This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 8193, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, and the Conference Committee listing.

Histogram of oriented gradient (HOG) is an efficient feature extraction scheme, and HOG descriptors are feature descriptors which is widely used in computer vision and image processing for the purpose of biometrics, target tracking, automatic target detection(ATD) and automatic target recognition(ATR) etc. However, computation of HOG feature extraction is unsuitable for hardware implementation since it includes complicated operations. In this paper, the optimal design method and theory frame for real-time HOG feature extraction based on FPGA were proposed. The main principle is as follows: firstly, the parallel gradient computing unit circuit based on parallel pipeline structure was designed. Secondly, the calculation of arctangent and square root operation was simplified. Finally, a histogram generator based on parallel pipeline structure was designed to calculate the histogram of each sub-region. Experimental results showed that the HOG extraction can be implemented in a pixel period by these computing units.

When the aircraft flights in the earth's atmosphere with high speed, it will bring the aero-optical effects into optical imaging detector system. These aero-optical propagation effects are caused by two parts: high-speed turbulent flow field and aero-thermal window. This paper discusses the light propagation effects caused by high-speed turbulent flow field. The high-speed turbulent flow field is a highly non-uniformly time-varying medium, which possesses some characteristics depending on both time and space. While the light propagates through such a medium, the imaging on target of detector system will be affected. This paper describes both the temporal and spatial characteristics of high-speed turbulent flow field. To obtain the instantaneous distribution characteristics of turbulent flow field, one method is applying NPLS-based measurement technique of supersonic flow field. The three-dimensional density field is obtained by the relationship between density and image gray. We studied the physical phenomena of optical wave propagating through turbulent flow field and then the caused optical distortion. The NPLS technique is a high-resolution measurement method of the fine structure of supersonic three-dimensional complex flow field. The time resolution of NPLS technique is 6 ns, and the time correlation resolution is 200 ns. These resolutions can satisfy the description of the characteristics related to the time scale. We are able to describe the time correlation characteristics of density field using NPLS image with different time intervals. Finally, the optical transmission effects of light, which propagates through turbulent flow field, were simulated and studied. According to the instantaneous density field obtained from the NPLS technique, it is carried out that the simulation of optical transmission effect of high-speed turbulent flow field at several typical states. Then, using the ray-tracing method, the optical distance OPDi along the propagation path is obtained.

An infrared imaging device is effected by external electromagnetic interference(EMI), and images appear salt and pepper noise (not excluded blind element and flash point of infrared focal plane arrays) and striping noise. It causes an serious effect on the target detection and tracking. Median filter can not filter out the noise. It urgently needs to resolve the problem. This paper presents a denoising method based on the shearlet transform, and takes hard-thresholding method, to eliminate the infrared image denoising. Simulation results show that this method effectively eliminates the noise, and retains the original image information. At the same time, in order to show superiority, the method is compared with the median filtering denoising, db wavelet denoising, curvelet denoising method in entropy, PSNR, LSCR and so on, which shows advantages.

In this paper, an improved triangle star pattern recognition algorithm is proposed. There are two improvements in the algorithm compared with the classic triangle algorithm. Firstly, the adjacent measured stars in field of view are eliminated and the remaining measured stars are used to build candidate measured star triangles. So high attitude determination precision is obtained if a triangle is chosen from candidate measured star triangles to identify the three stars. Secondly, in the candidate measured star triangles, the triangle which has great difference in three angular distances is chosen as the measured star triangle waiting for identification, so as to mismatch between it and every guide star triangle due to angular distance match can be avoided. In the case of a certain position and magnitude error limit, simulation results indicate that the identification probability of this algorithm is much higher than that of the classic triangle algorithm, and is also higher than that of the triangle algorithm based on the star pattern of two angular distances and their angle. So the algorithm introduced in this paper can enhance the reliability of attitude determination of star trackers.

Anomaly detections in hyperspectral images are of great importance in a variety of applications such as military reconnaissance, scene classification, and disaster evaluation, etc. Most interferences in anomaly detection are generated by inhomogeneous background in practical applications. Therefore, many researchers resort to Gaussian mixture model by classifying inhomogeneous background into numbers of homogenous regions. However, the model might not perform well as anomalies presented locally. Thus, we propose a new anomaly detection approach by introducing background prediction to suppress the interferences of background. Firstly, a conventional background prediction model named two-dimensional least mean square (TDLMS) filter is applied on each spectral image. Since anomalies have distinct spectral signatures from their surrounding background pixels, they will be suppressed in the background prediction process. Next, a residual image is obtained by subtracting the predicted background from the original hyperspectral image. And the background in original image will be extremely eliminated while the anomalies are well preserved in the residual image. Finally, the conventional RX algorithm is used to detect the anomalies in the residual image. We test the new algorithm via two real hyperspectral subimages. The experimental results show that background prediction can suppress the interferences of background effectively and improve the detection performance of the RX algorithm.

Optimum quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIP) structure parameters such as well width and barrier height for a given peak detection wavelength of 8 μm were designed, based on which GaAs/AlGaAs material with designed structure was grown and single element QWIP devices were fabricated. In order to accurately calculate the optimum QWIP structure parameters including well width, barrier height and doping density etc., we took into account higher order effects such as band nonparabolicity in our calculations. One band effective mass approximation was employed in modeling and shooting method was used in calculation. We fabricated three kinds of QWIP samples that have 20, 40 and 60 periods of quantum wells respectively. I-V characteristic curves and photoresponse at different temperature were measured to characterize the detectors. A peak detectivity of 8×10¹⁰ cmHz^1/2/W was demonstrated by one of our QWIP devices. Besides, the varying performance of the three samples due to the different repeats of wells is discussed in this paper.

Texture is of vital importance when rendering realistic infrared images. Traditional attempts to simulate infrared textures often suffer from insufficient realism seen in actual infrared images. This paper presents a synthesis model for generating infrared texture of aeolian sand ripples. By integration of physical radiation model and texture structure model, sources of variability that causes IR texture are modeled. The physical radiation model takes into account geometrical, thermodynamic and meteorological parameters and calculates the thermal radiation distribution of different surface slopes. The texture structure model is introduced based on natural landscape features to simulate spatial distribution patterns of aeolian sand ripples. Simulation results are indicative of good performance of the proposed method to simulate radiometrically-correct yet visually-appealing infrared textures.

Visual tracking is a critical task in many computer vision applications such as surveillance, vehicle tracking, and motion analysis. The challenges in designing a robust visual tracking algorithm are caused by the presence of background clutter, occlusion, and illumination changes. In this paper, we propose a visual tracking algorithm in a particle filter framework to overcome these three challenging issues. Particle filter is an inference technique for estimating the unknown motion state from a noisy collection of observations, so we employ particle filter to learn the trajectory of a target. The proposed algorithm depends on the learned trajectory to predict the position of a target at a new frame, and corrects the predication by a process that can be entitled field transition. At the beginning of the tracking stage, a set of disturbance templates around the target template are accurately selected and defined as particles. During tracking, a position of the tracked target is firstly predicted based on the learned motion state, and then we take the normalized cross-correlation coefficient as a level to select the most suitable field transition parameters of the predicted position from the corresponding parameters of the particles. After judging the target is not occluded, we apply the named field transition with the selected parameters to compensate the predicted position to the accurate location of the target, meanwhile, we make use of the calculated cross-correlation coefficient as a posterior knowledge to update the weights of all the particles for the next prediction. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed tracking algorithm, we test the approach on challenging sequences involving heavy background clutter, severe occlusions, and drastic illumination changes. Comparative experiments have demonstrated that this method makes a more significant improvement in efficiency and accuracy than two previously proposed algorithms: the mean shift tracking algorithm (MS) and the covariance tracking algorithm (CT).

Based on the aerodynamic heating simulated results of a spinel middle-infrared (Mid IR) image guide missile dome flying at supersonic speed, a series of experiments are made and some methods of eliminating aero-heating effect are carried out successfully. First, a simulation experiment on the ground discarding an outside protective shell of a spinel dome is accomplished in order to inspect the withstanding impact ability of the dome. Second, an arc wind tunnel experiment is fulfilled to obtain thermal mechanics characteristic of the spinel dome, and a method to buildup obviously mechanics intensity is approved which is coating diamond protective layer on the external wall of the spinel dome. Third, two heated dome imaging experiments on the ground are made to study the aero-optical phenomenon. Finally, a rocket sled experiment of a guide missile head is made successfully. Experimental results show that when the guide missile head flies in a supersonic, by adjusting the frame integration time of detector etc. the aero-optic effect would decrease greatly.

As a result of the radar system got interferenced or in the state of half silent ,it can cause the guided precision drop badly In the modern electronic warfare, therefore it can lead to the equipment depended on electronic guidance cannot strike the incoming goals exactly. It will need to rely on optoelectronic devices to make up for its shortcomings, but when interference is in the process of radar leading ,especially the electro-optical equipment is influenced by the roll, pitch and yaw rotation ,it can affect the target appear outside of the field of optoelectronic devices for a long time, so the infrared optoelectronic equipment can not exert the superiority, and also it cannot get across weapon-control system "reverse bring" missile against incoming goals. So the conventional ship-borne infrared system unable to track the target of incoming quickly , the ability of optoelectronic rivalry declines heavily.Here we provide a brand new controlling algorithm for the semi-automatic searching and infrared tracking based on inertial navigation platform. Now it is applying well in our XX infrared optoelectronic searching and tracking system. The algorithm is mainly divided into two steps: The artificial mode turns into auto-searching when the deviation of guide exceeds the current scene under the course of leading for radar.When the threshold value of the image picked-up is satisfied by the contrast of the target in the searching scene, the speed computed by using the CA model Least Square Method feeds back to the speed loop. And then combine the infrared information to accomplish the closed-loop control of the infrared optoelectronic system tracking. The algorithm is verified via experiment. Target capturing distance is 22.3 kilometers on the great lead deviation by using the algorithm. But without using the algorithm the capturing distance declines 12 kilometers. The algorithm advances the ability of infrared optoelectronic rivalry and declines the target capturing time by using semi-automatic searching and reliable capturing-tracking, when the lead deviation of the radar is great.

The paper mainly investigate the abnormal occurrence of no Photo current response at performance test of detector after coupling of circuit and chip. At the beginning, we find that detector module is out of the way, while preamplifier circuit and photosenstive chip operate well separately. Then we carry on various experiments such as I-V measurement of chip, simulated magnification test of circuit, replace of high resistence chip, at various background measurement and so on. All these experiments and theoretical calculation demonstrate that the large background dark current resulting in the circuit's overload is the cause of detector's no Photo current response. By means of adding optical filter and aperture slot to reduce the background radiation, consequently the reduction of background dark current, and the detector finally works well without the circuit's overload.

Amongst various image denoising methods, the Wiener filter is known to be a mean-square optimal linear estimator for the true underlying image. The idea behind the Wiener filter frequently emerged in other image denoising algorithms. In this paper, we present a new denoising scheme for the Wiener filter. The algorithm is carried out by two subsequent steps. The output for the first step is used as the input for the second step. The ratio between the two step denoising amounts plays an important role for good performance. The relationship between the proposed method and the heat diffusion equation is established. The experiments show the proposed method outforms some of the denoising algorithm published currently.

A structure based on the recurrent wavelet neural networks(RWNNs) trained with unscented Kalman filter (UKF) algorithm is proposed for the time-varying fading channel equalization in wireless communication system. Compared with traditional neural networks based equalization, the main features of the proposed recurrent wavelet neural networks equalization algorithm are fast convergence and good performance using relatively short training symbols, provided with better performance of equalization. The simulation results for various time-varying channels are presented to show that the proposed equalization algorithm is fit for Wavelet packet transform-based multicarrier modulation communication system.

In order to study the saturation threshold and the image jamming effect of wavelength, energy or power, frequency and size of laser spot, the laser saturation jamming experiments by means of diffuseness are developed, in which, CO₂ tunable pulse laser and CO₂ continuous wave(CW) laser separately interfere HgCdTe 288×4 cooled scanning IR imaging system and microbolometer poly-Si 320×240 Uncooled Focal Plane Array(UFPA) staring IR imaging system. The jamming effect is reflected through the output-images of the IR imaging system. Therefore, when the experiments were developing, with the minishing of the laser beam attenuation, the energy or power density of the laser was augmented. Simultaneously, with the density of laser spot changing, the changes of output-images had also taken place. The output-images of the IR imaging system were also observed, collected and saved. Moreover, by adjusting the laser's energy density, the saturation threshold was tested. Furthermore, by adjusting the laser's energy or power density, wavelength, frequency and size of laser spot, the image jamming effect of IR imaging system induced by CO₂ laser was studied. In the experiments of the size of laser spot's to jamming effect, on the premise of the laser energy being invariable, with the laser spot enlarging, on the contribution to jamming effect, the added interfered image elements compensate the loss to jamming effect due to energy descending and exceed it. In the experiments of the frequency to jamming effect, when the jamming laser works with higher repeating frequency, after the interference is stopped, the resume time of IR imaging system is more than it of laser working with monopulse interference. Within settled time, much impulses engender accumulation of energy in detector, which correspond to improving the laser's intensity at the jamming effect angle. So, the jamming effect of IR image system is rightly proportional to intensity of interference laser. And improving jamming laser's frequency is propitious to jamming effect of IR image system. In the experiments of CO₂ tunable pulse laser interfering HgCdTe 288×4 cooled scanning IR imaging system, the jamming effect of pulse laser is unconspicuous. On the contrary, the CW laser's jamming effect is conspicuous. This also have something to do with the responding wave band of IR imaging system. The all results are analyzed through analyzing the jamming images, and they show that the jamming effects are improved with energy, frequency, wavelength and size of laser spot increasing. Otherwise, the jamming effect proves that the jamming means of diffuseness is feasible.

