment industry, surveillance centers, advanced engineering design, etc. A number of 3D display systems are currently under the development, such as autostereoscopic 3D display (ASD), spatially multiplexed, volumetric and (electro) holographic. Temporally multiplexed ASD approaches have certain advantages as compared to other methods, especially in retaining the full resolution of the display and in providing large headboxes. The confluence of high framerate deformable mirror displays, graphical processing units (GPUs) capable of specialized rendering, high bandwidth commodity grade computer busses (particularly PCI-express) and rapidly switchable, high brightness LEDs have all served to make a high quality temporally multiplexed ASD viable. We report on the incorporation of the previously noted technologies within an ASD with multiple viewing zones and a look around capability. In addition, the same technologies allow for a practical realization of the aspect-in-point display (APD) concept, which couples the use of a temporally multiplexed display in conjunction with the faceted holographic optical elements to form a 3D image. In essence, the APD consists of a multiplex hologram that is electronically updated in a high-speed fashion, incorporating many of the advantages of the former.

COTS components provide an affordable solution for land mobile display requirements. However, most military programmes require that components be available for an extended period of at least 10 years. Industrial COTS components are typically available for about 3 years, causing severe problems in supportability, with attendant cost implications. This paper will describe a COTS based solution for the M1A2 SEP Commanders Tactical Display and the problems encountered and overcome over an operational period of 8 years.

The Future Force Warrior (FFW) equipped Small Combat Unit (SCU) is characterized as a platoon level organization that uses soldier borne system (SBS) components, supplemental SCU equipment, sensors, robotics, a distributed information database, and networked communications to execute collective War Fighter functions not achievable by any other SCU. These new functions introduce complex battlefield information management and display requirements. The thrust of FFW is to provide the ability to process and disseminate information, and determine how to display the information effectively to the soldier. The FFW SBS System development requires continuous integration of capabilities to increase functionality while reducing weight, cube/bulk, space, power consumption, and logistical footprint. This paper addresses these complex issues and explains the information available to the soldiers.

The present paper begins with a look at early display concepts to emerge from the soldier-as-a-system program that focused on the future warrior. In these early advanced technology demonstrations the dominant visual display was the head- or helmet-mounted display (HMD). These displays evolved from aviator-like HMDs with CRTs to miniature lighter weight liquid crystal and active matrix electro-luminescent displays. It took some time before alternative display forms were more seriously considered as developers and researchers gained a better understanding of how displays best work for a wide variety of military operators. Considering this history, the challenges faced by flexible display technology include the search for appropriate devices and form factors for application. This paper outlines how developers might more rapidly conceptualize innovative, yet functional, design concepts to address the requirements of the future dismounted soldier.

The Global Information Grid (GIG) enables the dissemination of real-time data from any sensor/source as well as the distribution of that data immediately to recipients across the globe, resulting in better, faster, and more accurate decisions, reduced operational risk, and a more competitive war-fighting advantage. As a major component of Network Centric Warfare (NCW), the GIG seeks to provide the integrated information infrastructure necessary to connect the robust data streams from ConstellationNet, FORCENet, and LandWarNet to allow Joint Forces to move beyond Situational Awareness and into Situational Understanding. NCW will provide the Joint Forces a common situational understanding, a common operating picture, and any and all information necessary for rapid decision-making. However, with the exception of the 1994 introduction of the Military Standard 2525 "Common Warfighting Symbology," there has been no notable improvement in our ability to display information for accurate and rapid understanding. In fact, one of the notable problems associated with NCW is how to process the massive amount of newly integrated data being thrown at the warfighter: a significant human-machine interface challenge. The solution; a graphical language called GIFIC (Graphical Interface for Information Cognition) that can display thousands of data points simultaneously. Coupled with the new generation COP displays, GIFIC provides for the tremendous amounts of information-display required for effective NCW battlespace awareness requirements, offering instant insight into joint operations, tactical situations, and targeting necessities. GIFIC provides the next level of information-display necessary for a successful NCW, resulting in agile, high-performance, and highly competitive warfighters.

Bistable reflective cholesteric displays are a liquid crystal display technology developed to fill a market need for very low power displays. Their unique look, high reflectivity, bistability, and simple structure make them an ideal flat panel display choice for handheld or other portable devices where small lightweight batteries with long lifetimes are important. Applications ranging from low resolution large signs to ultra high resolution electronic books can utilize cholesteric displays to not only benefit from the numerous features, but also create enabling features that other flat panel display technologies cannot. Flexible displays are the focus of attention of numerous research groups and corporations worldwide. Cholesteric displays have been demonstrated to be highly amenable to flexible substrates. This paper will review recent advances in flexible cholesteric displays including both phase separation and emulsification approaches to encapsulation. Both approaches provide unique benefits to various aspects of manufacturability, processes, flexibility, and conformability.

Consumer display manufacturers are increasingly interested in white organic light emitting devices (WOLEDs), because these devices offer thinner display profiles, and in combination with color filters eliminate the need for shadow masks. Additionally, WOLEDs are well suited for general-purpose illumination, and laboratory results show that their power efficiencies have surpassed that of incandescent bulbs. To replace current backlight technologies with WOLEDs, further increases must be made in the power efficiency of blue and red phosphorescent devices, and in the power density of OLEDs. In this paper, we report on a blue-red-green 6" square striped lighting panel emitting >100 lumens, and on a stacked OLED (SOLED) 6" square panel. The SOLED consists of a red and green OLED connected by a 70 nm- thick aluminum electrode that simultaneously serves as the cathode for the bottom green device and as the anode for the top red device.

