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Both local and systemic photon-induced changes in the circulation may be involved in the bioeffects
of low-light therapy (LLT) including low level laser therapy (LLLT). Amplification of the direct
effects of photon absorption may be due in part to changes induced by photons in immune cells
while in transit through the dermal capillaries. The peripheral location of these capillaries makes
their contents readily accessible to photons. The longer the duration of treatment, the greater will be
the number of cells in transit that can be affected by photons. These cells and their secretions
circulate around the body, increasing the range and duration of phototherapy. This amplification
may be caused in part by indirect effects initiated in cells that have not absorbed photons by
regulatory proteins such as cytokines secreted by cells that have absorbed photons. Direct and
indirect photon-induced increases in both the microcirculation and the macrocirculation have been
reported; examples of these are described. A circulation-based mechanism by which exposure of the
scalp to photons can produce intracranial and extracranial changes is proposed.
M. Dyson
"Role of the circulation in the systemic effects of low-light therapy", Proc. SPIE 7552, Mechanisms for Low-Light Therapy V, 755205 (17 February 2010); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.843172
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M. Dyson, "Role of the circulation in the systemic effects of low-light therapy," Proc. SPIE 7552, Mechanisms for Low-Light Therapy V, 755205 (17 February 2010); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.843172