With extensive application of infrared detective techniques, Stirling cryocoolers, used as an active cooling source, have been developed vigorously in China. After the cooler's cooling performance can satisfy the mission's request, its reliability level is crucial for its application. Among all the possible failure mechanisms, gas contamination has been found to be the most notorious cause of cooler's performance degradation by failure analyses. To analyze the characteristic of gas contamination, some experiments were designed and carried out to quantitatively analyze the relationship between failure and performance. Combined with the test results and the outgassing characteristic of non-metal materials in the cryocooler, a degradation model of cooling performance was given by T(t)=T0+A[1-exp(-t/B)] under some assumptions, where t is the running time, T is the Kelvin cooling temperature, and T0, A, B are model parameters, which can be given by the least square method. Here T0 is the fitting initial cooling temperature, A is the maximum range of performance degradation, and B is the time dependent constant of degradation. But the model parameters vary when a cryocooler is running at different cooling temperature ranges, or it is treated by different cleaning process. In order to verify the applicability of the degradation model, data fit analysis on eight groups of cooler's lifetime test was carried out. The final work indicated this model fit well with the performance degradation of space Stirling cryocoolers due to gas contamination and this model could be used to predict or evaluation the cooler's lifetime. Gaseous contamination will not arouse severe performance degradation until the contaminants accumulate to a certain amount, but it could be fatal when it works. So it is more serious to the coolers whose lifetime is more than 10,000 h. The measures taken to control or minimize its damage were discussed as well. To the long-life cryocooler, internal materials must be baked and organic/epoxy materials should be used as few as possible. Further more, pipeline for filling working fluid must have purifying facilities.

Planar InGaAs/InP p-i-n photodiodes have been successfully fabricated, and its spectral response, current-voltage characteristic, photogenerated signal and noise were measured at 300 K and 77 K with the blackbody temperature fixed at 900 K. It was found that the measured voltage signals reduced from 14.0 mV to 7.0 mV when the temperature decreased from 300 K to 77 K. All measured results at 77 K show that the peak voltage responsivity of InGaAs detector is R_vp= 2.41×10⁷ V/W, and its peak detectivity D_p* = 1.51×10¹² (cmHz)^1/2/W. Measurement of transmittance spectral indicated that the transmittance rate is over 80% at middle wavelength range. The results show that short wavelength infrared InGaAs detector can be integrated with middle wavelength infrared detector to form dual-band detector worked at liquid nitrogen temperature.

In recent years, technology of thermal imager and spectral imaging is becoming mature, and the application of them is increased. The method is based on the blackbody radiation theory, make use of the infrared thermal imager to collect and analysis the thermal images, distill the temperature value of different pixel of the thermal images, use Matlab to deal blackbody radiation emitted curve fitting according with the temperature value of different pixels, and get the values of the degree of radiation emitted at the same wavelength from the different pixels, then make spectral imaging (1μm~10μm) according to the values. At last, do analysis to spectral imaging of different spectral bands; discuss the limitations of using this method to achieve spectral imaging.

Performance analysis of the quantum dots infrared photodetector(QDIP), which can provide device designers with theoretical guidance and experimental verification, arouses a wide interest and becomes a hot research topic in the recent years. In the paper, in comparison with quantum well infrared photodetector(QWIP) characteristic, the performance of QDIP is mainly discussed and summarized by analyzing the special properties of quantum dots material. To be specific, the dark current density and the detectivity in the normalized incident phenomenon are obtained from Phillip performance model, the carrier lifetime and the dark current of QDIP are studied by combing with the "photon bottleneck" effect, and the detectivity of QDIP is theoretically derived from considering photoconduction gain under the influence of the capture probability. From the experimental results, a conclusion is made that QDIP can not only receive the normal incidence light, but also has the advantages of the long carrier life, the big photoconductive gain, the low dark current and so on, and it further illustrates a anticipated superiority of QDIP in performance and a wide use of QDIP in many engineering fields in the future.

A reimaging F/1.0 long-wavelength infrared optical system is proposed. The design has a flexible opto-mechanical layout. The design process is as follows. Firstly, the catadioptric reimaging system consists of two reflecting mirrors and a relay lenses. Two reflecting mirrors make up of the first imaging system and are therefore free of chromatic aberrations, while low dispersion lenses were used in the reimaging system, so the optical system do not need achromatic design for a high image quality. Then, to correct high-order aberrations resulting from large relative aperture, more parameters need to be used with aspheric or diffractive surfaces due to modern optic technology development. Here, aspheric is selected for easily manufacture. Finally, the design is completed with the help of ZEMAX software. The effective focal length of the objective is 120mm and the field of view (FOV) is 4°. The simulated final design shows adequate image quality and the modulation transfer function (MTF) is close to diffraction limit. The effect of the surrounding environmental temperature is analyzed using the concept of thermal defocusing, and the thermal compensation is discussed.

To estimate the disbond defects of the glass fiber composite materials applied in the solid rocket motor, active infrared thermographic NDT is researched. Firstly, the numerical analysis of the transient thermal wave distubance under the pulse heating stimulation is carried out using the finite element method. Then, the special experiment is arranged. The specimen including 3 disbond defects with diameter 10mm, 20mm and 30mm is pulse heated using 2 symmetric pulse heating sources, which the stimulation time is 2ms and the pulse energy is 4800J. The surface transient temperature is monitored by the infrared camera system. Finally, The experimental results are compared with the ultrasonic C-scan. Our research shows that the infrared thermography is a fast and effective inspection method for detecting defects of the diameter over 10mm and depth within 5mm in the composite materials.

As the incidence of oil spills increases, the detection and measurement of oil pollution in the marine environment are receiving augmented attention. Remote sensing is an increasingly important tool for the effective direction of oil spill countermeasures. The most available physical quantities in optical remote sensing domain are the intensity and spectral information obtained by visible or infrared sensors. However, besides the intensity and wavelength, polarization is another primary physical quantity associated with an optical field. While the spectral information tells us about materials, polarization information tells us about surface feature, shape, shading and roughness, and has the potential to enhance many applications in optical remote sensing. During the course of reflecting light-wave, water-surface spilled oil will cause polarimetric characteristic which is related to the nature of itself. Thus, detection of the polarization information for polluted water by spilled oil has become a new remote sensing monitoring method. In this paper, four kinds of oils, they are gasoline, diesel oil, motorcycle oil and soybean oil, were regarded as the experimental samples for polluted water, and the multi-angle spectral-polarimetric instrument was used to obtain the multi-angle near infrared spectralpolarimetric characteristic data of different oil-spilled water specimens. Then, the change rule between polarimetric characteristic with different affecting factors, such as viewing zenith angle, incidence zenith angle of the light source, relative azimuth angle as well as waveband of the detector were discussed, so as to provide a scientific basis for the research on polarization remote sensing for polluted water by spilled oil.

There are a large number of electro-optical (EO) and infrared (IR) sensors used on military platforms including ground vehicle, low altitude air vehicle, high altitude air vehicle, and satellite systems. Ground vehicle and low-altitude air vehicle (rotary and fixed-wing aircraft) sensors typically use the probabilities of discrimination (detection, recognition, and identification) as design requirements and system performance indicators. High-altitude air vehicles and satellite sensors have traditionally used the National Imagery Interpretation Rating Scale (NIIRS) performance measures for guidance in design and measures of system performance. Recently, there has a large effort to make strategic sensor information available to tactical forces or make the information of targets acquisition can be used by strategic systems. In this paper, the two techniques about the probabilities of discrimination and NIIRS for sensor design are presented separately. For the typical infrared remote sensor design parameters, the function of the probability of recognition and NIIRS scale as the distance R is given to Standard NATO Target and M1Abrams two different size targets based on the algorithm of predicting the field performance and NIIRS. For Standard NATO Target, M1Abrams, F-15, and B-52 four different size targets, the conversion from NIIRS to the probabilities of discrimination are derived and calculated, and the similarities and differences between NIIRS and the probabilities of discrimination are analyzed based on the result of calculation. Comparisons with preliminary calculation results show that the conversion between NIIRS and the probabilities of discrimination is probable although more validation experiments are needed.

Photodiodes designed to be sensitive in the region 1.4~1.7μm and obtained by vacuum magnetron sputtering of the Pt layer on the surface of the HgInTe single crystal are studied. Temperature dependence on electrical characteristics of the crystal and the Schottky diodes were investigated in a temperature range from 120K to260K. The current-voltage characteristics of the diodes show excellent rectification behavior. Temperature dependence on the ideality factor and apparent barrier height was determined, including the effect of series resistance. The evaluated ideality factor was observed to decrease from 2.93 to 1.42, while the apparent barrier height is 0.563 in this temperature range. The temperature dependence of the forward characteristics can be well explained by thermionic emission theory. The measured barrier height for Pt on HgInTe is similar to the value reported for both ITO and Au rectifying contacts on this material. A possible mechanism of the correlation of the ideality factor and barrier height has been proposed.

In order to make medium-long wave HgCdTe IR detector work normally it must be in zero bias voltage, the differential input current preamplifier can easily make HgCdTe IR detector biased at zero voltage. Because IR signals are often very weak, then little disturb can affect the performance of the total detector system very much. In order to achieve high Signal-to-Noise ratio, it is expected that the differential input current preamplifier can be designed to work as close as to the HgCdTe IR detector. That is to say the preamplifier can also work normally at 77K. In this paper, a high-performance low-noise differential input current preamplifier working at cryogenic temperature for HgCdTe IR detectors is designed. Since a differential input folded-cascode structure has been used in the preamplifier's design, it makes that the gain of single stage amplifier can arrive 60dB, the circuit uses high resistant poly as feedback resistance so that 40 MΩ feedback resistance can be integrated on chip at temperature 77k ,which can directly transforms IR detector's current to voltage, avoiding the additional noise by using exterior resister. The preamplifier's noise characteristics were analyzed and the methods for decreasing noise were proposed. This differential input current preamplifier was implemented in 0.5μm CMOS process. The size of eight-cell chip is 3mm×1.9mm. The test result shows that the current preamplifier has good performance at the temperature of 77K. Within the bandwidth of 3.3KHz, the total output voltage noise is 120uV, the equivalent total input noise voltage is 3PA, the equivalent input noise current is 0.03pA/Hz1/2@100Hz. The preamplifier power consumption is less than 1mW at 77K. When the input current is less than 10nA, its linearity has been reached 99%. This circuit can work normally at temperature between 300K to 77K and it can be used for several bands of IR detector. Finally, it can work normally either by ±2 or by ±1.5 voltage power supply. This current preamplifier has been successfully applied in the signal readout of HgCdTe IR detectors for infrared imaging.

The National Imagery Interpretability Rating Scale (NIIRS) is a 10-level scale (0 to 9) of imagery interpretability, these criteria indicate the level of information that can be extracted from an image of a given interpretability, the lowest is Level 0 and the highest is Level 9. The General Image Quality Equation (GIQE) is a model that relates physical parameters of an imaging sensor to NIIRS rating of the sensors image products. The scale has become an important tool for defining image requirements, selecting and tasking imaging system. In this paper, we first introduce briefly NIIRS and GIQE, and make an initial analysis about the factors affecting perceived interpretability of imagery, such as ground sample distance(GSD), relative edge response(RER), height overshoot(H), noise gain(G), and signal-to-noise ratio(SNR). Then, the design parameters of infrared remote sensor and GSD, RER, H, SNR, and NIIRS scale quantitative relation is first determined, and the simulation curve of NIIRS scale versus R is presented. Finally, the analysis between NIIRS scale and GSD, RER, H and G/SNR shows that it is evident that the GSD and RER are the dominant terms in the equation, and that the overshoot H and the G/SNR have a much smaller impact. Comparisons with calculation results show that the research can provide preliminary theory evidence for the optimum design of remote-sensors although more validation experiments are needed.

Detecting regions of moving objects between successive frames is of widespread interest. The accuracy of motion field estimation strongly influences the performance of velocity field classification. An accurate optical flow estimation method should be introduced. Furthermore, most existing approaches of motion field classification are complex, and their performance depends on initialization parameters. In IR images, objects of interested usually appear as a slightly bright spots, when compared to the background terrain. We first introduce an accurate gradient-based optical flow computation method to estimate the motion filed which particularly suits the IR image sequence. Then a novel nonparametric and automatic method for motion segmentation was developed. A simple and meaningful "threshold" is chosen to separate the vector field into two classes. Meanwhile, the a priori entropies of motion field are defined, which the direction and magnitude of motion vectors are taken into account at the same time. We use maximum entropy sum method, based on the maximizing the information measure between two classes (object and background), to generate the optimal "threshold" and classify velocity field. After ordinary morphology post-processing, our approach outputs regions of moving objects and background from the scene. Experimental results demonstrate that our method is reasonable and performs well.

Thermal noise and steady performance of infrared sight has always been the concern of military production under temperature test conditions. According to military optical instrument environmental test standard of GJB1788-93 and MIL-STD-810F in infrared detector test method, the test procedure and test method of 320×240 α-Si micro-bolometer array of UL01011-type were given in detail. By using thermal noise theory and mathematical model analysis method, the noise models of Johnson noise, 1/ f noise, noise caused by electrothermal effect in temperature shock test condition, preamplifier noise and other noise models of micro-bolometer array were established and analyzed. Noise models under temperature environment were analyzed. The results are as follows: the basic noise of micro-bolometer array is the temperature fluctuating noise (thermal noise) which consists of background radiation fluctuation noise and thermal conductivity noise. In addition, there is Johnson noise, 1/ f noise, noise caused by electrothermal effect and preamplifier noise etc. Among them thermal noise, Johnson noise and 1/ f noise is the main noise source which determines the limited performances of micro-bolometer array.

