This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 9066, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction, and Conference Committee listing.

We present the results of the numerical investigation of the transverse profile evolution for a beam obtained by the edge diffraction of a circular Laguerre-Gaussian mode. It is shown that the energy penetrates into the geometric shadow region asymmetrically, which testifies for the transverse energy circulation in the incident beam. The intensity profile shows the “overall” rotation in agreement with the energy circulation handedness. The phase profile of the diffracted beam is characterized by the system of singularities (optical vortices) that migrate over the beam cross section and participate in topological reactions of emergence and/or annihilation. In the far field, the beam profile structure is simplified and becomes symmetric with respect to the axis orthogonal to the screen edge. No matter which part of the Laguerre-Gaussian beam is stopped by the screen, the far-field profile contains the optical vortex of the same sense as the incident one.

In this paper, we reviewed our recent work on the statistical information processing for optics including coherence diffraction, mutual coherence tensor, and the associated propagation properties, which we recently proposed and experimentally demonstrated. We will emphasize the importance of noting mathematical analogies in optics and physical phenomena, which give insights into the methodology for developing new techniques.

The study of optical vortices in stochastic optical fields involves various quantities, including the vortex density and topological charge density, that are defined in terms of local expectation values of distributions of optical vortices. For stochastic optical fields that are inhomogeneous or not normally distributed, these local quantities often have nontrivial transient evolution as a function of propagation distance. The field of stochastic singular optics strive, among other things, to understand this dynamics. Here we review the tools and challenges of stochastic singular optics and provide some details of recent progress in this field.

Computer simulation of the behavior of U contours with zero degree of polarization in the combined partially coherent, orthogonally polarized speckle fields is represented. The above mentioned singularities are adequately described in terms of the complex degree of polarization with the Stokes-space representation. Three the most characteristics situation of U contours parametric dynamics in the combined speckle fields are simulated, when combined field is constructed with: speckle field and plane wave, two speckle fields, and the case of speckled speckle. It is shown that in different combinations of combined beam components, U contours remain topologically stable.

The statistical property of the polarization speckle generated from scattering from a rough surface has been investigated theoretically. Under the Gaussian assumption of the random electric fields, the joint probability density function of the Stokes parameters has been derived. These results can be regarded as a development and extension of previous works on the fully developed polarization speckle where no constant specular background intensity exists. Our result provides more concise description about the surface roughness and surface anisotropy.

We introduce a new method, based on Fresnel diffraction of light from a step, for the study of correlation properties (temporal and spatial) of optical fields. The method renders to measure wavelength, coherence length, and coherence width by recording the visibility of the diffraction fringes versus optical path difference and spacing of the interfering beams. In addition, the method permits to specify the spectral line shape, particularly, of lights with short coherence lengths and the spatial coherence behavior of the lights with short coherence widths. Since, in the introduced method the optical path difference can be varied by changing the light incident angle, practically, in an interval of 90º, a large volume of data is acquired which leads to reliable and accurate study of the subject. The method can be applied easily using modest equipment. We have applied the method to the study of correlation properties of the lights emitted by LED, incandescent bulb, and Hg lamp.

The difficulties of creation of the unconventional polarization states of the vector beams lead to the search of the alternative formation methods. Both the generation of beams with unconventional polarization states (complex Hermite– Gaussian and Gaussian beams) and the study of the model situation which is realized by the interaction of two orthogonally complete or partially coherent linearly polarized waves or circularly polarized waves in the incidence plane are analyzed in this research. A new parameter – the visibility modulation depth – which allows assessing and analyzing the coherent properties of the mentioned fields is introduced here as well. It is shown that distribution of polarization states, which is formed in the analyzed situation, can be used in applied methods of polarization holography to record three-dimensional images, including amplitude, phase and polarization information.

In the paper, we take it into one's head to show how different parameters of an optical wave are connected and what follows from this connection. The results of computer simulation are presented.

We investigate a possibility to detect the polarization state of the focused incident beam using singular phase elements, which complex transmission function can be described as a superposition of optical vortices. It is analytically and numerically shown that just homogeneous (linear and circular) and cylindrical (radial and azimuthal) types of polarization may be distinguish in a low numerical aperture (NA) mode. Sharp focusing should be used to recognize a polarization state in more detail. Thus, the higher the degree of focusing, the more confidently is carried out detecting of the polarization state of an incident beam. We have shown that the diffractive axicon provides sharper focusing then aplanatic lens with the same NA.

