This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 7124, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction (if any), and the Conference Committee listing

Main goal of presented work was the construction of neural network for detection of deep defect centers in semiinsulating materials. The element of novelty is the implementation of local cluster function combined with the leave-one-out method, used to determine the appropriate structure of neural net.

In this paper the method of structural and optical properties of novel crystals of the [N(C₃H₇)₄]₂MeBr₄ (Me = Zn, Co, Cu) will be presented. The X-ray investigations were carried out using four-circle diffractometer KM4-CCD at room temperature Optical spectra of samples were measured using AVS-S2000 and 1725 FI -IR spectrometers. Connections between optical properties of the studied crystals and electronic configuration of transition metal ions will be considered. An influence of metal ion substitution on the shape of the optical spectra of crystals will be also discussed.

In the paper the method of synthesis, physical and optical properties of 45SiO₂ - 8Al₂O₃ - 15B₂O₃ - (32 -x) PbO + Na₂O + K₂O + xNd₂O₃/NdF₃, x = (1 - 3% mol) glasses were presented. The transparent and thermally stable aluminosilicate glasses without any crystallization effect were synthesized. Optimal concentration of neodymium ions in glass host was established in order to obtain high luminescence. Absorption and luminescence spectra of obtained glasses were measured. Influence of thermal treatment on level of luminescence was investigated.

We present an optical method for a measurement of the sampling impulse force at mechanical spectrometer and first experimental results are briefly reported. This method is based on a diffraction pattern [2,4] observation using fotodetector connected to computer. A photodiode located at the central fringe records variation in the light intensity.

In this paper, we present a long-period fiber grating (LPFG) with a unique liquid crystal (LC) cladding. The experimental study is focused on achieving external tuning by applying electric fields to influence the spectral properties of LPFGs using LCs for potential applications in photonic sensing and in communications. The LPFGs are fabricated in two types of fibers: single-mode (SM) fiber and photonic crystal fiber (PCF). Their sensitivities when surrounded by nematic LCs mixtures are compared. In addition, the influence of an external electric field on the spectral properties of LPFGs with an "active" LC medium is investigated. We demonstrate a spectral shift, under an external electric field, in the transmission spectrum of the LPFG based on SM fiber with 1294-1b LC mixture serving as the surrounding medium.

The idea and, design and realization of fiber Bragg grating multiplexing system is given. Special Bragg gratings with very long and linear side slopes were practically realized. They were tuned for different wavelengths distanced 9nm in each measurement channel. The system was applied for strain control. Special spectrophotometer with linear photodiode array was made. For flexible distributed multiplexing of many sensor channels fiber-optic switches were used.

The coupler surrounding media can drastically change the spectral properties of single-mode fused biconically tapered single-mode coupler. The coupling coefficient can vary from 0% to almost 100% by changing the value of outer refractive index. The application of such behavior can lead to realize fiber switches, refractometers or tunable multiplexers/demultiplexers.

A theoretical study of photonic liquid crystal fibers (PLCFs) is presented. Applied numerical approach is based on fully-vectorial plane wave method for the calculation of modal structure of photonic crystal fiber. Used method allows for including material anisotropy that is essential in numerical simulations of the light propagation in photonic liquid crystal fibers. Influence of such parameters as molecules ordering and orientation on the photonic band gaps location and on the propagation constant values of guided modes are studied. It is shown that the guiding mechanism can be easily switched between index guiding and bandgap guiding simply by changing temperature. Moreover, the hybrid guiding for different polarizations can be achieved by applying external electric field perpendicular to the propagation direction.

This paper describes design and realization of the fiber sensor system. The metrology system was developed for construction mechanical stress control. The system is based on fiber Bragg gratings as a physical quantity sensors. The major emphasis is placed on sensor system management which is running under the LabView environment. Specific tasks are realized by the programme such as acquiring, processing and visualizing of measurement data from the multiplexed sensor system.