In the modern war, UAV(unmanned aircraft system) plays a more and more important role in the army. UAVs always carry electrical-optical reconnaissance systems. These systems are used to accomplish the missions of observing and reconnaissance the battlefield. For traditional UAV, the shape of the pod on UAV is sphericity. In addition, the pod of UAV not only has the job of observing and reconnaissance the battlefield, but its shape also has impact on the UAV's drag when it flies in the air. In this paper, two different kinds of pod models are set up, one is the traditional sphericity model, the other is a new model. Unstructured grid is used on the flow field. Using CFD(computational fluid dynamic) method, the results of the drags of the different kinds of pod are got. The drag's relationship between the pod and the UAV is obtained by comparing the results of simulations. After analyzing the results we can get: when UAV flies at low speed(0.3Ma~0.7Ma), the drag's difference between the two kinds of pod is little, the pod's drag takes a small part of the UAV's whole drag which is only about 14%. At transonic speed(0.8Ma~1.2Ma), the drag's difference between these two kinds of pod is getting bigger and bigger along with the speed goes higher. The traditional pod's drag is 1/3 of the UAV's whole drag value, but for the new pod, it is only 1/5. At supersonic speed(1.3Ma~2.0Ma), the traditional pod's drag goes up rapidly, but the new kind of pod's drag goes up slowly. This makes the difference between the two kinds of UAVs' total drag comes greater. For example, at 2Ma, the total drag of new UAV is only 2/3 of the traditional UAV. These results show: when the UAV flies at low speed, these two kinds of pod have little difference in drag. But if it flies at supersonic speed, the pod has great impact on the UAV's total drag, so the designer of UAV's pod should pay more attention on the out shape.

A theoretical calculation result of Hg_1-xCd_xTe (x=0.3) avalanche photodiodes (APDs) based on PIN structure is obtained in the paper, which has a ratio of ionization factor k=0.06. The energy dispersion factor and the threshold energy are acquired according to the parameters of material. And the gain, as well as the breakdown voltage, is obtained. The composition, thickness, doping level is calculated theoretically to get an optimized APD device.

Ground-based infrared imaging tracking system (GIITS) is of great importance for aerial target warning and guard. The operating range is one of the key performance specifications, which should be calculated, analyzed and studied during the whole GIITS design process. The operating range is mostly influenced by a few factors, including atmospheric attenuation, the performance of GIITS and feature of target and background. This paper firstly makes analysis and summarization on the definite localizations of the traditional operating range equation of the GIITS. The localizations are mainly in two aspects. On one hand, the dispersion of the image and the effect of image dispersion are not considered in the traditional method; on the other, calculate the radiation power received on the detector in order to analysis whether the output signal meets the detection requirements or not, without considering the effect of the background radiation. By improving of the traditional method, a new operating range calculation model of the GIITS was established based on two requirements. One is that the image size of observed target should meet the requirement of the processor signal extraction. The number of the pixel occupied by target image should be more than 9. The other is that the signal noise ratio (SNR) of the GIITS should not be less than 5 to meet the requirements of the target detection probability and spatial frequency. The SNR calculation equation in form of energy is deduced and the radiation characteristic of the observed target and background are analyzed. When evaluate the operating range of the GIITS using the new method, we should successively calculate two operating range values according to two requirements mentioned above and choose the minimum value as the analytic result. In the end, an evaluation of operating range for fighter aircraft is accomplished as an example. The influence factors in every aspect on operating range were explored by the calculated result. The new operating range calculation model provides the theoretical basis for the design and applications as well as the comprehensive evaluation of a GIITS.

In order to solve the problems which are the real-time is low and false alarm is high to the infrared detector system in small and weak linear target. According to the detailed analysis of image formation system, the methods of the liner characterized by rapid detection algorithms and the complex morphology character detection algorithm are bring up. It can be used to test the small and weak linear target, and the algorithm processes and results are given. As one of the assistant algorithms, these two algorithms are used in the infrared detector system, and the real-time of system and the detection accuracy of target are improved obviously.

With the trend of developments of infrared-focal plane array (FPA) which is particularly pronounced in many applications, in this paper, we demonstrated an uncooled infrared (8~14μm) camera based on the optically read-out Bi-material Infrared FPA. We reported on the fabrication and characterization of arrays of bimaterial microcantilevers. On the basis of opto-mechanical effect and micro electromechanical system (MEMS) technology, a substrate-free FPA with the thermal isolated structure SiNx and Au for uncooled infrared imaging is developed, with 49.5μm×49.5μm of the pixel and 240×240 array, moreover, the camera had an average noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD) and a response time of 100mK and 100ms at 7Pa atmospheric pressure, respectively.

In aerospace applications, water or oil may ingress in the honeycomb structure, it is important to detect what kind of liquid ingression it is. In this study, a 20mm thick steel plate was milled eight circular holes (four 1.1mm depth and four 2mm depth) at the back side, each hole was filled with different materials: water, oil, air and wax. Thermal wave imaging technology was successfully used in many fields, such as aerospace, automobile, etc. quantitatively and qualitatively, it was used to measure the thermal effusivity of filled materials in this study. A special experimental setup was adopted that the steel sample was horizontally placed on a cover with holes faced above. The bottom surface of the detected sample is heated with a short pulse of light, the sample surface is instantaneously heated to a high temperature and captured by a high speed and high precision infrared camera. The generated heat at front surface propagates to the interior of the sample, and leads to a continuous decrease of the surface temperature. The theoretical model of temperature evolution with time was constructed, and the calculation procedure of embedded material filled in steel holes was deduced based on the theoretical model, and in which the air hole was used as the reference. In thermographic applications, different power supplies, detection distance and infrared camera, etc. may result different signal levels, and noise level may also vary which depends on the usage conditions of infrared camera. In this study, nine different flash power levels, which changed from full scale power level to one ninth linearly, were used to simulate different noise levels. The results of three different filled materials at nine different powers and the corresponding error among different powers were compared. The calculation results indicate that thermal wave imaging is a potential technology to test the thermal effusivity of an unknown material when it is embedded in a known material.

Many high-performance infrared imaging systems have been designed in recent years. This poses real-time challenges to existing infrared image processing methods. Median filter is a nonlinear filtering technology widely used in infrared imaging system to smooth image and correct missing pixels. Traditional median filter implementation is time-consuming with long sorting cycle, which cannot meet the real-time processing requirement of high-performance infrared imaging system. In this paper we present a new architecture for median filter. The proposed architecture optimizes the comparators with pipeline design in order to enhance the processing velocity of sorting. Experimental evaluation and comparisons show high efficiency of our design.

The objective of this paper is to provide a possible optimization on salient region algorithm, which is extensively used in recognizing and learning object categories. Salient region algorithm owns the superiority of intra-class tolerance, global score of features and automatically prominent scale selection under certain range. However, the major limitation behaves on performance, and that is what we attempt to improve. By reducing the number of pixels involved in saliency calculation, it can be accelerated. We use interest points detected by fast-Hessian, the detector of SURF, as the candidate feature for saliency operation, rather than the whole set in image. This implementation is thereby called Saliency based Optimization over SURF (SOSU for short). Experiment shows that bringing in of such a fast detector significantly speeds up the algorithm. Meanwhile, Robustness of intra-class diversity ensures object recognition accuracy.

Dislocation cell structures in CdZnTe substrates and its behavior of threading into HgCdTe LPE epilayers were studied. A kind of dislocation cell structure of which dislocations linearly pile up to three <1 1 0> orientations on the (1 1 1) B face of CdZnTe crystal was found. The formation of this cell structure can be demonstrated by the enrichment of the dislocations through slip during the growth or cooling process. By comparing the dislocation densities and distributions of HgCdTe LPE epilayers with it of CdZnTe substrates at the constant region using an optical microscopy system, the behavior of cell structures of CdZnTe substrates threading into HgCdTe LPE epilayers were also discussed. The results show that the stored dislocation densities at the dislocation walls can significantly affect the behavior of dislocation cell structures threading into HgCdTe LPE epilayers. Dislocation cell structures of which dislocation walls have higher stored dislocation densities can appear in constant region of HgCdTe epilayers. But the dislocations of HgCdTe epilayers growth on CdZnTe substrate with lower stored dislocation densities at the dislocation walls are almost uniformly distributed.

A proper type for the optical systems design is very important to the performance of a remote sensing or space-borne surveillance system. In this work, two types of optical systems are designed and compared for space-borne staring IR sensor systems which are mainly used for point-source detection and identification. The optical design is based on a staring IR detector with 2K×2K array with 40μm pixel pitch, and capable of high frame rate imaging of multispectral bands from SWIR to MWIR onto the same FPA. A rotating filter wheel is used for light splitting. Based on the given target parameters, reflective designs are limited because of packaging limitations, then two types of refractive optical system are selected, one type has intermediate image, and the other type has not. Different characteristics of the two types of optical systems, including the size, the maximum aperture of lens, the F number, the MTF, and the encircled energy are compared. Considering the best balance between size of the lenses, place of the filter wheel, imaging quality, the result of the integrated comparisons is that the optical system with intermediate image is more suitable for this system. The advantage of optical system with intermediate image is demonstrated in this application.

This paper describes an infrared Imaging system for the Inner-formation Flying System (IFS), a new kind of spacecraft system to measure Earth's gravity field. Challenges arise when measuring the relative position between the moving inner-satellite and its cavity. The observing process should be real-time and highly precise, with the premise that non-gravitational disturbing force be restrained. An infrared imaging system was proposed for the observation. Challenges were handled via a thermal-electronic-mechanical integration design. With a specially designed electronic component, a dynamic thermal loop and a novel calibration mechanism, an infrared imaging system was established to perform long-time continuous precise measurement. Infrared images with a Signal Noise Ratio better than 2:1 was acquired, being sufficient to acquire accurate position of the inner-satellite. Performance of the imaging system was validated by experiment.

Water spray is widely used in fire prevention and heat radiation protection due to its high infrared (IR) attenuation. Recently, the calculation and theoretical analysis of water spray IR attenuation have been partially solved, where multi-scattering in the water spray, distribution of droplets, concentration of droplets and water optical constant in the infrared atmosphere windows are considered. However, is there a minimum for spectrum transmission of water spray in the IR atmosphere windows band? If yes, what are the water spray parameters? These questions are still to be solved. This article combines Lognormal Monte-Carlo Method (LNMCM) and Single Diameter Monte Carlo Method (SDMCM) to calculate water spray infrared transmission. The droplet mean diameter is studied with SDMCM when the water spray infrared transmission reaches the minimum. The geometric deviation of water spray is calculated with LNMCM at the same conditions. The infrared transmission is calculated and analyzed with changing droplet diameters, on the stipulation that total water content of air keeps unchanged. In this condition, droplet concentration increases with droplet diameter decrease. Calculation results show that there is a minimum IR transmission of water spray in the atmospheric windows band, which means there is a maximum IR attenuation. Infrared transmission of water spray reaches the minimum when the droplet mean diameter is 12 micron and geometric deviation is less than 1.5. According to these, it is possible to achieve maximum infrared attenuation with limited water supplied, as long as the spray nozzles parameters are in accordance with the results.

In the use of crystalline silicon solar cells, the micro defects, such as cracks, the grain boundary dislocation, broken metal grid fingers, etc., will seriously affect the efficiency and the life of crystalline silicon solar cells. Therefore, it is necessary to detect the micro defects of Si solar cells rapidly and accurately in the production process. In this paper, firstly, the relationship between the electroluminescence (EL) intensity from Si solar cells under the forward bias and minority carrier diffusion length is simulated based on the calculation under the condition of ideal P-N junction model. There exists one to one quantitative agreement. We find that the relationship referred above is nonlinear. Secondly, the relationship between the defects in Si solar cells and minority carrier diffusion length (EL intensity) is summed up. The defects and minority carrier lifetime are also in accord with this relationship. Based upon these, the micro defects in Si solar cells could be made out in theory. With experiments, the defects in c-Si solar cells and poly-Si solar cells are detected clearly from EI images. Theory analysis and experiments show that the method is reasonable and efficient.

In this paper, a new design of readout integrated circuit application in short wave infrared is introduced. An amplifier of one transistor is employed in the CTIA to reduce the area of the unit cell. The output unit cell achieved CDS (correlated double sampling) and SH (sample and hold) is designed for public use of a whole line, and is outside the array. A new digital control structure of IRFPA ROIC is presented, with which the integral voltage of arbitrary contiguous or noncontiguous lines, rather than regular lines, can be selected to readout. The structure of the circuitry and the operation principle are analyzed, showing that the output dynamic range is over 2.5V, the cell capacity is more than 0.5Me^- the frame rate is 250Hz, and the linearity within working dynamic range is above 99.9 percent. This design is going to be fabricated through Chartered 0.35um double-poly-four-metal (DPFM) process technique, and the pixel occupies a 30um by 30um area.

In our study, we designed a 512×512 readout integrated circuit (ROIC) for N-on-P short wave infrared (SWIR) detectors, which has the ability to operate with two capacitors for different input current levels from very low background applications to daytime high illumination conditions. A buffered direct injection (BDI) readout cell as input circuit provides a low input resistance, high injection efficiency, and precise biasing voltage to the photodiode at low input currents. In order to reduce the noise of the BDI readout cell, a high-performance single stage amplifier is devised, the gain of which reaches as high as 50dB. The input MOSFET of the amplifier operates at sub-threshold region to keep the photodiode at precise reverse bias and steady injection efficiency. At the same time, with the input MOSFET at sub-threshold region, the current is smaller than at saturation region, and the power dissipation is reduced to a low level. A sample and hold circuit is also part of the input unit cell architecture, which allows the infrared focal plane array (IRFPA) to be operated in full frame snapshot mode and rolling mode. To prevent the excess of total current of the ROIC, the reset time of every row has a lag of one period compared to the previous row. The simulation results confirm these advantages. With the 5.0V power supply, ROIC provides the output dynamic range over 2.5V, the well capacity more than 1×10⁶e-, and the total power dissipation less than 120mW. The final chip is fabricated with HHNEC 0.35um 1P4M process technology, and the pixel occupies a 30um×30um area. The Testing results are coincide with the simulations of the circuit. With the detecting current varies from 30pA to 1nA, the linearity of BDI is 99%, and it can be operated at the temperatures below 77K.

The efficient detection of small target in the low SNR image is an important and challenging research task in wide civil and military applications. In this paper, we developed a novel and efficient infrared small target detection method based on gray-scale morphology transform and higher-order statistics. Firstly, most of the image background regions are removed using gray-scale morphology processing. Following by the background suppression, the method proposed in the paper firstly uses higher-order statistics method to locate coarsely the region containing the target. Then, the paper uses polynomial fitting to fit cumulative histogram of the region of interest after background suppression, and the optimal adaptive segmentation threshold is obtained through the dynamic analysis of the slope of polynomial fitting curve. The experimental results show that compared with the traditional detection methods, the proposed method is more effective and faster for infrared small target detection.

