This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 7329, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, and the Conference Committee listing.

A future communication method enabled by information communications technology- ultra-realistic communication - is now being investigated in Japan and research and development of the various technologies required for its realization is being conducted, such as ultra-high definition TV, 3DTV, super surround sound reproduction and multi-sensory communication including touch and smell. An organization called the Ultra-Realistic Communications Forum (URCF) was also established for the effective promotion of R&D and the standardization of relating technologies. This document explains the activities of the URCF by industry, academia and government, and introduces researches on ultra-realistic communications in the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT).

A multiview autostereoscopic LCD display with a localized 2D/3D switching function is developed based on the actively switchable parallax barrier technology. This switchable barrier comprises of an electro-optically switchable liquid crystal (LC) and a microretarder. Polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) with switchable clear and diffusing states and twisted nematic liquid crystal (TNLC) with polarization switching function are used as switching devices. The microretarder is prepared by self-developed multibeam laser scanning process, which is clean, friendly to the environment, and easy for scale up and mass production. The influence factors on the image qualities of 3D displays based on LCD panel technology are analyzed and discussed. Some solutions have proposed to solve the commercial application issues.

The resolution of every imaging system is limited either by the F-number of its optics or by the geometry of its detection array. The geometrical limitation is caused by lack of spatial sampling points as well as by the shape of every sampling pixel which generates spectral low-pass filtering. In this paper we present a novel approach to overcome the low-pass filtering caused due to the shape of the sampling pixels. The approach combines special algorithmic together with spatial mask placed in the intermediate image plane and eventually allows geometrical super resolved imaging without relation to the actual shape of the pixels.

One of the most challenging 3D metrology tasks in terms of required accuracy is the metrology of aspheric surfaces. Due to the required accuracies in the nanometer range, interferometry is one of the preferred methods. The reconstruction of the actual asphere shape from the measured phase data is presented for computer generated hologram approaches as well as for a new, flexible approach that was developed to avoid the use of null test configurations.

Integral Imaging has emerged as one of the most promising techniques for realization of true three-dimensional imaging. One of main challenges in this road map is to increase the depth of field of integral imaging systems. We provide a technical overview of various methods for extending the depth of field in integral imaging systems along with a discussion of advantages and disadvantages of each approach. Furthermore, we address the key balance of keeping a reasonable resolution limit while extending the depth of field.

We geometrically analyzed incident light rays into a pupil of an observer in integral 3D imaging. The object's depth area in which the projected image on the retina is not sampled by lens array was derived. Also, the depth area in which observer's eye focuses on the reconstructed 3D images was found. These depth areas depend on the pitch of an elemental lens constituting the lens array, diameter of the observer's pupil, and viewing distance. Further, we clarified that even when the eye could not focus on the reconstructed 3D image, influence of inconsistency between focus accommodation and convergence can be relieved.

In this paper, we present a method to implement computational three dimensional (3D) integral imaging (II). This method is based on Pixels of the Elemental Image Rearrangement Technique (PERT). In our proposed method for computational reconstruction of II, the reconstructed 3D image is obtained by using the entire elemental images which are captured from the lenslet array. Instead of averaging the elemental images, our proposed method rearranges pixels of each elemental image. Therefore, the reconstructed 3D image has the same number of pixels as the entire elemental images' pixels. To verify this computational reconstruction method, we have implemented optical experiments.

The 3D Synthetic Aperture Integral Imaging (SAII) technique is adapted for in-water applications. The traditional SAII system is adapted for in-water use by compensating for the known changes in beam propagation due to the differing indices of refraction of air and water. An imaging situation is discusses where the SAII system is placed in water along with objects. Laboratory based experimental results are presented and demonstrate the ability of the in-water SAII system to image through heavy occlusion. This paper serves as an overview of work completed on in-water integral imaging.

In digital holography, holograms are usually optically captured and then two-dimensional slices of the reconstruction volume are reconstructed by computer and displayed on a two-dimensional display. When the recording is of a three-dimensional scene then such two-dimensional display becomes restrictive. We outline our progress on capturing larger ranges of perspectives of three-dimensional scenes, and our progress on four approaches to better visualise this three-dimensional information encoded in the digital holograms. The research has been performed within a European Commission funded research project dedicated the capture, processing, transmission, and display of real-world 3D and 4D scenes using digital holography.