Partially conjugated PPV derivatives as an emitting material were prepared in order to control the emitting color. According to the control of the conjugation length of the PPV emitters by using the conjugation interrupt atoms such as nitrogen (N-PPV) or silicon (Si-PPV) in their polymer backbone, various emitting PPV derivatives have been obtained. Highly efficient bright white emitter can be realized through simple mixing of various PPV derivatives.

This paper presents a new transparent electrode (TE) for flexible displays and energy saving windows. The TE is a room temperature vacuum-deposited multi-layer thin-film system. Both highly transparent rigid materials including glass and ceramics as well as flexible polymeric materials such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polypropylene can serve as substrates for the TE. The TE is deposited as a flexible coating that can be rolled around a 0.5cm diameter cylinder with little or no reduction in electrical conductivity and that can assume pre-extension states after an applied stress is relieved. The TE exhibits high visible transmittance without color. The transmission spectrum of the TE, which matches the eye sensitivity curve, allows the viewing of true background colors through the coating. The photopic transmittance of the TE is 88% and it is a UV inhibiter. The new transparent conductor has 3-5 Ohm/sq of sheet resistance. The environmental stability of the TE was evaluated in a wedeometer with the coating on a PET substrate withstanding 150 hours at 50^oC, 95% humidity, and ultraviolet (UV), without changing its original performance. The coating can be patterned using standard etching procedures.. In this paper, the properties of the TE are compared with those of common transparent conductive oxides (TCO) including ITO, ZnO: Al and SnO2:F. In addition to the technical description, the paper analyzes potential markets and applications of the TE with emphasis on the replacing current TCO coatings, specifically ITO for flexible display electrode and energy saving window applications.

A jointly funded development project was undertaken by the United States Display Consortium (USDC) and Rockwell Collins, Inc., to characterize internally developed flexible night-vision imaging system (NVIS) filters which enhance the performance of organic light-emitting displays (OLEDs) and other potential flexible display technology variants. We have developed an innovative dye-based NVIS filter material well suited for use as a front surface filter for OLED displays. In particular, this new NVIS filter material offers high transmittance in the visible spectrum along with a sharp spectral cut-off and excellent extinction in the near-IR (NIR). This report presents results from a recent investigation to assess the compatibility of this new dye-based NVIS filter material with rigid and flexible OLEDs.

Time Multiplexed Optical Shutter (TMOS) is a new approach to flat panel light valve display technology that addresses display requirements in avionics applications, particularly head-down cockpit deployments. TMOS modulates the local transmission of light from a waveguide coextensive with the screen. The architecture requires fewer, larger on-screen features (e.g., TFTs) than prevailing technologies because it exploits field sequential color techniques. Methods to mitigate color break up are presented. TMOS exhibits lower power consumption, lower weight, a simplified architecture, and better visual quality than incumbent display technologies while overcoming their limitations (e.g., poor light efficiency, and size/weight constraints due to yield and backlighting). TMOS should meet avionics needs without additional ruggedization enhancements, offers high immunity to EMP, and can be constructed from transparent materials (allowing z-axis redundancy to improve cockpit ergonomics). Respecting the avionics market, TMOS has advantages over incumbent display technologies, including lower sensitivity to temperature variation, greater immunity to vibration, higher system efficacy (power in to light out), and larger dimming ratios. The status of TMOS development and its fit within avionics applications is addressed.

This paper discusses data storage requirements for Smart displays which are based of a display with a single-board computer built into the casing. This paper evaluates the ability of three of the most popular COTS data storage solutions - mechanical disk, ruggedized mechanical disk and solid-state flash disk - to meet these requirements today and in the future. It addresses issues of capacity, data reliability, endurance, form factor, cost and security features.

Stereo matching, a technique for acquiring depth information from many images obtained by several cameras, was developed several decades ago. Recently a technique that use a lens array instead of several cameras have regarded as one of a novel depth-extraction technique because of the advantages offered by its simple system configuration. In this paper, a novel method using integral imaging (II) technique to generate the computer-generated hologram (CGH) patterns of a real three-dimensional (3D) object is proposed. Elemental images of a real 3D object are captured by an II pick up system and the captured images are modified. Disparity maps are estimated from the modified images. Then, depth data for each pixel of the object can be extracted on the frame basis from these estimated maps. Using these depth data and original color images, hologram patterns of a real object can be computationally generated. In the experiment, the character 'K' and 'W' were used as a real 3D object. Elemental images of 'K' and 'W' are captured by using the digital camera and micro lens array. And its depth data are extracted from them. Then, CGH patterns are generated with these depth-annotated images of 'K' and 'W'. Finally, the patterns are experimentally displayed via a holographic display system.

In this paper, integrated lighting is discussed, including light sources, rough or relief surfaces such as diffusers and microprisms, as well as theoretical limits of ray tracing and photometry, and performance metrics of integrated lighting systems.