There is a lots of different papers reporting about the propagation of the different types of an optical beams in a uniaxial crystals are known by that time. This beams are: Lager-Gaussian and Bessel- Gaussian beams. It is common for all this types of beams, that if propagation axis and crystal axis coincides, and accident beam had a circular polarization, are can get type spiral type degenerated umbilici, which corresponds to the charge 2 optical vortex in the orthogonal polarized beam component, generated by crystal [1] (Fig 1). This generation accurse due to total angular momentum conservation law symmetry axis of the crystal. One to the changing of the spin momentum which is associated with the beam polarization, this leads to the orbital momentum changes that associated with topological charge of formed orthogonal circular component. Double charged optical vortex could be easily perturbed by tilting beam axis with respect to the crystal axis. If the tilt angles are small (<0.1°) central umbilici splits on two lemons and the surrounding ring umbilici splits on two pairs of monster-star. The further increasing of the tilt angle leads to the topological charge of circular components becomes, equal, and additional orbital moment correspond to the beam mass center displacement.

We have considered a new type of singular beams called as optical quarks. They have fractional topological charges being equal to half an integer and they possess rather unique properties. There are four types of optical quarks, even and odd ones, which reveal the opposite signs of topological charges. The sums or differences of the even and odd quarks form standard vortex or non-vortex beams with the topological charges of integer order. All the quarks in the same beam annihilate and the beam vanishes. We conducted an analysis of all possible combinations of even and odd optical quarks with different charges. What provided an opportunity to explore what interactions correspond to their "sum" and "difference."

We built theoretical model of evolution of intensity of asymmetric and symmetric arrays of singular beams passing along optical axis of uniaxial crystal (LiNbO3) for arrays consisting different number of beams. We compared theoretical and experimental evolution of intensity distribution and dependence of angular rotation of an asymmetric and symmetric singular beam arrays on the inclination angle of corresponding arrays of singular beams passing along optical axis of uniaxial crystal for arrays consisting different number of beams.

We have experimentally analyzed the behavior of Gaussian beam with elliptical cross-section passed through the uniaxial crystal in direction near perpendicular to the crystal’s optical axis. The projection of total angular momentum flux on the axis consists of projection of two components: the spin (SAM) and orbital (OAM) angular momentum. We have revealed that in anisotropic media the SAM describes the polarization state of the beam cross-section and OAM reflects the shape and topological charge of the singularity at ordinary and extraordinary beams. The sum of projections SAM and OAM remains constant. The oscillations of spin-orbital angular momentum projection were described experimentally during the crystal was rotated around z axis with small beam inclination. The low changes in the extraordinary beam cross section and their correlation with polarization state allow us to analyze the form of angular momentum conversion and possibility for generation of polarizing singularities. The feasibility of optical vortex generation in the system of uniaxial crystal with tilted Gaussian beam was theoretically and experimentally investigated.

The media of layered crystals as a possible element of memory in the storage systems were analyzed, the manipulation mechanisms of which are carried out with polarization of incident radiation. The phenomenon of polarization optical bistability in the medium of layered crystals was obtained, in which the transmission band is managed with only the change of polarization of incident radiation. On the basis of the mechanism of polarization control of nanoparticles motion in the tasks of polarization diagnostics of optical fields, the estimation of the coherent features of mutually orthogonal linearly polarized optical fields was performed that also enables to analyze the terms of storage of information about the structure of an optical field.

We have made a theoretical modeling of the evolution of a monochromatic Gaussian beam diffracted by the angle formed by three sides of the phase wedge different types. We have found that the edges of the phase wedge generate macroscopic chains of identical optical vortices that disappear at the far field zone. At the same time, the π -phase plate can reproduce a very complex wave field whose structure depends on the scale of observation. At large scales there appear two π -cuts resembling broken edge dislocations with perpendicular directions. At small (some microns) scales two short vortex chains consisting of alternating-sign optical vortices are nucleated near the corner of the wedge. The analysis shows that the sizes of the chains decrease quickly when approaching the wedge surface. This enables us to assume that the π -phase plate can create so-called optical quarks in the evanescent waves of the edge field. On the basis of theoretical considerations experiment was conducted in which were obtained fractions optical vortices at the edge of the phase wedge.