In the paper we present a detailed theoretical analysis of the polarization state evolution in the all-fiber Lyot depolarizer based on a modified Mueller-Stokes equation. The results of its experimental verification are also described. Determining the exact form of the depolarization matrix diagonal elements enabled finding the formulae for the state and degree of light polarization at the Lyot depolarizer output in a function of the input light parameters and properties of the fiber used in the depolarizer construction. Finally, it is shown how this device can be used for measuring the coherence length of the light coupled into the Lyot depolarizer.

This paper presents the proposition of a novel integration method of multi-parameter heads to be used for examination of liquids with short sections of locally heated optical capillaries. The first implementation of the proposed method concerns is a light source fiber and a detection fiber inserted into the capillary hole. In such a setup the local heating causes switching of the hole modes into the tube modes. Therefore, unlike other well-known fiber optical sensors for liquids that utilize spectral information of the index of refraction and optical signal attenuation, the short section capillary method takes advantage of additional information originating from surface tension, viscosity, boiling point, vapor pressure of liquid and its heat capacity. The setup with fibers can be easily used in a laboratory environment. For an in-situ application such construction is not recommended, because introducing the fiber into the capillary can generate small vapor bubbles. Therefore, direct side coupling of the capillary and a semiconductor light source is needed. We show that the hole modes excitation is possible with satisfactory working parameters when soda glass capillaries are preconditioned using a relatively simple technique.

This paper is a digest tutorial on some properties of capillary optical fibers (COF). Two basic types of capillary optical fibers are clearly distinguished. The classification is based on propagation mechanism of optical wave. The refractive, singlemode COF guides a dark hollow beam of light (DHB) with zero intensity on fiber axis. The photonic, singlemode COF carries nearly a perfect axial Gaussian beam with maximum intensity on fiber axis. A subject of the paper are these two basic kinds of capillary optical fibers of pure refractive and pure photonic mechanism of guided wave transmission. In a real capillary the wave may be transmitted by a mixed mechanism, refractive and photonic, with strong interaction of photonic and refractive guided wave modes. Refractive capillary optical fibers are used widely for photonic instrumentation applications, while photonic capillary optical fibers are considered for trunk optical communications. Replacement of classical, single mode, dispersion shifted, 1550nm optimized optical fibers for communications with photonic capillaries would potentially cause a next serious revolution in optical communications. The predictions say that such a revolution may happen within this decade. This dream is however not fulfilled yet. The paper compares guided modes in both kinds of optical fiber capillaries: refractive and photonic. The differences are emphasized indicating prospective application areas of these fibers.

The paper presents theoretical ray model analysis of propagation light in structure of double layer capillary waveguide. The theoretical basics of ray model are shown. The influence of incident angle of light is investigated. The obtained results of calculations are presented and compared with measurements results.

The paper describes a new generation of high performance, remote control, CCD cameras designed for astronomical applications. A completely new camera PCB was designed, manufactured, tested and commissioned. The CCD chip was positioned in a different way than previously resulting in better performance of the astronomical video data acquisition system. The camera was built using a low-noise, 4Mpixel CCD circuit by STA. The electronic circuit of the camera is highly parameterized and reconfigurable, as well as modular in comparison with the solution of first generation, due to application of open software solutions and FPGA circuit, Altera Cyclone EP1C6. New algorithms were implemented into the FPGA chip. There were used the following advanced electronic circuit in the camera system: microcontroller CY7C68013a (core 8051) by Cypress, image processor AD9826 by Analog Devices, GigEth interface RTL8169s by Realtec, memory SDRAM AT45DB642 by Atmel, CPU typr microprocessor ARM926EJ-S AT91SAM9260 by ARM and Atmel. Software solutions for the camera and its remote control, as well as image data acquisition are based only on the open source platform. There were used the following image interfaces ISI and API V4L2, data bus AMBA, AHB, INDI protocol. The camera will be replicated in 20 pieces and is designed for continuous on-line, wide angle observations of the sky in the research program Pi-of-the-Sky.