To improve the depth of field in imaging systems, we propose a new method for designing pupil filters with the classical approach used for computer-generated holograms. This method allows us to calculate a complex amplitude/phase filter in order to obtain a desired distribution of intensity along the optical axis, and thus the desired depth of field. We will compare our complex filter with binary-phase filters, which are one of the different methods already investigated to improve the depth of field in imaging applications. This study will reveal that the complex filter is an interesting alternative for applications where very low fluctuations of the amplitude distribution along the optical axis are required. It is indeed as energy-efficient as a pure phase filter even with a non negligible absorption. It also ensures to precisely tailor the shape of the focal line of an imaging lens, as the decrease of intensity is sharper outside the regions of interest than with the binary-phase filter. Moreover, it also benefits from lower sidelobes. With these characteristics, this new complex filter will be suitable particularly for 3D imaging applications.

In digital holography we often capture optically a 3D scene and reconstruct the perspectives numerically. The reconstructions are routinely in the form of a 2D image slice, an extended focus image, or a depth map from a single perspective. These are fundamentally 2D (or at most 2.5D) representations and for some scenes are not certain to give the human viewer a clear perception of the 3D features encoded in the hologram (occlusions are not overcome, for example). As an intermediate measure towards a full-field optoelectronic display device, we propose to digitally process the holograms to allow them to be displayed on conventional autostereoscopic displays.

We propose a method for generating holograms of real existing 3D objects without coherent optical system. Multiple orthographic view images of the 3D objects are captured under incoherent illumination and Fourier or Fresnel hologram is synthesized using captured view images. A lens array is used to capture multiple orthographic view images efficiently. We also present a method enhancing the phase-only Fourier hologram. By applying the constraints to the orthographic view images and the generated hologram iteratively, the enhanced phase hologram is obtained.

In this paper we overview the methods and optical systems which aim at real time identification of micro/nano biological organisms using three-dimensional (3D) images reconstructed from partially temporal incoherent light in-line digital holograms. This methodology can provide non-invasive 3D identification of micro/nano biological organisms using statistical pattern recognition algorithms. We demonstrate the performance of our presented techniques with experimental results.

Holography has a considerable advantage to retrieve the three-dimensional (3D) information of an object from only one interference recording. For several decades, the technology of digital holography (DH), which uses numerical reconstruction as opposed to illuminating the reference beam to the hologram plate, has progressed with the assistance of improvements in 2D array detectors and computers. In this paper, a dual-type inline digital hologram microscope (DHM) system that can be used with both transmission imaging and reflection imaging in a single device is developed. The proper method depending on the modes (transmission imaging or reflection imaging) can be changed easily in this system according to the characteristics of the object. Illumination with a plane wave is the necessary condition for retrieving the correct phase information. In the case of reflection imaging, unlike in transmission imaging, a special relay lens in addition to the microscope objectives (MOs) is needed to meet the needs of this condition. However, the quality of the 3D information can deteriorate significantly due to the overlapping twin image that is inherent in holography. This study suggests an effective and convenient method for eliminating the twin image that is entangled in the reconstructed information. The proposed method does not require extra components, numerical iterations, and restrictions on the object.

Liquid crystal alignment is a key process in the production of modern display devices and other liquid crystal based optical elements. The traditional alignment procedures, dealing with treatment of organic films (rubbing, photopolymerization, ion beam treatment, etc), do not satisfy the increasing demands of modern technology. Because of the presence of a degradable polymer layer, none of these methods provides stability of the liquid crystal orientation for operation in high intensity visible, UV or infrared light. This problem can be solved using anisotropically treated inorganic thin films. The alignment is very sensitive; both polar and azimuthal anchoring energy parameters can be controlled by either conditions of the treatment process or the history of the inorganic film formation. The non-organic nature of the substrates provides non-degrading stability of the liquid crystals alignment while operating in high intensity visible, UV or infrared light. We demonstrate and discuss the use of this technology in many light modulating devices, including high intensity light phase retarders and displays operating at harsh ambient conditions.

Luminescent markers play a key role in imaging techniques for life sciences since they provide a contrast mechanism between signal and background. We describe a new type of marker using second harmonic generation (SHG) from noncentrosymmetric BaTiO₃ nanocrystals. These nanoparticles are attractive due to their stable, non-saturating and coherent signal with a femtosecond-scale response time and a broad flexibility in the choice of excitation wavelength. We use the coherent SHG signal from BaTiO₃ nanoparticles for three-dimensional (3D) imaging without scanning. We built a harmonic holographic (H²) microscope which records digital holograms at the second harmonic frequency. Highresolution 3D distributions of these SHG markers in mammalian cells are successfully captured and interpreted by the H² microscope.