We highlight the milestones of fifty-year history of emerging holographic associative memory as the chronologically first proposed practical application of the laser holographic techniques (van Heerden, 1963). Holographic associative memories are considered here as an important aspect of correlation optics, and the forming associative response is interpreted with account of fine phase relations among numerous partial images involved into discrimination mechanism of reconstruction. Three main approaches proposed for implementation of holographic associative memories are discussed and compared, namely, classical ’linear’ ghost-image holography, the associateve memories based on resonator architectures using optical feedback and thresholding algorithms, and the quadric (second-order) hologrambased associative memories.

The use of two dimensional arrays has enabled the development of novel imaging spectrometers and polarimeters with snapshot capabilities, meaning the entire data cube can be recorded simultaneously. This presentation will discuss the development of spectrometer and polarimeter imagers that use new optical designs based on old ideas. The presentation contains an overview of the various types of imaging sensors that have been developed at the Optical Detection Lab of the University of Arizona. The goal of our research is to develop instruments capable of discriminating objects in biological tissue and within the human eye. Additionally, instruments of this type will be capable of spectrally monitoring simultaneously chemical or biological processes in real time in four dimensions (x,y,λ,t).

We study statistical properties of the recordings which contain time-dependent positions of a bead trapped in optical tweezers. Analysis of such a time series indicates that the commonly accepted model, i.e., the autoregressive process of first order, is not sufficient to fit the data. We show a presence of the first-order moving average part in the dynamical model of the system. We explain origin of this part as an influence of the high frequency CCD camera on the measurements. The proposed autoregressive moving average model appears to reflect perfectly all statistical features of the high-frequency recording data.

We propose a 2D generalization to the midpoint-based empirical mode decomposition algorithm (MBEMD). Unlike with the regular bidimensional empirical mode decomposition algorithm (BEMD), we do not interpolate the upper and lower envelopes, but rather directly find the mean envelope, utilizing well defined points between two extrema of different kind (midpoints). This approach has several advantages such as improved spectral selectivity and better time performance over the regular BEMD process. The MBEMD algorithm is then applied to the task of the interferometric fringe pattern analysis, to identify its distinct components. This allows to separate the oscillatory pattern component, which is of interest, from the background, noise and possibly other spurious interferometric patterns. In result, the phase demodulation error is reduced. Flexibility of the adaptive method allows for processing correlation fringe patterns met in the digital speckle pattern interferometry as well as the regular interferometric fringe patterns without any special tuning of the algorithm.

Different types of singularities in the interference field of three plane waves with different polarization states are presented. As a result various types of singularities were found: isolated zero intensity points and polarization singularities of different types (depending on a chosen set of polarization parameters). The isolated zero intensity points form a specific rectangular lattice which turns into a hexagonal one when using the analyzer; an additional isolated zero intensity points appear as a result of interaction of the polarization singularities with the analyzer. The vortices observed in the phase pattern have topological signs equal to ± 1. More interesting are the polarization singularities present in the interference field without the analyzer. We observed the polarization singularities with different topological charges, −2 and + 1, for azimuth angle distribution and 0 for the diagonal angle distribution in the interference field of the three linearly polarized waves (LLL). In the case of the two linearly polarized waves interference and a third one circularly polarized (LLC) the polarization singularities with charge 0 were observed in the azimuth, ellipticity and diagonal angles distributions. We also noticed other characteristic points: saddles (for the ellipticity angle distribution in the LLL interference) and cross edge dislocations (for the phase angle distributions in both cases). Moreover, the zero intensity points in the setup without the analyzer appeared to be double singularities where both polarization parameters are undetermined simultaneously.

The quality of thermal image is determined by the imager’s spatial resolution, a modulation transfer function of which depends on the lens’ aberrations and the detector’s matrix structure. It is proposed to determine the spatial resolution by using the geometric noise bandwidth GNBW, which is an analogue to video signal processing electronic system’s effective noise bandwidth. A relationship is established between the spatial resolution and the bandwidth GNBW. An example is presented for calculating the angular resolution of the imager having a diffraction-limited lens and a matrix detector.

The purpose of this article is to improve methods of calculating generalized characteristics of the coherent spectrum analyzers, which define the device’s properties and operation. These are the working range of spatial frequencies, the spatial spectral resolution and the energy resolution. Due to these methods, it is possible to choose optimal dimensions and parameters of components of the device to improve the properties of the last.