We describe the reasons of proceeding Thermal-Vacuum tests for space electronic. We will answer on following questions: why teams are doing TV tests, what kind of phases should be simulated, which situations are the most critical during TV tests, what kind of results should be expected, which errors can be detect. As an example, will be shown TV-test of SIR-2 instrument for Chandrayaan-1 moon mission.

This document presents the conception of electronic controller for Power Supply subsystem for MXGS (Miniature X-ray and Gamma Sensor) payload of ASIM (Atmospheric Space Interaction Monitor) experiment to be located onboard International Space Station as an add-on for European Space Laboratory - Columbus. The aim of this experiment is to investigate interactions between upper layers of Earth's atmosphere and the outer space. One of the methods of conducting this kind of examination is planned to be performed by means of MXGS subsystem using a set of CdZnTe detectors. These are utilized to acquire data about Gamma and X radiation, emitted during specific natural electric discharges for spectral analysis purposes. Power supply of detector crystals and corresponding front-end electronics represents very important matter for whole payload subsystem, therefore major focus was put on proper monitoring of Power Supply Unit's performance. Power Supply Controller must operate in harsh space environment therefore utilization of space qualified components is taken under consideration.

The paper presents construction of broadband optical system devoted to free space optical communication using long wavelength quantum cascade laser and a heterostructural thermally cooled HgCdTe photodetector. This system should characterize with lower sensitivity to adverse meteorological conditions when compared with the systems operating in near IR.

The CEBAF Accelerator at Jefferson Lab presently consists of 50 MeV injector, two anti-parallel superconducting linacs and two arcs for transporting beam between the linacs. By the mid-1990s, the accelerator was providing electrons up to 5.75 GeV. The 12 GeV Upgrade is a major accelerator project aimed at doubling the energy by adding 10 (five per linac) new high gradient cryomodules, each providing 100 MV of field. The new cryomodule will consist of eight 7-cell superconducting cavities operating at an average accelerating gradient of 19.5 mv/m and with an external Q = 3.2 x 10⁷ The high gradient, very high quality factor and large Lorentz detuning coefficient (K_L up to 4) pose significant challenges beyond what the present analog low level RF (LLRF) control systems can handle reliably; therefore, a new digital LLRF control system has been developed. The main highlights of the new RF Control system include: a RF frontend with low temperature drift and good linearity, a large FPGA platform for digital signal processing, an EPICS Input Output Computer (IOC) using a PC-104 and a digital Self Exciting Loop (SEL) based algorithm. This paper provides an overview of the 6 GeV and 12 GeV Upgrade CEBAF machines, a summary of sources of cavity field variation that drive LLRF system performance, and discusses recent developments and progress in Jefferson Lab's new LLRF system design.

A new acquisition system has been developed to allow the measurement of an individual intensity of each bunch in a bunch train. Such a system will be used for the measurement of beams at the injection, ejection and acceleration lines. The method is based on integrating of the analogue signal supplied by a Beam Current Transformer (BCT). The signal is sampled by two 12 bits ADCs. The output of the ADC is then processed in the FPGA, where the rest of the signal processing is performed. In case of the Proton Synchrotron (PS), special synchronization algorithm has been developed. The measurement system was build as a standard VME module. Apart from that, on the same board there were implemented current and charge calibrators.

The Linac-4 linear accelerator will be part of a new, upgraded injection chain for the Large Hardon Collider. Its construction must meet very high requirements for the beam parameters. One of critical ones is a beam profile. This will be measured using among the others, Secondary Emission Grids. Such a device consists of several thin wires, equipped with the amplifier and dedicated readout electronics. The presented VME Card simultaneously samples 36 differential channels allowing precision beam profile measurements. The other applications of the card include LHC DC current transformers readout and general fast and precision data acquisition.

In the article method and results of time-domain simulation in Matlab software of voltages on primary and secondary sides of the voltage transformer during its work in environments in which strong external magnetic fields are present. On the base of presented simulation results it is possible to determine the actual value of voltage on secondary side of the voltage transformer in dependence of actual value of voltage on primary side of the voltage transformer, load value of the secondary windings and external magnetic field strength. Time-domain simulation in Matlab software of voltages on primary and secondary sides of the voltage transformer also enables determine of phase displacement between actual values of these voltages.

