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Unmanned systems have become a critical element of the Army's Force Structure for applications such as Emergency
Ordnance Disposal (EOD). Systems currently fielded are typically tele-operated and, thus, impose significant cognitive
burden upon the operator. The Robotics CTA (RCTA), a collaborative research endeavor between the Army Research
Laboratory and a consortium of eight industrial and academic partners, is developing fundamental technology to enable a
new level of autonomous capability for future unmanned systems that can act as teammates to Soldiers making up a
small unit. The Alliance is focusing research in five key areas: a cognitively based world model, semantic perception,
learning, meta-cognition, and adaptive behaviors. Because current world model representations are relatively shallow,
metrically based, and support only brittle behaviors, the RCTA is creating a cognitive-to-metric world model that can
incorporate and utilize mission context. Current perceptual capabilities for unmanned systems are generally limited to a
small number of well defined objects or behaviors. The RCTA is raising perception to a semantic level that enables
understanding of relationships among objects and behaviors. To successfully team with small units, the command and
control of unmanned systems must move away from the current hardware controller paradigm to one of verbal and
gestural communication, implicit cues, and transparency of action between Soldier and robot. The RCTA is also
exploring adaptive behavior and mechanics that will permit manipulation of arbitrarily shaped objects, animal-like
mobility in complex environments, and conduct of military missions in dynamic tactical conditions. Efforts to
incorporate learning from the lowest levels of the architecture upwards are key to each of the above.
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