The paper presents the mathematical technique for precise calculation of the three dimensional point spread function (3D PSF) of an optical system. The proposed technique is based on the Huygens-Fresnel principle: a spherical wave at an exit pupil is considered as a numerous set of elementary secondary light sources. They emit spherical coherent electro-magnetic waves. All these waves form a definite distribution of summarized complex amplitudes in a three dimensional space near a focal point. This distribution is used for calculation of the distribution of effective intensity which takes into account inclinations of optical beams. The possible approximations of the 3D PSF are discussed. The results of calculations of 3D PSF using the precise and approximated expressions are compared.

Synthesis of an axial optical vortex (OV) beam using a Gaussian beam and two ramps implemented by a spatial light modulator (SLM) is realized. Similar phase construction on an irregular thin plate receiving the OV beam is achieved. Angle dependences between two ramps and the characteristics of resulting field with respect to the observation distance of the resulting field are investigated. Intensity distributions of the beams obtained by a SLM and irregular an plate similar to those of a singular beam with a single charge are obtained.

Researches of coherent properties of the vortex Bessel optical beams propagating in turbulent atmosphere are theoretically developed. The degree of coherence of vortex Bessel optical beams depending on beam parameters (crosssection wave number and a topological charge) and characteristics of turbulent atmosphere is in details analysed. It is shown, that at low levels of fluctuations in turbulent atmosphere, the degree of coherence of an vortex Bessel optical beam essentially depends on value of a topological charge of a beam. In the central part of a two-dimensional field of degree of coherence the ring dislocations, which number of rings to equally value of a topological charge of a vortex optical beam, is formed. At high levels of fluctuations in turbulent atmosphere, the degree of coherence of a vortex Bessel beam decreases much faster, than it takes place for the fundamental Bessel beam. And, speed of decrease essentially increases in process of growth of value of a topological charge of a beam.

When a diffraction grating is illuminated with the plane parallel light beam, its image is self-reproduced at the certain distance. This phenomenon is known as the Talbot effect. A smooth aberration of the incident light beam causes the appropriate deformation of the self-reproduced image, which is characterized with the field of local displacements. These displacements could be used to estimate the local slopes of the distorted wavefront and to restore its shape. In this paper we analyze the limitations of the local slope estimation from the self-reproduced image of the gratings with various amplitude transparency functions (binary with various fill factors, cosine) and discuss on the best choice of the grating profile for the wave-front sensing applications.

The self-imaging phenomenon, or the Talbot effect, is diffraction and interference effect for coherent light that is transmitted through infinite grating or other periodic structure. But in practice, intensity distribution is reproduced with some distortions due to finite size of a grating. The influence of aperture effects on quality of wavefront reconstruction by the sensor based on the Talbot effect is considered in this work. 2D binary and gray-scale amplitude gratings with different periods and form of holes were used as the input element of the sensor. Computer simulation for different aberrations and varying aperture size was performed. The experimental results of comparative analysis of wavefront measurements by the diffraction Talbot sensor with a finite aperture and the Shack-Hartman sensor are presented.

The solvability of nonlocal multi-point problems is proved for the time evolution equation with an operator of differentiation in the time variable and pseudo-differential operator for the case when the limit function is an element of the space of generalized functions of ultradistributions.

Solvability of nonlocal multipoint on time problem is proved for evolutionary equations with differentiation operator on the time variable where the marginal function is the Gevrey ultradistribution.

As a result of optical experiments, it is established that the controlled variation of a recognition sensitivity at the comparison of the input and reference objects can be realized, while solving the recognition task within the method of synthesized phase objects,1 as distinct from the standard approach. We have obtained and analyzed the results of the recognition for a collection of objects with the use a joint Fourier-transform correlator. For each of the objects, we studied the character of the signal amplitude decrease depending on the growth of distortions in the object structure. We show that it is possible to obtain a family of cross-correlation curves that decrease differently within the method of synthesized phase objects, rather than a single curve. This allows one to vary the sensitivity of the correlator in the process of recognition.

The features of formation of interferometer output in the case of a broadband light source and random medium as a retro-reflector in the interferometer object arm are considered. It is shown for the large values of the pathlength difference the interferometer output decays exponentially with the decay rate dependent on the transport parameters of a probed random medium. This allows us to determine the transport mean free path of light propagation in the medium. This approach can e applied not only for the strongly scattering media, but also for scattering samples characterized by non-diffusive regime of light propagation.