The paper discusses studies on chosen models of controlled voltage source systems having parameters set digitally. The presented results apply to simulation analyses of digital controlled parameter voltage controlled voltage sources (DCPVCVS). Thanks to using DAC in the above mentioned systems it was possible to control such parameters as gain and bandwidth.

This paper show an advanced computer graphic techniques for laser range finder (LRF) simulation. The LRF is the common sensor for unmanned ground vehicle, autonomous mobile robot and security applications. The cost of the measurement system is extremely high, therefore the simulation tool is designed. The simulation gives an opportunity to execute algorithm such as the obstacle avoidance[1], slam for robot localization[2], detection of vegetation and water obstacles in surroundings of the robot chassis[3], LRF measurement in crowd of people[1]. The Axis Aligned Bounding Box (AABB) and alternative technique based on CUDA (NVIDIA Compute Unified Device Architecture) is presented.

A crucial problem in machine learning is finding the representative set of data for building a model for both classification and approximation task. In this paper we present the orthogonal least squares method for feature selection. The presented method was used for finding the most important features for selecting patients with sustained ventricular tachycardia after myocardial infarction (SVT+). We show that with the reduced set of descriptors used in the classification process we obtain the results that are better than those obtained with the full set.

This paper presents the method of risk recognition of sustained ventricular tachycardia and flicker in patients after myocardial infarction based on high-resolution and signal-averaged electrocardiography. Described semisupervised method is combination of k-means clustering and support vector machine classifier. The work is based on dataset obtained from the Medical University of Warsaw. While learning process there were used only 5% examples labels. Evolutionary optimization of coefficients for each signal parameter was executed. It let show the most important parameters. The method of classification had high rate of successful recognition about 94.9%.

This paper presents a problem of design of on-line water monitoring systems including electro-chemical sensors. In systems like this several basic problems have to be solved, e.g. sufficient quality of sensor fabrication, appropriate sensor conditioning and water sample treatment, sensor signal processing for good measurement accuracy/precision, environmental data transmission/storage and Web connectivity of the system. We focus on multiple-sensor signal processing (Data Fusion) for improvement of measurement accuracy/precision. This in turn calls for sensor response modelling, data processing algorithm design and implementation in measurement system firmware (a hardware-software co-design problem). A demonstrator measurement system has been designed and built to verify applicability of proposed technology to European water monitoring.

Several theoretical considerations are known dedicated to mathematical modeling of physical phenomena in ionselective membranes. They yield full theory of ions complexation in ionophoric membranes. However all these works give results which are not sufficiently simple and do not explain sufficiently accurate a behavior of the sensors. To provide simultaneously accurate and simple model of the ion sensor we must turn to behavioral description instead of the physical one. In this paper several behavioral approaches to modeling of potentiometric sensors are presented. These models are dedicated to WARMER project. This project is focused on development of automatic testers for environmental water monitoring. The testers consist of a sensor header, A/D conversion and data processor executing a data fusion program. This program realizes a data fusion algorithm based on a calibration-measurement method or a data-fusion method. All these methods make use of the sensor model. The project accepts only models sufficiently accurate and having sufficiently small number of parameters. Among different models an optimal trade-off has been performed.

The paper starts from a brief introduction to the EU FP6 WARMER (Water Risk Management in EuRope) project, but the main body is a presentation of current WARMER R&D in data processing for in-situ probes. The paper focuses on software development for local fusion of multi-sensor measurement data collected from WARMER-developed potentiometric sensors.