Wind power is a very promising source of environmentally safe, renewable, and the fast-growing energy source over the past several years. The blades of a wind turbine are considered to be an important component in wind turbine generator. Currently, bigger and more powerful wind blades are being built to increase the swept area of the turbine and extract more energy from the wind. Correspondingly, more capital cost is invested in manufacture and service. In order to reduce damage possibility and extend the wind turbine blades life, there are increasing demands for the inspection of wind turbine blades in the manufacturing factory and on site inspection. The regular inspections of wind turbine blades are done normally by using visual inspection and tapping test. To improve the safety of wind turbine blades, nondestructive testing technique using pulsed thermography is being investigated in this study. This technique utilized an active pulsed heating source that is applied on the outer surface of wind turbine blades, and an infrared camera to monitor the surface temperature distribution controlled by a computer. Reflective pulsed thermography was directly applied on several full scale wind blades, surface and subsurface defects, such as air bubbles, pin holes, edge bonding, etc. were clearly detected. Several specimens were intentionally manufactured to simulate the glue faults between supporting spars and glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) shells with different thickness. Afterwards they were inspected by using pulsed thermography in laboratory. The current test results indicated that pulsed thermography has the potential for the detection of glue faults at least about 15mm thickness GFRP shell. It is shown that pulsed thermography maybe provide a powerful non-contacting technique for the inspection of wind turbine blades as well in the workshop just after the production or in the field that before and after installation of the wind blades and during reparation.

The IR scene simulation technique is an effective method to test the responsivity, the precision and the anti-interference capability of the IR detector during its research and development; thus the technique may reduce the cost and research time. Currently, the IR scene simulation technique based on MOS-Resistance arrays is one of the most popular IR scene simulation techniques. However, resistance arrays can only be heated, but not refrigerated. Moreover, other simulation techniques also have the problem of one-direction IR scene simulation. In this paper, the IR simulation mechanism is studied in detail. According to the analysis of the characteristic of the semiconductor device based on the Peltier effect , the bidirectional IR scene simulation technique based on semiconductor refrigeration device with the Peltier effect and the computer controlling technology is put forward. Moreover, a prototype machine is designed ,and the shortcoming of the IR scene simulation system based on MOS-Resistance arrays which can only be heated is avoided. Finally, the performance of the prototype machine is tested by experiments. The results show that the system can realize bidirectional IR scene simulation perfectly by the means of increasing and reducing the temperature.

In order to overcome the process disturbance and measurement noise brought by the low-cost miniaturized infrared stabilizing platform, linear-quadratic-Gaussian with loop-transfer-recovery (LQG/LTR) theory is proposed for the design of stabilizing controller to improve performance of the platform. The state-space model representing the dynamics of stabilizing platform has been developed. Based on the model, state variables are estimated using Kalman-filter and then the LQG controller is designed. LTR methodology is carried out to recovery the loop transfer of LQR and compensate for the deficiency of worse stability robustness. The well-designed miniaturized infrared stabilizing platform is simulated in both frequency-domain and time-domain. The results show that there are many required characteristics in the stabilizing platform designed with the proposed method. It has good disturbance rejection and noise-free, which enhances the stability robustness. It can acquire wide bandwidth that brings about the faster output response. On the basis of the design it is convenient to implement the infrared tracking platform with zero steady-error.

This paper introduces the designing principle and method of the IR line scanner on UAV in three aspects of optical-mechanical system, electronics system and processing software. It makes the system achieve good results in practical application that there are many features in the system such as light weight, small size, low power assumption, wide field of view, high instantaneous field of view, high noise equivalent temperature difference, wirelessly controlled and so on. The entire system is designed as follows: Multi-element scanner is put into use for reducing the electrical noise bandwidth, and then improving SNR; Square split aperture scanner is put into use for solving the image ratation distortion, besides fit for large velocity to height ratio; DSP is put into use for non-uniformity correction and background nosie subtraction, and then improving the imagery quality; SD card is put into use as image data storage media instead of the hard disk; The image data is stored in SD card in FAT32 file system, easily playbacked by processing software on Windows and Linux operating system; wireless transceiver module is put into use for wirelessly controlled.

An auto-development pushbroom imaging spectrometer (PIS) with wavelength range of 400-1000 nm was applied to measure the chlorophyll content of wheat seedling. It showed that according to images of spectral imaging for leaves of Chinese Spring (Salt-sensitive), Zhouyuan 9369(common and high-yield) and Changwu 134(salt-tolerant) wheat seedling under salt stress, growth of salt-sensitive Chinese Spring wheat seedling was inhibited and it was feasible to carry out qualitative analysis. Images could intuitively reflect morphological information of growth status of wheat seedling and could show spectral differences of different leaves and different locations of one leave. Also, it was feasible to identify green and yellow locations of leaf and to carry out qualitative analysis. The tested sites of spectrum and the chlorophyll content measured sites were on the same area of single leaf. After measuring the hyperspectral image of leaf, the mean reflectance spectra of each leaf was calculated Totally, 126 samples were collected, which were then divided into a calibration set and a prediction set. Partial least square regression (PLSR) method was used to build the calibration model. Results showed that the extracted hyperspectral spectra had high correlation with chlorophyll content. The correlation coefficient of the calibration model is R=0.8138, the standard error of prediction is SEP=4.75. The results indicated that hyperspectral imaging were suitable for the non-invasive detection of chlorophyll content of wheat seedling.

In order to overcome the disadvantage of traditional median filtering method in removing impulsive noise, according to the characteristics of impulsive noise image, a novel approach based on difference images and adaptive filter with multiple windows is proposed. Firstly, utilize the noise image to obtain three difference images, while the difference images are computing in three different directions which are level, vertical, diagonal (counterclockwise rotation of 45° from the horizontal direction), and then get the position of impulse noise points by detecting these three difference image with setting different threshold. Secondly, handle the detected impulse noise point using adaptive filter with multiple windows. Finally, Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio is used to assess ability of this approach in removing noise. Experimental results indicate that when the, the effect of image restoration by this method can be increased by 8dB compared with median filter. Advantage in removing noise but preserving detail is obvious compared with conventional median filtering method.

We have measured room temperature x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) at the Mn L_2,3edges on ferromagnetic Ga_1-xMn_xAs films prepared under different As₂/Ga flux ratios. A growth condition relative energy shift (ΔE) at L₂ peak was observed, the results suggest that the formation of antiferromagnetic Mn-As complex under As-rich growth conditions and the energy shift can be weakened even eliminated by post-growth low temperature (LT) annealing. The intensity of XAS spectrum was promoted after post-growth annealing, and the effect of annealing was also influenced by growth conditions.

A low atmospheric visibility environment is artificially set up to test the thermal imaging characteristics of heave duty truck, middle-sized truck and microbus under different visibilities and states by a thermal imaging system at night. By the experimental results, all thermal images of various motor vehicles are very clear under high atmospheric visibility whether the vehicle is started or not at night while the started motor vehicle is easier to distinguish from the environment than the not started one. For started motor vehicles, the characteristic temperature is distributed at engine and tail gas emission tube. The highest temperature appears on the surface of engine and it is greatly higher than other parts of the motor vehicle. By the experiment, the average imaging temperature of motor vehicle body is hard to be affected by visibility while the characteristic imaging temperature of engine is observably affected by low visibility. The lower the visibility is, the more illegible the thermal image is. Especially, the highest imaging temperature decreases quickly and falls toward the environment's temperature. Under very low visibility, the imaging temperature of character position is still greatly higher than the average temperature of motor vehicle body or environment although the thermal image of the whole motor vehicle body is illegible. As a result, any started motor vehicle may be found, scouted or traced by locking the highest imaging temperature at engine part under low atmospheric visibility with a thermal imaging system.

In order to improve the detecting ability of dark target by infrared detecting system, stray radiation of the system should be studied before and suppression methods should be adopted. In the infrared detecting system, thermal emission of a room-temperature instrument may be several orders of magnitude larger than the flux of sources of target to be observed. When baffles and vanes are designed to suppress the stray radiation coming from sources outside of the field of view of the detecting system, their thermal radiation should be discussed together. In this article, the stray radiation of thermal emission of infrared detecting system is studied. How to design baffles, vanes and stops is introduced. Their structure models are established in TracePro. Their thermal emissions are simulated and analyzed by ray tracing program. The number of photons on a pixel which emitted from suppression structure which varies from 260K to 310K is given by simulation. From the simulation result, we can find that the stray radiation of thermal emission from inner baffle of primary mirror is the predominant source; The stray radiation of thermal emission of system with vanes on main tube is slightly bigger than that of the system with no vanes; the field stop placed at the first image plane can effectively decrease the number of photons of stray radiation.

Taking the advantages of FPGA's low cost and compact structure, an FPGA-based heterogeneous image fusion platform is established in this study. Altera's Cyclone IV series FPGA is adopted as the core processor of the platform, and the visible light CCD camera and infrared thermal imager are used as the image-capturing device in order to obtain dualchannel heterogeneous video images. Tailor-made image fusion algorithms such as gray-scale weighted averaging, maximum selection and minimum selection methods are analyzed and compared. VHDL language and the synchronous design method are utilized to perform a reliable RTL-level description. Altera's Quartus II 9.0 software is applied to simulate and implement the algorithm modules. The contrast experiments of various fusion algorithms show that, preferably image quality of the heterogeneous image fusion can be obtained on top of the proposed system. The applied range of the different fusion algorithms is also discussed.

The signal-to-clutter ratio couldn't be improved effectively for conventional spatial or temporal high-pass filter is difficult to remove clutter, especially clutter edge, and a dim moving target detection method based on the timefrequency characters difference among target, noise and clutter is presented in this paper. Theoretical analysis shows that the waveform at the target location in time-frequency domain is a small wave packet, the magnitude of the wave packet is consistent with the target amplitude, and the width of the packet is inversely proportional to target speed; the waveform at clutter edge is an "uphill" or "downhill". This target detection method takes two-stage filters to detect dim target. At first, a threshold based on false alarm ratio criteria in the time-frequency is adopted to remove noise, and then the ratio between "main lobe" and "side lobe" in the wave packet is counted to remove clutter and detect target. The dim target detection experiment under cloud is included and the result shows that the method is effective.

In some special circumstances, some dynamic infrared target need to be detected and identificated on the static background, This paper presents a correlation identification device based on spatial light modulator for infrared imaging system, a 4F Fourier transform system added to infrared imaging system, The images captured by infrared camera is loaded onto the input plane of 4Fsystem in real time using spatial light modulator, After a Fourier transform lens and the digital image transform of its spectrum pattern, in this spectrum plane a special device is placed, and the device is pre-proseecing through the background of the target then made into the matched filter, Thus, once again through another Fourier transform lens to do the inverse Fourier transform, When there is a specific dynamic infrared target in the background, the image loaded on the spatial light modulator will be different, the output plane will produce significantly different output signal, Thus, in a very short period of time to complete the dynamic target recognition. This design can transformed infrared image into coherent lignt information processing, it can improve recognition speed and reduce the identification error, to do parallel multi-channel target recognition.

IR simulation about IR target and environment is one of the key technologies of semi-physical simulation in various IR systems. The weapon system adopting IR imaging technology needs to test and estimate system's performance frequently. A small target imaging module of IR detector is proposed. It's based on analyzing the imaging influence by optic system, relative motion between target and detector, and atmospheric transmission. Combining the IR background captured by camera and the small target image simulated by imaging module, a simulation of IR image under sky background including the small target is carried out. The results show that the approach is fast and efficient. The simulated image can verify proceeded detecting and tracking algorithms excellently.

A Mean-shift Particle filtering tracking algorithm based on the multi-feature fusion has been raised in this paper. This algorithm mainly focus on the features of the high frequency histogram, fractal and the energy of the infrared small target, which directly against the defects exist in detecting the infrared small targets, such as the size of the target, the low tracking accuracy caused by the low SNR and so on. Since the particle filtering algorithm gives the advantage of multi-feature fusion, the algorithm raised in this paper combines the three features listed above and does the calculation using the particle weight to greatly improved the tracking accuracy. The clustering effect of the Mean-shift algorithm has also been applied to make the distribution of the particles more equals to the real target, which reduced the number of the particle and enhanced the real-time ability of the algorithm. The experimental results show that, this algorithm has better tracking accuracy, which gives more effectiveness in tracking the infrared small target compared to the traditional particle filtering algorithm.

Constant False Alarm Rate(CFAR) detection is a key technology in infrared small target detection and search. For performance of CFAR is unstable and false alarm rate and detection rate are unpredictable when infrared small targets are detected, this paper proposes a CFAR technique which based on background clutter distribution parameter estimation. Through accurately estimation power of the local background clutter, the technology is able to select the appropriate threshold. The system false alarm rate can be restrained in a certain constant by the threshold, so that the detection rate and system performance can be improved. This paper introduces the estimating parameter methods and inspection process of background clutter which is left after the infrared image under Robinson filter in details, and describes the specific steps of the design of CFAR detector according to the different distribution models. The experimental data and Analysis Results can fully show that this CFAR technique can suppress background clutter effectively, and improve the detection rate under a certain false alarm rate.

The non-invasive blood glucose sensing method has shown its high impact on the clinic application. This can make the measurement on the clinically relevant concentrations of glucose be free from the pain of patient. The transmission spectrum study indicates that the dependence of glucose concentration on the absorbance is in linear manner for the glucose concentration in the region of 30mg/dL to 4.5×10⁴mg/dL. By the near infrared reflection spectroscopy of fiber spectrometer, the reflection band between 1.2μm and 1.35μm can be used to correlated with the glucose concentration in the range of 30 to 300 mg/dL. This reflection band is finally used to measure the glucose concentration effect in non-invasive manner, which gives the statistical significance of P value 0.02. Our experiment result shows that it is possible to get the glucose concentration by the near infrared reflection spectrum measurement on the human forefinger. This non-invasive blood glucose sensing method may useful in clinic after more experiment for different people.