Non-symmetric and directional reflectivity from three dimensional (3D) laser induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) is considered. LIPSS structures were patterned in stainless steel (W720) by using linear and elliptical polarized laser beams from a femtosecond (fs) laser. The short and long periodic ripples and possible other type artifact remaining has decreasing influences to relative reflectivity variation between 5% and 65% in the wavelength range from 200nm to 800nm. The studies of patterned W720_LIPSS structures indicated, besides of increased surface area, that decrease of reflectivity is affected by light scattering from ultra-structures of LIPSS and produces resonance type differences in spectral reflectivity when either TM or TE polarized probing beam interacts with micro- and ultrastructure of LIPSS.

Digital speckle pattern interferometry is proposed and successfully applied for the measurement of temperature in diffusion flames. Details of the experimental results and analysis are given. Sensitivity, accuracy of the measurement and spatial resolution of the method are also discussed.

Results of theoretical calculations of the phase incursions of flat and focused optical wave reflected by the surface with variable refractive index is discussed. The possibility of determining the spatial distribution refractive index from the wavefront measurements is shown.

The effect of the form change of the intensity correlation function of light scattered back by emulsion or suspension of the particles in liquids is obtained experimentally, when the exciting light intensity increase. The change consists in the appearing in the correlation function of the cosine component with frequency equal to inverse relaxation time of particles concentration fluctuations. The appearance of such cosine component tells about the appearance of the additional spectral line, shifted with respect to exciting light by the half-width of the spectral line of spontaneous polarized Rayleigh scattering by particles. The cosine is caused by beating between exciting radiation and this spectral line. This frequency shift is of about 25-250 Hz depending on particles sizes and characteristic of liquid, in which they are weighted. Together with the scattering relative intensity increase the cosine appearance confirms the obtaining of the stimulated light scattering at variations of the particles concentrations.

During a period of more than 30 years we have performed successively investigations of the effect of low-frequency spectral range of atmospheric turbulence on the optical characteristics. The influence of the turbulence models as well as a outer scale of turbulence on the characteristics of telescopes and systems of laser beam formations has been determined too. This question is important in, for example, problems of ground-based astronomy.

Experimental data of our turbulence measurements (by ultrasonic digital sensors) in the various areas and meteosituations show that large areas are often observed in open atmosphere, in which one large coherent structure has the main influence. Turbulence in such areas is called as coherent. Incoherent Kolmogorov turbulence is detecting, as a rule, on sites with a flat surface. Coherent turbulence differs from Kolmogorov turbulence by the faster decrease of a time spectrum in an inertial interval (f ^{– 8/ 3} instead of f ^{– 5/ 3}) and the smaller contribution of the high-frequency components.

We investigate the light induced optical hysteresis of spin-crossover compound driven by Gaussian noise. The stationary states was found from dynamic potential of noiseless system described in terms of Lyapunov functions. Cooperativity causes bistability of the steady state and provokes light-induced thermal and optical hysteresis. We study the influence of noise action on cooperative effects of photoexcited spin-crossover compound, leading to changes of system hysteresis. The stochastic dynamics of spin-crossover system was described following the Langevin formalism for noise driven system.

We report the results of the investigation of electrical properties of photosensitive anisotype heterojunctions n- TiN/p-Si with different conditions of Si surface treatments. The analysis of the measured I-V characteristics of the heterojunctions under dark conditions has shown that values of the height of the potential barrier and series resistance decreases with the decrease of the thickness of native oxide. The dominating tunnel-recombination mechanism of current transport through the heterojunctions under investigation was determined to be independent on the conditions of surface treatment. We have established that the n-TiN/p-Si heterojunction oxidized in bidistilled water at 70ºC for 30 s possesses the lowest density of interface states and, thus lowest surface recombination velocity.