The authors have been involved in uncertainty analyses of multiple-sensor measurement procedures and Data Fusion (DF) algorithms under development in the 6^TH FP WARMER (Water Risk Management in EuRope) project [1]. The main goal of this uncertainty study was evaluation of measurement procedure-dependent factors that determine basic uncertainty characteristics, i.e. accuracy and precision. Several uncertainty sources were taken into account, most important being: read-out/sensor modeling inaccuracy and dosing imprecision. Results of uncertainty analyses will be used to optimize measurement procedures for potentiometric sensor-based measurement heads and to perform rational cost/accuracy trade-off of in-situ measurement probe components. The paper presents the most important results of the uncertainty study. Accuracy and precision of different variants of in-situ measurement system were estimated with Monte Carlo method, using realistic estimates of uncertainty sources. First type of results concerns analysis of measurement uncertainty sensitivity to different sources of imprecision. Next, dependence of measurement uncertainty upon measurement scenario is shown. Single- and double-sensor measurements with different selectivity coefficients are compared. Advantages and limitations of multiple sensor Data Fusion are discussed and recommendations formulated.

The paper presents selected results of an empirical study of transient responses of ion-selective potentiometric sensor to two classes of stimulus. First, voltage time-domain response of ion-selective structures was observed to changes of ion concentrations in the sample, flow speed and electric load of the sensor. Presented results explain essential accuracy/precision limitations of ion concentration estimates that can be obtained in practical applications for clean water. Second, current time sensor response to small voltage stimulus was observed for different ionic content of the sample. A behavioral model was built, that can be used (along traditional steady-state model) for Data Fusion-based enhancement of multiple-sensor measurements.

This work proposes a method for lowering the energy of an optical impulse required to switch superconducting key elements, based on driving such a components with the use of current and optical radiation impulses with varied lengths. The investigation was conducted with the aid of numerical modelling of the superconducting switching element response for a structure composed of a thin YBa₂Cu₃O_7-x superconducting film deposited on a sapphire substrate (Al₂O₃) with a buffer layer composed of strontium titanate (SrTiO₃). It was proven that thanks to the driving with control impulses of varied lengths, it is possible to switch such elements with 1.6 - 3.5 times lower energy of the optical impulse and the current slightly higher than the critical current, as compared with the switching mechanism employing impulses with the same length.

The paper presents a construction of digitally controlled, low cost, time domain relectometry unit designated for evaluation of quality of transmission lines. The "radar-like" TDR technique allows for detecting lines discontinuities, including shorts, open circuits, parasitic bridges etc. Described here TDR unit was successfully tested proving its proving its usefulness for detecting lines imperfections. The unit does not contain GUI nor the utilities for post processing measurement data, as they are left for the MASTER (controlling) system. Measurement results are delivered in the form of the waveform reflected from the end of the line being tested - its analysis allows to locate lines imperfections.

The paper illustrates an essential influence of skin effect on results of time-domain reflectometry technique applied to diagnosis of DSL transmission line. Skin effect (frequency-dependent ohmic losses dependent on geometry and material of the wire) appeared to be a phenomenon mainly responsible for transmission degradation. Skin effect significantly reduces possibilities of wide-band digital data transmission along telephone lines. It also limits TDR measurement system resolution and accuracy, which is shown in numerous measurement and computer simulation results.

This paper contains analysis of fiber optic link parameters influence on quality of digital data transmission. Simulations with variable transmitter launch power, extinction ratio, signal rise/fall time and link length were realised. Network demands protection types influence on the cost of network implementation was researched in various levels of topology complexity.

Web applications became most popular medium in the Internet. Popularity, easiness of web application frameworks together with careless development results in high number of vulnerabilities and attacks. There are several types of attacks possible because of improper input validation. SQL injection is ability to execute arbitrary SQL queries in a database through an existing application. Cross-site scripting is the vulnerability which allows malicious web users to inject code into the web pages viewed by other users. Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) is an attack that tricks the victim into loading a page that contains malicious request. Web spam in blogs. There are several techniques to mitigate attacks. Most important are web application strong design, correct input validation, defined data types for each field and parameterized statements in SQL queries. Server hardening with firewall, modern security policies systems and safe web framework interpreter configuration are essential. It is advised to keep proper security level on client side, keep updated software and install personal web firewalls or IDS/IPS systems. Good habits are logging out from services just after finishing work and using even separate web browser for most important sites, like e-banking.