Data from the first Flight Test of the NASA Langley Flash Lidar system have been processed. Results of the analyses are presented and discussed. A digital elevation map of the test site is derived from the data, and is compared with the actual topography. The set of algorithms employed, starting from the initial data sorting, and continuing through to the final digital map classification is described. The accuracy, precision, and the spatial and angular resolution of the method are discussed.

Gerchberg-Saxton is a well known iterative approach for computing the phase-only element producing the desired output intensity distribution. However, the converged phase is a continuous distribution while for fabrication a discrete (quantized) distribution is required. In this paper we present a novel and improved method for designing a quantized phase-only beam shaping mask. The proposed approach performs well even for binary phase-only mask and even when a gray level output distribution is required.

The mobile broadcasting services getting deployed around the world are being evolved to new services. One of the notable services is mobile stereoscopic service, called 3D, which can provide users with a stereoscopic view of TV contents while on the move. This paper presents the design and the implementation of 3D DMB receiver enabling the reception of mobile 3DTV and BIFS based interactive data services. Main concepts of 3D DMB receiver are the nonglasses viewing experience, backward and forward compatibility and high transmission efficiency. We demonstrate the main concepts and features of our 3D DMB receiver and outline the implementation result along with the future works.

A focal plane detector array in a millimeter wave imaging system can be used to acquire multiview images in millimeter wave band. Two focal plane detectors which are distanced 8mm are used to obtain a stereoscopic image pair of a scene. The pair reveals a good depth sense though its resolution is very low and enables to estimate distances of objects in the scene with a reasonable accuracy. Keywords: millimeter wave imaging system, parabolic antenna, stereoscopic image pair, focal plane detector array, depth sense, object distance.

A new symbology designed around morphometrics and well-adapted to object authentication is introduced. Morphometrics are defined in a formal way as the output of a new channel (the scan-only channel) working in parallel to the classical print/scan channel. Two protocols based on cryptographic schemes are presented for a visual verification. A variant of the secret sharing scheme is suggested for one of them.

We review an optical secure memory card using a three-dimensional (3D) scattering medium and 3D absorbers. The information of 3D absorbers such as position, size, and number can be used as 3D data. The strong scattering effect can make the data secure for measuring them by interferometer. To recover the absorption distribution, a computational method is developed. We show the numerical results of the reconstructed absorption distribution and then show how important to control the scattering coefficient in a volume medium. We also present preliminary experimental results to make a scattering medium by using holes created by irradiation of femtosecond laser pulse.

The quality of visual image in an autostereoscopic 3D display was found for case of multiple observer regions. This was made in the projective coordinates for which the forward and backward transformation matrices were found. It was demonstrated that the quality is kept along the nodal lines in all regions as well as between them. The distinctive locations were found together with the exact values of the quality function in these points. This allows estimating the behavior of the quality function for bigger number of views and image cells as well as across the longer and wider area.

Three-dimensionality is currently considered an important added value in imaging devices, and therefore the search for an optimum 3D imaging and display technique is a hot topic that is attracting important research efforts. As main value, 3D monitors should provide the observers with different perspectives of a 3D scene by simply varying the head position. Three-dimensional imaging techniques have the potential to establish a future mass-market in the fields of entertainment and communications. Integral imaging (InI), which can capture true 3D color images, has been seen as the right technology to 3D viewing to audiences of more than one person. Due to the advanced degree of development, InI technology could be ready for commercialization in the coming years. This development is the result of a strong research effort performed along the past few years by many groups. Since Integral Imaging is still an emerging technology, the first aim of the "3D Imaging and Display Laboratory" at the University of Valencia, has been the realization of a thorough study of the principles that govern its operation. Is remarkable that some of these principles have been recognized and characterized by our group. Other contributions of our research have been addressed to overcome some of the classical limitations of InI systems, like the limited depth of field (in pickup and in display), the poor axial and lateral resolution, the pseudoscopic-to-orthoscopic conversion, the production of 3D images with continuous relief, or the limited range of viewing angles of InI monitors.

In this paper we overview the method to three-dimensionally visualize scattered events using computational integral imaging technique. This method is based on the interference phenomenon of the object beam and scattered beam from the objects in the scattering medium. For three-dimensional sensing of the scattered objects, the integral imaging system having synthetic aperture under coherent illumination records the scattered elemental images of the objects. Then, the computational geometrical ray propagation algorithm is applied to the scattered elemental images in order to threedimensionally visualize the object embedded in the scattering medium. We present the experimental results for both virtual and real objects.