An improved method based on traditional one of matching feature points is presented in order to realize the registration of infrared image and visual image. In the improved method, firstly, image edges are extracted by the improved edge extraction method and Harris operator is selected to detect feature points. The points prepared for matching are gained by the AND operation between feature points and image edges. Thus the feature points not on the edges can be removed to reduce false match rate and computation of matching feature points. Secondly, in the points prepared for matching, two matching point pairs are extracted by the Revised Measure Function(RMF), then used to calculate registration parameters of rigid transformation model for images registration. The method combines the advantages of features and gray-based method, and has high registration accuracy. Experimental results show its feasibility and practicality, and it is applicable to real-time visible and infrared images registration with any zoom scale, rotation angle and translational quantity.

In the underwater imaging system, When the light reflected from the surface of something tested through the water medium gets to the surface of the imaging lens or when the light through the air gets to the surface of the imaging lens, the reflection will happen, it leads that the light detectors receives the light less than before. The loss of light energy leads to the decrease of image illumination. Meanwhile, some of the reflected light becomes of stray light to the surface of image, and then that the contrast grade of image gets lower influences the quality of imaging. Hence, in order to minimize the impact of image quality, a system for the underwater antireflection film to improve image quality should be designed. This paper is based on the optical film-designed theory, for the blue-green light whose center wavelength is 532nm, the antireflection films of both air-optical glass interface and seawater-optical glass interface are designed, and the reflectivity curve and the their calculated results are given.

In recent years, the demand for infrared zoom systems is increasing in proportion with the development of infrared technology and its applications. To meet this demand a variety of zoom lenses have been designed. Infrared cameras operating in the 3-5μm spectral band are used in a wide variety of applications such as targeting, rescue, guidance and surveillance systems as well as other equipment. This paper using cool 320×240 detector with staring focal plane array and secondary imaging, a mid-wave optical system using mechanical-compensated with large-aperture and a zoom range of 10:1 is designed. The Pixel Dimensions of the detector is 30μm, and the wavelength between 3.7μm ~4.8μm.The system adopts negative group variable times and positive group of compensation which can realize 33mm~330mm continuous zoom and FOV =20.61°~2.08° ,it consists of 7 lenses including 3 aspheric surface. The length of the system is 262mm with the reflection mirror multipass optical path. The results show that the modulation transfer function(MTF)are above 0.4 within the whole focal range at spatial frequency of 17 lp/mm, and Root Mean Square (RMS) value of spot diameter were smaller than the Pixel Dimensions. After the image quality being optimized, the narcissus analysis is done and 100% cold shield efficiency is obtained. Finallythe monotonic and smooth Cam curve is given. The curve shows that the imaging plane is stable and the cam is easy to process. The system has advantages of simple structure, high image quality and short zoom path etc.

Infrared focal plane detector has a multilayer configuration which consists of substrate, chip, readout IC, Indium interconnects, epoxy and electrical lead board, it is packaged layer by layer precisely. Because of the difference in thermal expansion between the layers, with repeated thermal cycling plenty of thermal stress produced by assembling errors will lead result in failure of the interconnects or lead to damage to the detector pixels. In this paper, based on a detector-Dewar assembly, we analyze the thermal stress on the detector by different packaging accuracy level. With the allowable thermal stress, we optimize the processes of the packaging experiment and redesign the fixtures used in the packaging processes to improve assembly accuracy, on this condition, the detector-Dewar assembly assembled satisfies our design requirement, and the thermal stress caused by the cooler is below the range permitted.

The technology of generating infrared image based on electric heating film technology by its resistance per unit area was studied. A Lifgt-off-road vehicle was used as an object to be simulated. An infrared thermograph was used to photography the light-off-road vehicle from a specific corner. As a result several infrared images of the light-off-road vehicle were obtained and the thermal distribution of the vehicle was also obtained at the same time. A matlab program was used to process the image. The image was divided into several areas according to its grey level. Each area has its own temperature range. The average temperature of each area was calculated. A thermal balance equation was established according to the average temperature of each area and the environment temperature. By solving these equations, the radiant existances of these areas were gotten. The heating power per unit area of these areas was calculated. The electric heating film was preparation accordingly. The power was applied on the film and the infrared thermograph was used to observe it. The infrared image of the film has a high similarity with the true light-off-road vehicle's.

For uncooled 320×240 infrared detector, a catadioptric middle infrared continuous zoom lens is presented. The optical system is divided into three segments. First of all, a reflective system is designed as the front system. Then the continuous zoom lens which matches with the reflective system as the back system is designed. The conversed back system is assembled at the first imaging of the optical system with the reflective system. A continuous variable magnification catadiootric telescope is obtained. Projection objective is designed based on the telescope lastly. To ensure the imaging quality of the system, the whole system is optimized with the CODE V software. The system can realize 200mm~800mm continuous zoom. The designed result shows the system has the advantages of simple structure, short zoom path and smooth zoom locus, high image quality and approached or reached to the diffraction limit.

Millimeter wave imaging technology provides a new detection method for security, fast and safe. But the wave of the images is its own shortcomings, such as noise and low sensitivity. Systems used for security, since only the corresponding specific objects to retain the information, and other information missing, so the actual image is difficult to locate in the millimeter wave . Image fusion approach can be used to effectively solve this problem. People usually use visible and millimeter-wave image fusion. The use of visible image contains the visual information. The fused image can be more convenient site for the detection of concealed weapons and to provide accurate positioning. The integration of information from different detectors, and there are different between the two levels of signal to noise ratio and pixel resolution, so traditional pixel-level fusion methods often cannot satisfy the fusion. Many experts and scholars apply wavelet transform approach to deal with some remote sensing image fusion, and the performance has been greatly improved. Due to these wavelet transform algorithm with complexity and large amount of computation, many algorithms are still in research stage. In order to improve the fusion performance and gain the real-time image fusion, an Integer Wavelet Transform CDF97 based with regional energy enhancement fusion algorithm is proposed in this paper. First, this paper studies of choice of wavelet operator. The paper invites several characteristics to evaluate the performance of wavelet operator used in image fusion. Results show that CDF97 wavelet fusion performance is better than traditional wavelet wavelets such as db wavelet, the vanishing moment longer the better. CDF97 wavelet has good energy concentration characteristic. The low frequency region of the transformed image contains almost the whole image energy. The target in millimeter wave image often has the low-pass characteristics and with a higher energy compare to the ambient region. Based on this assumption, a new fusion rule is proposed here. Firstly, get the low-frequency part of the selection matrix according to the comparison regional low-frequency energy matrix of the two images. Then, taking into account the consistency and continuity of low-frequency detail, high frequency and low frequency selection matrix can be the same. And this can ensure a better fusion of the edge of the image characteristics. Simulation results show that this algorithm's performance is much better compared to traditional energy-weighted and average method, though less quantitative comparison point compared to the region based method, yet, the difference is small according to the visible evaluation. This algorithm is tested in the self-developed image processing platform based on DM642. By using the optimization strategy, the speed of 256 × 256 dual-channel image fusion can be more than 28 F/S. Therefore, the proposed fusion algorithm can meet the system performance and application requirements.

In order to lower the orientating capability of the DSP satellite, at first the paper analyzes early warning missile satellite detective system, introduces the jamming mechanism of infrared smoke screen, and a model of jamming efficiency evaluation of the IR smoke screen against early warning satellite was built from three sides of absorbency of smoke screen to infrared radiation, dispersion ability and infrared radiation from smoke screen self. At last the correlative conclusion was got based on the brief depiction of Early-warning Satellite.

Infrared detection within the atmospheric window between 3 to 5μm has gained great interest because of its wide range of applications, such as eye-safe free-space optical communication links and high-precision time-of-flight measurements used in 3D imaging. In this letter, we report on the characteristics of two InP-based strain-compensated InGaAs/InAlAs quantum cascade detectors (QCDs) detecting around 4 μm and 4.5 μm, which are promising candidates for applications in this wavelength range. Maximal responsivity values of 11.43mA/W at 180K and 10.1 mA/W at 78K and Johnson noise limited detectivities of 2.43×10¹⁰ and 2×10¹⁰ Jones at 78K, for the 4.5 μm and the 4 μm device, respectively, were obtained. In addition, both devices can work up to room temperature with responsivities of 0.81 mA/W(4.5μm) and 1.64 mA/W(4μm).

The small-target detection in infrared image is a difficult task in remote sensing fields. First of all, the reason of the increased false alarm rate under the cloud cluster background is analyzed. In order to avoid this kind of the false alarm, the background suppression algorithm based on the two-dimensional velocity vector histogram and the estimated risk is presented. The image sequence is filtered firstly under the higher false alarm rate to extract the further more interference points in the cloud region. Then the velocity vectors of all the detected points including the interference points are computed by the means of date association. And the two-dimensional velocity vector histogram is calculated with the velocity vector of all the detected points. It is found that the most of the detected points are the interference points in the cloud and the velocity and the direction of the cloud are identical in a certain field of view for some time. According to the characteristic of the cloud, the range of the cloud velocity vector is obtained based on the velocity vector histogram by means of the statistics. The false alarm points in the motional cloud are filtered out according to the velocity range. But a few false alarm points in the cloud may also exit. So the concept of estimated risk is presented to evaluate the possibility of false alarm point. The threshold of each part of the image is adaptively adjusted based the estimated risk evaluated by the complex level of background. Then the false alarm points in the complex cloud are filtered out based the threshold. The experimental results with the real image show that the proposed method can reduce the false alarm of the target detection under the cloud background and detect target successfully.

Infrared detection system is frequently employed on surveillance operations and reconnaissance mission to detect particular targets of interest in both civilian and military communities. By incorporating the polarization of light as supplementary information, the target discrimination performance could be enhanced. So this paper proposed an infrared target identification method which is based on fuzzy theory and neural network with polarization properties of targets. The paper utilizes polarization degree and light intensity to advance the unsupervised KFCM (kernel fuzzy C-Means) clustering method. And establish different material pol1arization properties database. In the built network, the system can feedback output corresponding material types of probability distribution toward any input polarized degree such as 10° 15°, 20°, 25°, 30°. KFCM, which has stronger robustness and accuracy than FCM, introduces kernel idea and gives the noise points and invalid value different but intuitively reasonable weights. Because of differences in characterization of material properties, there will be some conflicts in classification results. And D - S evidence theory was used in the combination of the polarization and intensity information. Related results show KFCM clustering precision and operation rate are higher than that of the FCM clustering method. The artificial neural network method realizes material identification, which reasonable solved the problems of complexity in environmental information of infrared polarization, and improperness of background knowledge and inference rule. This method of polarization identification is fast in speed, good in self-adaption and high in resolution.

Sulfur-doped diamond thin films have been synthesized using CH₄/H₂/Ar/H₂S gas mixture by hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) technique. The optical properties of the films are investigated by SEM and Raman spectra. The Gaussian line shape is used in the curve fitting for the Raman spectra. Results show that the I_D/I_G presents the trend of first increase and then decrease with the increase of S/C ratio, however, an upward shift of the diamond peak is observed. This implies residual stress in the sulfur-doped diamond thin films. Moreover, optimum experimental conditions are proposed.

Detection of the small target in clutter, usually regarded as singular points in the infrared image, is an important issue in infrared searching and tracking (IRST) system. Because of the far range of the target to the sensor, the stealth technology, the effects of inherent sensor noise and the phenomena of nature, the target is more difficult to be detected. Multispectral sensor system has been proved it could greatly improve detection of the small, hard-to-find targets by multispectral processing techniques (such as sensor or image fusion). Aiming at the problem of multispectral IR Target Detection, a kind method of the multispectral IR target detection is proposed, based on the existed detection systems. In this method, the image registration is done firstly to make the different sensors have a same scene. Then, a fusion rule, named as adaptive weighted voting theory, is developed to combine the target detection results from the different spectral sensors. The adaptive weighted voting theory can give the different weights, based on the different spectral IR characteristics, and these weights decide the detected target is identified as real target or background. The experimental results show that the proposed method can reduce the detection uncertainty and improve the detection performance. Compared with the single spectral detection results and the others fusion detection methods, it can decrease the lost alarm rate and the false alarm rate effectively. The proposed method has been employed in our IR surveillance system, and it is easy to be used in the various circumstances.

InSb focal plane array (FPA) detectors which are important components of infrared systems have great influence on systems' reliability and development. Few researches have been focused on this field in recent years. Therefore, it is rather essential to carry out reliability test. In the paper, reliability enhancement testing has been carried out on 128×128 elements InSb FPA detectors to discuss the influence of temperature stresses and vibration stresses on structure and performance. Working boundary conditions of InSb FPA detectors were obtained. Aiming at the failure the corresponding improvements were adopted, and reliability of detector was enhanced greatly.

The Dewar package is one important way for infrared focal plane detector's application. Vacuum life is one of pivotal technologic parameter for infrared detector Dewar assembly. It is important to estimate the vacuum life of Dewar in room temperature fleetly and truly. The accelerated vacuum life test is a good way to shorten test time. The statistical and analytical way of test data to estimate distribution of Dewar vacuum life that is confirmed. Through test accelerated factor, vacuum life of Dewar in room temperature can be gained.

The purpose of infrared polarization image is to highlight man-made target from a complex natural background. For the infrared polarization images can significantly distinguish target from background with different features, this paper presents a wavelet-based infrared polarization image fusion algorithm. The method is mainly for image processing of high-frequency signal portion, as for the low frequency signal, the original weighted average method has been applied. High-frequency part is processed as follows: first, the source image of the high frequency information has been extracted by way of wavelet transform, then signal strength of 3*3 window area has been calculated, making the regional signal intensity ration of source image as a matching measurement. Extraction method and decision mode of the details are determined by the decision making module. Image fusion effect is closely related to the setting threshold of decision making module. Compared to the commonly used experiment way, quadratic interpolation optimization algorithm is proposed in this paper to obtain threshold. Set the endpoints and midpoint of the threshold searching interval as initial interpolation nodes, and compute the minimum quadratic interpolation function. The best threshold can be obtained by comparing the minimum quadratic interpolation function. A series of image quality evaluation results show this method has got improvement in fusion effect; moreover, it is not only effective for some individual image, but also for a large number of images.