Within the framework of the modified Lifshitz-Slyozov-Wagner theory, we study the mechanisms and kinetics of formation of ZnO nanocrystals from oversaturated solution accounting the dependence of optoelectronic properties of semiconductor on crystal size. It is shown that the size distribution function can be described by the generalized Lifshitz- Slyozov-Wagner function corresponding to growing ZnO nanocrystals governed in parallel by two mechanisms, viz. the diffusion and the Wagner’s ones. Comparison of experimentally obtained data with theoretically computed ones represented as the size distribution functions and the temporal dependences of the mean sizes of ZnO nanocrystals enables to estimate the constants of the rate of growth of them at the stage of the Ostwald’s ripening. We also propose the way for estimating the magnitude of the specific surface energy at the nanocrystal-liquid interface.

Zn_1-xMe_xO (Me- Mn, Co, Ni) thin films were grown by pulsed laser deposition and rf magnetron sputtering methods. The composite targets were formed by mixing and pressing of ZnO, Mn₃O₄, CoO and NiO powders. The thin films were deposited on sapphire, quartz and glass substrates. The structure study confirms the formation of the hexagonal wurtzite ZnO without any secondary phase in transition metal (Mn, Co, Ni) - doped samples. The surface morphology of the thin films was studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Different surface morphology AFM images were obtained depending on the film composition and growth conditions. Optical absorption spectra suggest of substitution Zn²⁺ ions in ZnO lattice by transition metal atoms. The shift of the absorption edge due to decrease the energy band gap with increasing cobalt content and complex dependence of the energy band gap on content of nickel was observed in optical absorption spectra of the studied films.

Nanocrystals of Pb_1-xFe_xI₂ with x up to 0.05 embedded in transparent polymer matrix have been studied by optical absorption, photoluminescence and electron paramagneric resonance. The composite nanostructures containing the semimagnetic semiconductor nanocrystals of Pb_1-xFe_xI₂ have been prepared by cooling to the room temperature of boiling saturated aqueous solution. The absorption spectra of nanoparticles exhibit blue shift due to quantum confinement effect. For colloidal solution of nanocrystals and nanostructures incorporated in polymer matrix based on polyvinylalcohol exciton structures of absorption spectra was observed. In photoluminescence spectra of nanoparticles two main peaks were revealed, which are attributed to the band-edge transmission and defects states. The substitutional incorporation of iron ions at lead sites is reflected in EPR studies. Isolated as well as interacting Fe³⁺ ions are observed in EPR spectra of Pb_1-xFe_xI₂ nanocrystals.

In this work, colloidal CdTe nanoparticles were synthesized by using thioglycolic acid (TGA) as passivator. In the absorption spectra of the colloidal CdTe nanoparticles exciton band was found to be shifted to higher photon energy as compared with bulk crystals due to quantum confinement effect. It was shown that addition of human serum albumin (HSA) to colloidal CdTe nanoparticles led to a gradual decrease of absorption and broadening of exciton structure. However, energy position of the exciton band in this case remains not shifted. In photoluminescence spectra of solution CdTe quantum dots and HSA so-called quenching effect has been observed. The quenching of HSA fluorescence intensity by semiconductor nanoparticles was analysed in framework of the formation of quantum dots-HSA protein complex.

Using the improved Lorentz self-interaction method completed by Dirac hypothesis, the spectral distribution of the radiation power for the sequence of electrons moving along a spiral in transparent isotropic medium is investigated. The oscillations in the spectral distribution of radiation power of one, two, three, and four electrons are studied for the case when the transversal component of electron velocity is bigger than the light phase velocity in medium but is still less than the light velocity in vacuum. The effect of coherence in the spectrum of synchrotron-Cherenkov radiation for the sequence of electrons is analyzed.

Light-scattering by the ensemble of Brownian particles is simulated and experimentally modeled. It has been shown that temporal stochastization of the scattered radiation field keeps the fractal properties of the particles movement. Empirical diagnostics interconnections have been found between the fractal dimension and fluctuations of the scattered radiation intensity, on the one hand, and the parameters of light-scattering medium, on the other.

Analysis of multiple-wave diffraction in multi-unit X-ray interferometers is made. Geometry of multiple-wave diffractions and X-ray reflection factors Rm (t) are analyzed. Experimental moiré patterns for the case of LLLinterferometer at (000, 220, 022) diffraction are obtained. The advantages of multiple-wave diffraction in the determination of displacement and strain vector components as well the Burgers vector components are highlighted.

X-ray diffraction moiré methods in the geometry of L-L-L Laue diffraction have been used to determine crystal structure defects arising in the near-surface Si layers on mechanical treatment (cutting with diamond disc and grinding). A model of damaged layer has been proposed and zone dimensions have been determined, namely polycrystalline structure, microcracks, dislocation assemblies and packing defects, crystal elastic strain.