In this paper, we propose an optical method for 3-D image correlator using reconstructed integral plane images. In the proposed correlator based on integral imaging, elemental images of the reference and signal 3-D objects are recorded by lenslet arrays and then reference and signal integral plane images are optically reconstructed on the output plane by displaying these elemental images into a display panel. Through cross-correlations between the reconstructed reference and the single plane images, 3-D object recognition is performed. The proposed method can provide all-optical structure for real-time 3-D object recognition system. To show the usefulness of the proposed method, optical experiments are carried out and the results are presented as well.

We have developed a new type of television named FTV (Free-viewpoint TV). FTV is an innovative visual media that enables us to view a 3D scene by freely changing our viewpoints. We proposed the concept of FTV and constructed the world's first real-time system including the complete chain of operation from image capture to display. We also realized FTV on a single PC and FTV with free listening-point audio. FTV is based on the ray-space method that represents one ray in real space with one point in the ray-space. We have also developed new type of ray capture and display technologies such as a 360-degree mirror-scan ray capturing system and a 360 degree ray-reproducing display. MPEG regarded FTV as the most challenging 3D media and started the international standardization activities of FTV. The first phase of FTV is MVC (Multi-view Video Coding) and the second phase is 3DV (3D Video). MVC was completed in March 2009. 3DV is a standard that targets serving a variety of 3D displays. It will be completed within the next two years.

We have developed and prototyped 14" WXGA full resolution 2D-3D autostereoscopic OLED display with fast switching parallax barrier, capable of scanning in quasi-synchronism with line-by-line image update. The parallax barrier is formed by fast directly driven TN liquid crystal panel, placed between crossed polarizers. Scanning capability has been added to LCD based parallax barrier in order to reduce crosstalk that appears because of scan and hold operation of OLED display. The crosstalk level in "sweet points" of the viewing zone is measured below 5%. Image brightness in 3D mode comprises 45% of the brightness in 2D mode. To reduce image flicker in 3D mode OLED panel is driven at a frame frequency 120 Hz.

How to detect meaningful video representation becomes an interesting problem in various research communities. Visual attention system detects "Region of Interesting" from input video sequence. Generally the attended regions correspond to visually prominent object in the image in video sequence. In this paper, we have improved previous approaches using spatiotemporal attention modules. We proposed to make use of 3D depth map information in addition to spatiotemporal features. Therefore, the proposed method can compensate typical spatiotemporal saliency approaches for their inaccuracy. Motion is important cue when we derive temporal saliency. On the other hand noise information that deteriorates accuracy of temporal saliency is also obtained during the computation. To obtain the saliency map with more accuracy the noise should be removed. In order to settle down the problem, we used the result of psychological studies on "double opponent receptive field" and "noise filtration" in Middle Temporal area. We also applied "FlagMap" on each frame to prevent "Flickering" of global-area noise. As a result of this consideration, our system can detect the salient regions in the image with higher accuracy while removing noise effectively. It has been applied to several image sequences as a result the proposed method can describe the salient regions with more accuracy in another higher domain than the typical approach does. The obtained result can be applied to generate a spontaneous viewpoint offered by the system itself for "3-D imaging projector" or 3-DTV.

An application study of Visualization Toolkit (VTK) in three dimension terrain visualization is expatiated in this work. The research scope contained matching of digital terrain model with individual building model for 3D terrain visualization, in order to improve the geometric integration of them to optimize the displaying of 3DGIS for construction objects. A tested example in the research was about Grid DEM matching with an individual building model, which had a polygon base surface as constraint conditions to the Grid DEM, for enhancing the efficiency of 3D visualization.

In this paper, a new method for efficient generation of video hologram for 3-D video is proposed by combined use of redundant data of 3-D video and look-up table techniques. That is, 3-D video is a collection of sequential 3-D images having depth data as well as intensity and neighboring moving pictures in the 3-D video differ slightly from each other. Therefore, a method for fast computation of CGH patterns for 3-D video images is proposed by combined use of temporal redundancy and look-up table techniques. Further more, adjacent pixels of a 3-D image have very similar values of intensity and depth and some of them even have the exactly same values of them each other. In other words, a 3-D image has a spatial redundancy in intensity and depth data. Therefore, a method for fast computation of CGH patterns for the 3-D image by taking into account of the spatial redundancy of the 3-D image is proposed. To confirm the feasibility of the proposed method, some experiments with a 3-D test object are carried out and the results are compared to those of the conventional methods in terms of a computational speed and a required memory size.