Intelligent video surveillance system study in this paper is constituted by CCD cameras, infrared pyroelectric sensor, stepping motor and the computer. And make In-depth study for portable intelligent monitoring system from two aspects of hardware and software. compare and analyse between CCD image sensor and CMOS image sensor, key research on the CCD various' characteristics and performance indicators; investigate for the infrared pyroelectric sensor structure, characteristics, put forward further method to improve pyroelectric sensor performance, response degree. On software, according to the calculation of moving object detection, through controll the step motor, can tracking video real-time or finish videoing,video Real-time. Intelligent video surveillance system use infrared pyroelectric sensor as access switches, make sure the foolproof of monitoring site safety system.

A new real-time infrared image enhancement algorithm which applies to FPGA is proposed in this paper. In real-time infrared image processing, image's contrast is very low, the noise of the regular graph is effects of real-time infrared image system precision primary factors, Seems particularly important how about to reduce infrared image noise and improve the precision at the infrared image. In order to reduce infrared image noise, we use adaptive piecewise linear transformation algorithm for infrared image enhancement, and objective evaluation of the enhanced images, at the same time also to discuss real-time of the algorithm, and verify the feasibility of applying this algorithm.

Global climate change has brought about many environmental problems. It was considered that the increase of green house gases should be responsible for that, especially carbon dioxide (CO₂). There are some in-situ observation stations distributed in the world-wide, but it's not enough to perform the global atmospheric variation laws for the sparse observation points with non-uniform distribution. The Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) is the world's first spacecraft to measure the concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane from space. It has finished CO₂ global distribution maps on internet, but there is little study on the regional CO₂ distribution with higher spatial resolution, especially about the metropolitan CO₂ distribution. The CO2 column amount were analyzed in the Yangtze River delta area that indicted it varied with the seasons. In order to explain the CO₂ distribution differences, the land surface temperature (LST) and the Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI) were analyzed from the China Huanjing-1A (HJ-1A) and Huanjing-1B (HJ-1B) satellite data. The results showed that there were some correlations between the land surface characteristics and the CO₂ column amount. It appeared that the CO₂ column amount retrieved from the SWIR band of FTS reflected the near surface atmospheric contents were affected obviously by the human activities. More verification experiments with in-situ observation data should be conducted. The study results could be benefit for improving the accuracy of CO₂ flux estimation from the satellite data, and it's useful for the studying the correlations between the climate change and the economic development.

Performance of IRFPA depends greatly on the amount and distribution of bad pixels. In this paper, general causes of bad pixel in IRFPA are analyzed. Most bad pixels of IRFPA can be classified into four types for flip-chip bonding structure. The amount of bad pixels in IRFPA often increases after long-term operation. This strongly affects application of IRFPA. High temperature storage and temperature shock are effective ways to expose these potential bad pixels in advance. High temperature storage and temperature shock are carried out on some IRFPA samples. Four kinds of variation for bad pixels are investigated. They are variations of amount, characteristics, bad pixels on margin and bad pixels in different IRFPA. Results show potential bad pixels damaged after these tests. New bad pixels are tested, analyzed and classified. Each type of bad pixel is corresponding to defect of specified manufacture procedure. This indicates the potential improving directions. Methods that could reduce bad pixels are briefly discussed. Results shown in this paper can help to improve manufacture technology of IRFPA and then the performance of infrared imaging system.

An active focal plane motion compensation system is presented in this paper. In this system, a high speed matrix CCD sensor is used for image motion detection. The matrix CCD sensor is a auxiliary sensor (about 256X256 pixel) which is installed side by side with the main image sensor of the camera. The main image sensor is putted on a micro-displacement platform which is drived by tow piezoelectric actuators. So the main image sensor can shift in tow directions. In order to realize real-time image motion estimation,the Gray Projection algorithm is used to calculate image motion vector. To achieve the required accuracy, the operation of the piezoelectric actuator is controlled in a closed loop system. The results of simulation experiments showed that the accuracy of the motion detection can reach 0.5 ~1 pixel size, and the compensation can be controlled on the scale of sub pixel. theory analyzing demonstrate that proposed method is reasonable and efficient. It will be helpful for space cameras to acquire high resolution images on unstable space platforms .

The paper presents a new efficient method for performance evaluation of imaging seeker tracking algorithm. The method utilizes multi features which associate with tracking point of each video frame, gets local score(LS) for every feature, and achieves global score(GS) for given tracking algorithm according to the combined strategy. The method can be divided into three steps. In a first step, it extracts evaluation feature from neighbor zone of each tracking point. The feature may include tracking error, shape of target, area of target, tracking path, and so on. Then, as to each feature, a local score can be got rely on the number of target which tracked successfully. It uses similarity measurement and experiential threshold between neighbor zone of tracking point and target template to define tracking successful or not. Of course, the number should be 0 or 1 for single target tracking. Finally, it assigns weight for each feature according to the validity grade for the performance. The weights multiply by local scores and normalized between 0 and 1, this gets global score of certain tracking algorithm. By compare the global score of each tracking algorithm as to certain type of scene, it can evaluate the performance of tracking algorithm quantificational. The proposed method nearly covers all tracking error factors which can be introduced into the process of target tracking, so the evaluation result has a higher reliability. Experimental results, obtained with flying video of infrared imaging seeker, and also included several target tracking algorithms, illustrate the performance of target tracking, demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method.

High resolution X-ray diffraction is used to study InAs/GaSb superlattices structural properties. The SL materials were grown by molecular beam epitaxy on the GaSb substrates. We optimize the shutter sequences and soak time to improve the SL interface and the material quality. The reciprocal space maps show that the materials are almost fully stained. The angle distance between the zeroth order SL peak and the substrate in ω - 2θ spectrum is about 10 arcsec. The full-width half-maximum (FWHM) of the zeroth order SL peak is 25 arcsec. Using a four layer model including two InSb interfaces, we simulated the scanning curve and found there is different layer formed in InAs-on-GaSb and GaSb-on-InAs interfaces. The arsenic pressure and the interface structure are optimized to get better material quality for long wavelength SL samples. With optimized growth condition and suitable InSb-like interface structure, high quality SL samples for both mid and long wavelength range are fabricated. The average roughness from AFM on a 2×2 um² scan area is less than 1.5 angstrom.

Infrared Focal Plane Array (IRFPA) of InSb is designed to work under the condition of zero bias voltage or nearly to zero bias voltage. InSb IRFPA can't work normally if PN junction is in the condition of high reverse bias voltage for several minutes. In order to analyze the causation of the phenomena some experiments were designed to simulate the condition of high reverse bias voltage. It is found that when the reverse bias voltage exceeds the limited value, the responsibility of InSb detector becomes lower. The phenomena will not change unless the operating temperature is raised to room temperature and kept for a long time. Response characteristic of InSb PN junction under high reverse bias voltage is briefly described in this paper. The factors affecting response characteristic are discussed. The limited value of the reverse voltage is given. The result is useful to design the driving circuit of InSb IPFPA. It also plays the guidance part in application of InSb detector.

IR projectors applied in HWIL simulations are responsible for generating a radiometric output which is similar to the imager output for a real world targets and background in desired wavelength to the seeker under test. Projector technologies meet more challenge as seekers performances improving. A variety of projectors has been constructed to satisfy different use. This paper describes three projectors which include a dual-band IR extended source projector, a MWIR Digital Micromirror Device(DMD) projector and a LWIR resistive array projector.

The formation process of devices' electrodes is one of the key techniques in the fabrication of HgCdTe infrared photoconductive detectors. A new structure of extended electrode has been developed and improved for low temperature stability. The parts of HgCdTe wafers exposed by photolithography are first dry etched until the sapphire substrate by ion beam milling (IBM). Then the contact metal films are deposited on HgCdTe and sapphire respectively. The main innovation of this paper is the optimization of the thickness of contact metal films. The traditional method of evaluation the stability of electrodes is to measure the changes of resistance when the devices are taken from normal temperature into low temperatures. Nevertheless, the changes of resistance are not sensitive to microdefects. So as to the effective evaluation of the contact metal films, another means (SEM) is utilized to get details about the microstructure of the contact metal films on the sidewall. In this paper, the topography of the improved sidewall contact metal was investigated by SEM. The outcome shows that a continuous columnar structure is gained by that optimization. No voids could be seen in the contact metals on the sidewall of etched HgCdTe, which reveals that the improved process is valid. It also indicated that SEM is a reasonable and efficient means to evaluate the quality of deposited metal film on the sidewall of a mesa structure in the fabrication of HgCdTe photoconductive detectors.

The typhoon center location is important for forecast typhoon path and harmful weather. However, the appearance of the typhoon from satellite cloud images was very complex and stochastic. Some location methods were short of robustness and oneness. In order to locate the typhoon center automatically and accurately, we propose a linear optimal location technique based on the feature of typhoon cloud circumgyrate the typhoon center. Grounded on the feature ,we extracted the typhoon swirl feature using eigenvector which is denoted by the tangent of typhoon cloud image's gray gradient. Then, we gain the solution of location optimal target equation using genetic algorithms, but this method has the disadvantages of slow convergence and poor stability ,so an improved genetic algorithm is proposed in terms of creation of the initial population and genetic operators. In the end, comparing general genetic algorithm with improved genetic algorithm in convergence. We applied our approach to locate the center of some different typhoons occurred in 2008, from the results of simulation experiments, we conclude that the method presented cloud identify the typhoon center feature easily and locate the typhoon center accurately. Theory analysis and experiment shows the method is reasonable and efficient.

Electronic digital image stabilization technique plays important roles in video surveillance or object acquisition. Researchers have presented many useful algorithms, which can be classified to three kinds: gray based methods, transformation based methods and feature based methods. When scenario is simple or flat, feature based methods sometimes have imperfect results. Transformation based methods usually accompany large computation cost and high computation complexity. Here we presented an algorithm based on gray projection which divided the whole image into four sub-regions: the upper one, the bottom one, the left one and the right one. For making the translation estimation easier, a central region is also chosen. Then the gray projections of the five sub-regions were counted. From the five pairs of gray projections five group offsets including rotation and translation were obtained via cross correlation between current frame and reference frame gray projections. Then according to the above offsets, the required parameters can be estimated. The expected translation parameters(x axis offset and y axis offset) can be estimated via the offsets from the central region image pair, the rotation angle can be calculated from the left four groups offsets. Finally, Kalman filter was adopted to compute the compensation. Test results show that the algorithm has good estimation performance with less than one pixel translation error and 10 percent rotation error. Based on this kind of gray projection algorithm, a real-time electronic digital image stabilization system has been designed and implemented. System tests demonstrate the system performance reaches the expected aim.

In this paper, a low noise and high accuracy readout integrated circuit (ROIC) for Infrared detectors is presented. The circuit is made up of capacitor trans-impedance amplifier (CTIA) and correlation double sampling (CDS) circuit. First, the accuracy, and injection efficiency of the CTIA structure which is used to convert the photo-current into voltage are fully discussed. The readout accuracy of weak current signal can be obviously improved by the using of CTIA. Then, the CDS structure with offset calibration technique is used to reduce the fixed pattern noise (FPN) of CTIA. Thus, the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the designed readout circuit is improved. By utilizing the above two techniques, the influence of noise on this circuit was greatly reduced and the precision of the ROIC was improved. Besides, the design of amplifier in CTIA is discussed in more detail, which will bring about important effect on performance of the whole circuit. Simulation results at Cadence Spectre demonstrated that the readout circuit had reached the requirement of application. The final chip was fabricated with Chartered 0.35um standard CMOS process. Testing results show that the linearity of CTIA is 99%, and that the readout accuracy is 10-bit, while the detecting current varies from 10pA to 10nA. Furthermore, the infrared image is shown in this paper, which means that the ROIC has a good performance at the practical application.

Target tracking on the complex background in the infrared image sequence is hot research field. It provides the important basis in some fields such as video monitoring, precision, and video compression human-computer interaction. As a typical algorithms in the target tracking framework based on filtering and data connection, the particle filter with non-parameter estimation characteristic have ability to deal with nonlinear and non-Gaussian problems so it were widely used. There are various forms of density in the particle filter algorithm to make it valid when target occlusion occurred or recover tracking back from failure in track procedure, but in order to capture the change of the state space, it need a certain amount of particles to ensure samples is enough, and this number will increase in accompany with dimension and increase exponentially, this led to the increased amount of calculation is presented. In this paper particle filter algorithm and the Mean shift will be combined. Aiming at deficiencies of the classic mean shift Tracking algorithm easily trapped into local minima and Unable to get global optimal under the complex background. From these two perspectives that "adaptive multiple information fusion" and "with particle filter framework combining", we expand the classic Mean Shift tracking framework .Based on the previous perspective, we proposed an improved Mean Shift infrared target tracking algorithm based on multiple information fusion. In the analysis of the infrared characteristics of target basis, Algorithm firstly extracted target gray and edge character and Proposed to guide the above two characteristics by the moving of the target information thus we can get new sports guide grayscale characteristics and motion guide border feature. Then proposes a new adaptive fusion mechanism, used these two new information adaptive to integrate into the Mean Shift tracking framework. Finally we designed a kind of automatic target model updating strategy to further improve tracking performance. Experimental results show that this algorithm can compensate shortcoming of the particle filter has too much computation, and can effectively overcome the fault that mean shift is easy to fall into local extreme value instead of global maximum value .Last because of the gray and fusion target motion information, this approach also inhibit interference from the background, ultimately improve the stability and the real-time of the target track.

Target detection and tracking technology in infrared image is an important part of modern military defense system. Infrared dim-point targets detection and recognition under complex background is a difficulty and important strategic value and challenging research topic. The main objects that carrier-borne infrared vigilance system detected are sea-skimming aircrafts and missiles. Due to the characteristics of wide field of view of vigilance system, the target is usually under the sea clutter. Detection and recognition of the target will be taken great difficulties .There are some traditional point target detection algorithms, such as adaptive background prediction detecting method. When background has dispersion-decreasing structure, the traditional target detection algorithms would be more useful. But when the background has large gray gradient, such as sea-sky-line, sea waves etc .The bigger false-alarm rate will be taken in these local area .It could not obtain satisfactory results. Because dim-point target itself does not have obvious geometry or texture feature ,in our opinion , from the perspective of mathematics, the detection of dim-point targets in image is about singular function analysis .And from the perspective image processing analysis , the judgment of isolated singularity in the image is key problem. The foregoing points for dim-point targets detection, its essence is a separation of target and background of different singularity characteristics .The image from infrared sensor usually accompanied by different kinds of noise. These external noises could be caused by the complicated background or from the sensor itself. The noise might affect target detection and tracking. Therefore, the purpose of the image preprocessing is to reduce the effects from noise, also to raise the SNR of image, and to increase the contrast of target and background. According to the low sea-skimming infrared flying small target characteristics , the median filter is used to eliminate noise, improve signal-to-noise ratio, then the multi-point multi-storey vertical Sobel algorithm will be used to detect the sea-sky-line ,so that we can segment sea and sky in the image. Finally using centroid tracking method to capture and trace target. This method has been successfully used to trace target under the sea-sky complex background.

With the rapid development of power industry, the number of SF₆ electrical equipment are increasing, it has gradually replaced the traditional insulating oil material as insulation and arc media in the high-voltage electrical equipment. Pure SF₆ gas has excellent insulating properties and arc characteristics; however, under the effect of the strong arc, SF₆ gas will decompose and generate toxic substances, then corroding electrical equipment, thereby affecting the insulation and arc ability of electrical equipment. If excessive levels of impurities in the gas that will seriously affect the mechanical properties, breaking performance and electrical performance of electrical equipment, it will cause many serious consequences, even threaten the safe operation of the grid. This paper main analyzes the basic properties of SF₆ gas and the basic situation of decomposition in the discharge conditions, in order to simulate the actual high-voltage electrical equipment, designed and produced a simulation device that can simulate the decomposition of SF₆ gas under a high voltage discharge, and using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to analyze the sample that produced by the simulation device. The result show that the main discharge decomposition product is SO₂F₂ (sulfuryl fluoride), the substance can react with water and generate corrosive H₂SO₄(sulfuric acid) and HF (hydrogen fluoride), also found that the increase in the number with the discharge, SO₂F₂concentration levels are on the rise. Therefore, the material can be used as one of the main characteristic gases to determine the SF₆ electrical equipment failure, and to monitor their concentration levels.

InAs film has been successfully grown on (100) GaSb substrate using a ternary In-As-Sb melt by liquid phase epitaxy (LPE). The high resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) and Rocking curve showed the film was single crystalline InAs with high quality. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) transmission spectrum revealed that the cutoff wavelength was about 3.8 μm at room temperature. The electron mobility at 300 K is higher than 2×10 ⁴cm²/Vs. It indicates that the structure of InAs/GaSb prepared by LPE has a potential for mid-infrared devices.

AlSiN_x bi-material thermal strain structure is used in uncooled optic readout infrared focal plane array (UOR IR FPA) pixel based on Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) technology. In this paper, the problems that the AlSiN_xstructure prevents FPA pixel scaling down and fill factor improving, and the Au reflection layer of the pixel leads to larger readout light energy loss are analyzed. The feasibility of AlSiN_x instead of AlSiN_x in the UOR IR FPA fabrication is researched in detail. The theoretical analyzing and simulation results demonstrate that, with optimized thicknesses and their matching designing of SiN_x and Al, the thermal-mechanical response of AlSiN_x bi-material structure is improved to 1.8 times and the intensity of optic readout signal is improved to about 2 times compared with AuSiNAlSiN_x one.

Target recognition is measured by treating target existing knowledge to judge, analyze, and thus the process of target identification. Using anti-vibration lateral shearing interferometer to get the interference fringe for the spectrum information of measurement target, and the system can get the target by spectrum identification algorithm. By the condition that interferometer's length isn't changed, the system was optimized by momentum BP Neural Network algorithm in the separating mixed spectrum process, therefore it could improve the probability of camouflage target recognition. The spectrum information was calculated by the fringes, to getting the mixed spectrum data. The absorption spectrum was in the hidden layer, and the system obtained every kinds of characteristic spectrum from mixed spectrum by the momentum BP Neural Network. Experiments showed that it collected mixed spectrum of background form different distances and different surface, and made them to the initial spectrum information. The test target was a board that it's surface was made to four kinds, and there was no paint (A), brushing camouflage paint of military green (B), brushing camouflage paint of irregular shape (C) and brushing camouflage paint of irregular box (D). The mixed spectrum was obtained from the anti-vibration lateral shearing interferometer, while the recognition probability for non-camouflage target were above 90.0% by the traditional algorithm and the momentum BP neural network algorithm, but the recognition probability for camouflage target was 85.6% by momentum BP neural network algorithm, better than 41.5% by the traditional algorithm, so it proved that the algorithm could improve the recognition probability for camouflage target effectively.

I-V temperature characteristic is very important to InSb IRFPA. In order to make further studies on I-V temperature characteristic, some experiments were done. In the experiments, the operating temperature of the InSb array was gradually raised from 77k. It is shown that reverse current doesn't simply increase with the increase of the operating temperature. The reason can be attributed to the composing of reverse currents at different operating temperature. In this paper, the I-V characteristic of InSb diode at different operating temperature is briefly described. The dominant components of reverse current and its temperature characteristic are discussed. The change of detector impedance is analyzed as operating temperature is changed. At the same time, the optimized operating temperature of InSb IRFPA is presented. The limit of operating temperature at which InSb IRFPA can work normally is also given.

In this paper, the effects of thermal annealing (TA) were studied by theoretical calculation and experiment. The calculation was based on the Masafumi's model of dislocation movement, modified with thermal stress and lattice-mismatch in the HgCdTe/CdTe/Si(211) heterostructure. As the calculation indicated, the temperature and holding time of TA had great effect on the dislocation reduction, while less improvement with the epilayer thickness and growth orientation. Upon the result of calculation, the TA and thermal cycle annealing (TCA) experiments were performed under different conditions, which fit the calculation properly. The dislocation reduction of TA was investigated by double crystal X-ray rocking curve (DCRC) and etch pit density (EPD) measurements. The EPD of 10μm SW~LW HgCdTe/Si under optimized thermal process could be decreased half order of magnitude, with the lowest EPD at 2×10⁶ cm^-2, as well as the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the DCRC to 57.8 arcsec.

Currently, the IR cameras are broadly used in the optic-electronic tracking, optic-electronic measuring, fire control and optic-electronic countermeasure field, but the output sequence of the most presently applied IR cameras in the project is complex and the giving sequence documents from the leave factory are not detailed. Aiming at the requirement that the continuous image transmission and image procession system need the detailed sequence of the IR cameras, the sequence measurement system of the IR camera is designed, and the detailed sequence measurement way of the applied IR camera is carried out. The FPGA programming combined with the SignalTap online observation way has been applied in the sequence measurement system, and the precise sequence of the IR camera's output signal has been achieved, the detailed document of the IR camera has been supplied to the continuous image transmission system, image processing system and etc. The sequence measurement system of the IR camera includes CameraLink input interface part, LVDS input interface part, FPGA part, CameraLink output interface part and etc, thereinto the FPGA part is the key composed part in the sequence measurement system. Both the video signal of the CmaeraLink style and the video signal of LVDS style can be accepted by the sequence measurement system, and because the image processing card and image memory card always use the CameraLink interface as its input interface style, the output signal style of the sequence measurement system has been designed into CameraLink interface. The sequence measurement system does the IR camera's sequence measurement work and meanwhile does the interface transmission work to some cameras. Inside the FPGA of the sequence measurement system, the sequence measurement program, the pixel clock modification, the SignalTap file configuration and the SignalTap online observation has been integrated to realize the precise measurement to the IR camera. Te sequence measurement program written by the verilog language combining the SignalTap tool on line observation can count the line numbers in one frame, pixel numbers in one line and meanwhile account the line offset and row offset of the image. Aiming at the complex sequence of the IR camera's output signal, the sequence measurement system of the IR camera accurately measures the sequence of the project applied camera, supplies the detailed sequence document to the continuous system such as image processing system and image transmission system and gives out the concrete parameters of the fval, lval, pixclk, line offset and row offset. The experiment shows that the sequence measurement system of the IR camera can get the precise sequence measurement result and works stably, laying foundation for the continuous system.

A modification of Sum-of-Squared-Differences algorithm is proposed to improve tracking efficiency of small objects in infra-red image sequences. The reason to use SSD algorithm is its better performance in tracking small objects, than in model based tracking algorithms. However traditional Sum-of-Squared-Differences (SSD) algorithm is sensitive to partial or full occlusions, background clutter and changes in object appearance. To increase immunity to this kind of noises the modification in model update procedure was developed. The experimental results illustrate that the proposed modification to SSD algorithm can improve overall algorithm performance in infrared operation. The paper describes the Sum-of-Squared Differences algorithm and its principal features in tracking objects on thermal image sequences. Next modification to SSD algorithm is described. Finally the experimental results are presented with comparison between traditional and modified SSD algorithm.

(Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O3 is a ferroelectric material which has excellent pyroelectric, dielectric and ferroelectric properties, and has a wide application prospect in the field of microelectronics and integrated circuit. A variety of techniques have been used for the deposition of ferroelectric thin films, among the processes, the sol-gel method has its advantages. In this study, the pyroelectric lead lanthanum zirconnate titanate (PLZT) (8/65/35) thin films were prepared on Pt (111)/Ti/SiO2/Si (100) substrates using sol-gel method and their characteristics were analyzed. The orientation and structural properties of the PLZT films were measured by X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), respectively. It was found that PbTiO3 (PT) can promote the crystallinity of PLZT thin films. According to the results of the SEM, under the 700°C holding temperature, the lead content of PLZT films decreased with the increment of holding time. The ferroelectric hystersis loop, pyroelectric coefficient and dielectric constant were also measured. The electrical properties of the films were optimized by rapid thermal process (RTP) at 700°C. Ferroelectric hysteresis loop of PLZT thin film with PT seed layer was tested at the triangular wave voltage of 50V. The results showed that the remanent polarization (Pr) was 25.7 μC/cm² and the coercive strength (Ec) was 68 kV/cm. At 1 kHz, dielectric constant (εr) of 951 and dielectric loss (tanδ) of 0.048 were obtained, respectively. The pyroelectric coefficient was 1125μC/m2K. The results demonstrated that PLZT thin films could be prepared by sol-gel method and had good ferroelectric, dielectric and pyroelectric properties.

A compact mid-wavelength infrared zoom camera with a zoom range of 15:1 and active athermalization has been developed. The moving groups for a wide zoom range are only two lens groups and moving machanisms of zoom are very simple, which allows easy access of opto-mechanical and electromechanical design. The final design adopts the configuration of reflective mirror fold, comprising of two mirrors and eleven refractive lenses made of two infrared materials such as germanium or silicon. The movement of the lens groups and the focal length of the system are smooth and continuous. The zoom lens has the advantages of simple structure, high image quality, simple moving lens groups, short zoom path and smooth zoom locus.

An accuracy assessment method of infrared camera laboratory radiometric calibration was studied for the sake of validation of space infrared camera measured data. Firstly, image process of infrared camera was analyzed and modeled on laboratory radiometric calibration, a model of linear radiometric calibration coefficient synthesized impact chain was built; secondly, based on the model, a model of uncertainty of linear radiometric calibration coefficient was built; finally, An experiment verified the validity of the model. The results of experiment indicate that the difference between the assessment value and maximum experiment value is 0.08% and the difference between the assessment value and average of experiment values is 0.79% at gain uncertainty assessment, the difference between the assessment value and maximum experiment value is 0.7%, the difference between the assessment value and average of experiment values is 0.18% at offset uncertainty assessment, the uncertainty of coefficients of radiometric calibration get from experiments is basically consistent with the assessment. The method of accuracy assessment of radiometric calibration combined with chain factors uncertainty can avoid omitting and repetition in uncertainty estimation; optimization of camera used for quantification can be designed on the method.

Foreign Object Debris (FOD) is a kind of substance, debris or article alien to an aircraft or system, which would potentially cause huge damage when it appears on the airport runway. Due to the airport's complex circumstance, quick and precise detection of FOD target on the runway is one of the important protections for airplane's safety. A multi-sensor system including millimeter-wave radar and Infrared image sensors is introduced and a developed new FOD detection and recognition algorithm based on inherent feature of FOD is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the FOD's location and coordinate can be accurately obtained by millimeter-wave radar, and then according to the coordinate IR camera will take target images and background images. Secondly, in IR image the runway's edges which are straight lines can be extracted by using Hough transformation method. The potential target region, that is, runway region, can be segmented from the whole image. Thirdly, background subtraction is utilized to localize the FOD target in runway region. Finally, in the detailed small images of FOD target, a new characteristic is discussed and used in target classification. The experiment results show that this algorithm can effectively reduce the computational complexity, satisfy the real-time requirement and possess of high detection and recognition probability.

A experiment of infrared characteristics of space target have been carried out in situ using ground equipments to better study the rule of the parameters related to the object characteristics. The experimental facility is realized in the laboratory. This facility serves two purposes, one is to verify the feasibility of the ground test for infrared characteristics of space target, and the other is to supply the required data for target characteristics simulations. The target characteristic ground experimental system consists of a space environment simulator, a space target simulator and infrared signal measuring apparatus. The space environment simulator afford an condition that the vacuum pressure is 10-4Pa, 80K , absorptivity about 0.9 radiation shield, and the radiation sources similar to the space environment. The different experiments based on different flight parameters of the same target were carried out like system engineering. The experiment results are consistent with the results of simulation and theory analyzing. The experiment is reasonable and efficient, which contributes to the research on the characteristic of target, and parts of the experiment system give a new method to the similar study.

We present the high performance of Hg₃In₂Te6 metal-semiconductor photodetectors using Indium tin oxide (ITO) as the schottky electrodes by vacuum magnetron sputtering.There is a interfacial oxide layer formation by oxygen plasma process between Indium tin oxide (ITO) and Hg₃In₂Te₆ semiconductor compound to change schottky barrier. The effects of oxygen plasma treatment on Hg₃In₂Te₆ surface property were studied. Under optimized condition, the surface of Hg₃In₂Te₆ is oxidated resulting in decreasing reverse dark current and increasing breakdown voltage, while the barrier height increases from 0.5 to 0.58eV. This method is simple to fabricate high performance HgInTe devices.

The machine view is becoming more and more popular in underwater. It is a challenge to calibrate the camera underwater because of the complicated light ray path in underwater and air environment. In this paper we firstly analyzed characteristic of the camera when light transported from air to water. Then we proposed a new method that takes the high-level camera distortion model to compensate the deviation of the light refraction when light ray come through the water and air media. In the end experience result shows the high-level distortion model can simulate the effect made by the underwater light refraction which also makes effect on the camera's image in the process of the camera underwater calibration.

The Hall Effect and resistivity of arsenic-doped HgCdTe epilayers grown by Te-rich liquid phase epitaxy (Te-rich LPE) have been measured in the temperature range between 20 and 300 K at a magnetic field of 2 kG. Some arsenic-doped HgCdTe layers show anomalous n-type characteristic after activation annealing. A simplified two-layer model is applied to describe the anomalous Hall Effect of the arsenic-doped HgCdTe layers. The results show that the anomalous characteristic of the epilayers is due to the n-type layer in the surface, which may be caused by the surface oxidation. Based on the model, a computer program is applied to fit the experimental curves of Hall parameters. The results show that the Hall parameters primarily depend on the charge density of the n-type surface layer. The theoretical curves based on the model are consistent well with the experimental data.

This article is based on the thermal infrared data obtained from Environmental mitigation B satellite (HJ-1B) and Storm III satellite (FY-3), using generalized single-channel method, retrieved the surface temperature of costal sea around the Tianwan Nuclear Power Plant in winter and summer to get the quantitative information about the diffusion and gradient of the thermal discharge from the nuclear power station. Then the retrieval results were compared with the MODIS sea surface temperature (SST) products. It indicated that the thermal infrared data from HJ-1B and FY-3 were able to research on the distribution of thermal discharge. Furthermore, based on inversion of the SST distribution map, spatial and temporal distribution variations of thermal discharge were analyzed simply. The distribution is significantly different among the different seasons. During the winter months, the thermal discharge extended to a sector area around the power station, while in summer it limited to a rater longer and narrower area in one side of the bay. And the area where the SST has increased more than 3 °C in winter was much larger than that in summer.

The hyperspectral imager is able to acquire space and spectral information of ground object simultaneously. When using a prism splitting mode, different wavelengths of light will disperse nonlinearly in spectral dimension after going through the slit and the prism. Due to the longer slit and different angles of incidence, when going through the slit and the prism, the same wavelength of light will curve in space dimension. For SWIR bands, the maximum shift is more than 1.5 bandwidth. The shift cannot be ignored, for is alters the pixel spectral and reduces match accuracies between space and spectral information. In this paper, a correction method of non-uniform spectral radiance in hyperspectral image is put forward. First, the laboratory spectral calibration is performed to acquire center wavelength and full width half maximum (FWHM) of each band as well as each pixel. Secondly, for each band, the mean of center wavelength which is calculated according to the results of the spectral calibration is regarded as each pixel's adjusted center wavelength. For each band and each pixel, calculate the ratio coefficient based on adjacent bands, then establish a ratio coefficient form of full pixels. At last, correct the image by looking up the form. By using MNF transformation, a corrected image can be well evaluated, a brightness gradient of the images has been removed and the phenomenon of image spectral radiance mixing has been reduced greatly, especially at the edge of the image.

This paper discusses piezoelectric bimorph actuator has been developed for use at cryogenic temperature as low as 120K. A novel piezoelectric actuator has been designed and fabricated based on piezoelectric bimorph. On this basis, an optical scanner has been developed that can be use for cryogenic scanning and point positioning. Complete experimental platform and high resolution measuring system have been set up and the piezoelectric scanner has been tested in dynamic scanning and static point positioning modes at both room temperature and cryogenic temperatures. The characteristics of the piezoelectric scanner at cryogenic temperatures have been analyzed, which verify the feasibility of the use of piezoelectric actuator for cryogenic optics applications. By analyzing the hysteresis characteristics of piezoelectric ceramics and the mechanical structure of the entire scanner, we have corrected the non-linearity of the scanning system through compensating driving voltage, which achieves a high linearity and pointing accuracy. The research in this paper provides a new idea for the design of image plane scanning system in space infrared cryogenic optics. The cryogenic piezoelectric actuator features large stroke, high precision, high linearity, not any friction, and is free of magnetic field interference, which is very promising for space infrared cryogenic optical application.

In pulse thermography, pulsed flash energy is applied to the surface and the temperature of the surface is recorded and analysed. Generally the the flash duration is short and the heating could be taken as impulse function. After the surface is heated instantaneously, heat goes down by conduction. If an area has defect below, the temprature of this area will be different from the temprature of defect free area. Analytic solution indicates that the time at which the temperature descending curve of the area with defect below separate from the curve of the defect free area is proportional to the square of the defect depth. Thus, if the deviation time is determined, the defect depth could be calculated. In real inspection, different from theoretical model, the temperature decay curve may be noisy and sometimes fluctuating. And due to the effect of three-dimentional conduction and different boundary conditions the temperature decay curve is different from the theoretical solution under ideal conditions. All these affect the identification of the deviation time and then affect the accurary of the depth measurement. Peak temperature contrast and peak slope of temperature contrast methods are popularly used in depth measurement, but all these two methods require the prior determination of a reference point that is known to be on sound material. Peak second derivative method in log scale is a reference free method which can somehow decrease the influence of noisy data and three-dimentioanl conduction. To reduce the noise induced by derivation, fitted data instead of raw data is offten used. However, the global data fitting is not suitable in some situation. In this paper, peak second derivative method based on patial data fitting is proposed and results are discussed. The results show that this method could improve the accuracy of depth measurement for CFRP specimen.

Because of the complexity and long cycle time which the fabrication process of IRFPA chip is, it is impossible that getting a best value through a lot of experiences and tests. Monte Carlo simulation provides a way to analyze and get the probability distribution of the process goal based on limited experience data. So we can maximally avoid taking the poorer parameter and effectively shorten the developing term for IRFPA chip. In this paper, a general fabrication process of IRFPA chip is analyzed by Monte Carlo simulation. According to the function relations between the principal technical indexes and the main parameters of the process, the mathematics model is established. Applying computer software, the process model will be operated based on any random parameter sequence from a random data producer, and then the risk analysis result for the fabrication process of IRFPA chip is obtained. The result not only describes the process goal probability distribution but also provides the optional parameter sequence of given process goal. So that engineer can balance the control points of fabrication process to take suitable technical decision.

This paper aims to analysis the characteristics of VLWIR HgCdTe detectors with n-on-p implanted planar junction. We use the variable area test structures, which are used as an important tool to access the quality of the material, process and surface passivation in HgCdTe device technology. Through analyzing the relation between the inverse of the zero-bias resistance-area product of a diode and its perimeter-to-area ratio, we can distinguish the contributions of bulk and surface effects, and calculate the minority carrier diffusion length, which can reflect the conditions of the HgCdTe epitaxy. According to the results, we find the VLWIR HgCdTe detectors have abnormal current-voltage phenomenon at a low temperature, which may be the results of a parasite p-n junction. Besides, through data analysis and curves fitting, we find the surface current of the VLWIR HgCdTe diodes at 80K is nearly comparable with the bulk current.

Detecting of infrared armor target is the important technology in watching ground target and technological reconnaissance field. In most cases, the target is supposed either darker or brighter than its immediate adjacent background thus a possibility is provided to detect infrared target. How to enhance the character of target area becomes a hot research area because of its complex ground background. This paper advances a novel target detection method based on morphological wavelet decomposition through calculating a global threshold. Its main idea is explained as follow: First we set a global threshold value according to analyzing the distribution character of the image's histogram; second, we decompose the image using the two-dimensional morphological haar wavelet according to this value: when the maximum value is greater than it we use the maximum value of four pixels, and else we use the minimum; third, we carry out differential operation about the detailed image including the horizontal and vertical image and make them into binary image by a threshold value; at last we decompose the binary images and use their low frequency part to find the target area by calculate the bolck's weight. Through all of the steps above, the fast detection on infrared armor target under complex ground background can be realized successfully. The algorithm has the next advantages: strong ability of detecting objects, small operation quantity and good real-time performance etc. So it can be used widely and effectively in actual work.

Water and hydraulic oil intrusion inside honeycomb sandwich Structure Composite during service has been linked to in-flight failure in some aircraft. There is an ongoing effort to develop nondestructive testing methods to detect the presence of water and hydraulic oil within the sandwich panels. Pulsed thermography(PT) represents an attractive approach in that it is sensitive to the change of thermal properties. Using a flash lamp PT, testing can be applied directly to the surface of the panel. The viability of PT is demonstrated through laboratory imaging of both water and hydraulic oil within sandwich panels. The detection of water and hydraulic oil intrusion using a one-sided flash lamp PT is presented. It is shown that simple detection, as well as spatial localization of water and hydraulic oil within sandwich panels, and assign the quantity of water and hydraulic oil is possible.

Vanadium Dioxide Polycrystalline Films with High Temperature Coefficient of Resistance(TCR) were fabricated by modified Ion Beam Enhanced Deposition(IBED) method. The TCR of the Un-doping VO₂ was about -4%/K at room temperature after appropriate thermal annealing. The XRD results clearly showed that IBED polycrystalline VO₂ films had a single [002] orientation of VO₂(M). The TCR of 5at.%W and 7at.% Ta doped Vanadium Dioxide Polycrystalline Films were high up to -18%/K and -12%/K at room temperature, respectively. Using 7at.% Ta and 2at.% Ti co-doping, the TCR of the co-doped vanadium oxide film was -7%/K and without hysteresis during temperature increasing and decresing from 0-80°C. It should indicate that the W-doped vanadium dioxide films colud be used for high sensing IR detect and the Ta/Ti co-doped film without hysteresis is suitable for infrarid imaging application.

Two types of readout integrated circuit named SFD and CTIA are proposed to match the PVDF pyroelectric IR detector. By employing macro model and analyzing the parameters of detector, the best matching conditions including the input reference noise, input impedance, input capacitance, and working point are investigated in details. Based on the property of the AC output for PVDF detector, we propose a novel readout method, with which the ratio of signal to noise can be greatly improved. Furthermore, the linearity and sensitivity for both circuits are discussed by the means of Spectre tools.

CdTe surface passivation layers were deposited by thermal evaporation or electron beam evaporation on (111) HgCdTe epilayers. The processes of CdTe layer deposition were carried out at different temperatures from 100°C to 250°C. Furthermore, prepared samples were annealed at a temperature range between 150°C and 300°C. Directly, scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to evaluate the CdTe passivation layers. The structures of CdTe layers and the interface of CdTe/HgCdTe were studied by scanning the cross section of the samples. The results showed that the thermal treatments could merge grain boundaries. Otherwise, the compositional properties of samples were surveyed by secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). A compact CdTe structure near the HgCdTe surface caused by heating deposition and compositional interdiffusion at CdTe/HgCdTe interface were observed. Moreover, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) curves of the layers showed that the CdTe crystal quality was improved by thermal diffusion. The experimental results showed that both heating during the deposition process and annealing after growth can effectively improve the quality of CdTe passivation layers.

Although active thermography has traditionally been regarded as a qualitative NDT method, its potential for quantitative measurement of thermophysical properties including wall thickness, defect size and depth, thermal diffusivity has been the subject of numerous investigations. An investigation into the effect of depth on the quantitative estimation of defect size in metalic specimen has been undertaken using pulsed thermography. A 3D model based on finite element method was used to simulate the heat conduction in a flat metal plate containing articial defects. The plate is made of steel with known thermal properties. The defects of different depth are flat bottom holes simulating areas damaged by corrosion. The goal of the1 research was to find if there is a possibility to combine pulsed thermography and numberical modeling to determine the effect of depth on the quantitative estimation of defect size. The temperature distribution on the metal surface can provide proper threshold value to extract edge of defect in thermography. A series of specimen with circular defect of varying diameter and depth were tested. To solve this problem, we analysis the FEM simulation results, investigate the relationship between measured value and true value, and introduce a correction factor related to depth. Using this correction factor, its measured value in the thermography is quite close to the design size of defect in the specimen.

According to the characteristics of MODIS data stripe noises, we propose a novel variational method for stripe noise reduction. First we find the detectors contaminated by stripe noises by separating MODIS data into several subimages due to the numbers of scan detectors. Then for subimages with stripe noises, we build an energy minimization problem by combining two energy terms to find the solution as the destriped result. The first energy term uses variational histogram matching method to remove detector-to-detector stripes and mirror side stripes while the second energy term uses non-linear anisotropic diffusion method to remove the random noise of noisy stripes. The gradient descent flow is applied to minimize the total energy functional and the numerical scheme is presented. Experimental results show that the method can reduce stripes noises effectively.

To improve the operability and rate of final products significantly, a novel process was proposed. Detectors with cutoff wavelength at 1.7 μm and 2.4 μm were fabricated in different processes, and the electricity characteristics and spectral response were measured. The novel process was analyzed by comparing the characteristics of the detectors. The dark current and responsibility of the detectors with cutoff wavelength at 1.7 μm fabricated in the new process were improved. However, the new process has negative effect on the detectors with cutoff wavelength at 2.4 μm. The pnjunction degenerated and the leakage current increased sharply. In order to find the reasons of degeneration, the methods of Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and scanning capacitance microscope (SCM) were used. The results indicate that the metal elements do not penetrate into the pn junction causing the sharp increase of leakage current, while the interface states due to lattice mismatch are thermally activated causing the degeneration of pn- junction.

In order to solve the problem of inaccurate recognition for distorted target (the targets rotated in plane or scale changed) in cluttered background among the image pattern recognition, combined with the Mexican Hat mother wavelet and the Optimum Trade-off Maximum Average Correlation Height (OT-MACH) algorithm, the Mexican Hat Optimum Trade-off Maximum Average Correlation Height (Mexican Hat OT-MACH) matched filter is designed. The Mexican Hat OT-MACH filter is obtained to recognize distorted target in cluttered background. The wavelet functions have the multi-scale characteristic and can analyze the specific frequency information. Moreover,