Experimental investigations of the effects of colouring of a beam traversing a light-scattering medium is presented. It is shown that the result of colouring of the beam at the output of the medium depends on the magnitudes of the phase delays of the singly forward scattered partial signals. Spectral investigation of the effects of colouring has been carried out using a solution of liquid crystal in a polymer matrix. The amplitude ratio of the non-scattered and the singly forward scattered interfering components significantly affects the colour intensity. It has further been established that the spectral content of the illuminating beam strongly influences the colour of the resulting radiation.

The investigation was carried out on the wavelengths interval of 0.9≤λ≤26.6 μm. Basing on the dependencies α² on the energy of incident electromagnetic radiation it was determined that in crystals the direct allowed interband optical transitions occur, and the value of the band gap was obtained. Of our research follows that these crystals can be used for the manufacture of optical filters.

The methods of correlation optics are for the first time applied to study structure of liquid crystal (LC) – polymer (P) composites at various concentrations of LC and P. Their phase correlation function (PCF) was obtained considering LC-P composite as a random phase screen. The amplitude of PCF contains information about number of LC domains and structure of LC director inside of them, while a half-width of this function is connected with a size of these domains. We studied unpowered and powered composite layers with a thickness of 5 μm. As liquid crystal and polymer were used nematic LC E7 from Merck and photopolymer composition NOA65 from Norland. Concentration of polymer ϕP was varied in a range 10-55 vol. %. In good agreement with previous studies by SEM technique we detected monotone decrease of LC domains with concentration of polymer. With application of electric field, amplitude of PCF behaves differently for the samples with different polymer content. For the samples with ϕP<35 vol. % (samples having morphology of polymer dispersed LC), this dependence is monotonic. In turn, if ϕP<35 vol. % (samples with polymer network LC morphology), the amplitude of PCF non-monotonically depends on the applied voltage going through a maximum. The latter fact is explained by transformation of orientational defects of LC phase with the applied voltage.

Pulsed radiospectroscopy method has been used to study nuclear quadruple resonance (NQR) spectra of ⁶⁹Ga and ¹¹⁵In isotopes in the layered semiconductors GaSe and InSe. It has been found that in GaSe and InSe there is a considerable temperature dependence of NQR frequency which in the temperature range of 250 to 390 K is practically linear with conversion slope 1.54 kHz/degree for ⁶⁹Ga and 2.35 kHz/degree for ¹¹⁵In. In the same crystals the effect of uniaxial pressure on NQR spectra applied along the optical axis с up to the values of 500 kg/сm² has been studied. A strong attenuation of NQR spectra intensity with increase in pressure on layered crystal package has been established. The unvaried multiplicity of resonance spectra indicates the absence of structural transformations in these layered crystals over the investigated range of temperatures and pressures.

This paper represents the investigation results of spatial chaotization of optical field scattered by liquid crystals during phase transition liquid – liquid crystal under electric field. It is established that maximum dispersion of phase inhomogeneities of the nematic liquid crystal corresponds to maximum fluctuations of order parameter under temperature of phase transition liquid – liquid crystal. We found that formation of Williams’s domains reduces the spatial chaotization of the field.

Piezoelectric photoacoustics application possibility for polycrystalline structure formation investigation has been considered. The accent was on research and transient modelling with a pulse laser irradiation. Mathematical model for the given setup with a single laser impulse was developed. The results of mathematical modeling were experimentally checked up on cement samples.

This paper is devoted to simulation of speckle field dynamics during coherent light scattering by cement surface in the process of hydration. Cement particles are represented by the spheres whose sizes and reflection indices are changing during the hydration process. The study of intensity fluctuations of scattered coherent radiation is suitable technique for the analysis both fast and slow processes of mineral binders hydration and forming polycrystalline structures in the process of hardening. The results of simulation are in good agreement with the experimental data.

Water suspension of absorbing nano-sized particles is an example of a medium in which non-linear effects are present at moderate light intensities, which is applicable to optical treatment of biological objects. The experiment was dedicated to the phenomena emerging in a thin layer of such a medium under the action of inhomogeneous light field formed due to the Pearcey diffraction pattern near a microlens focus. In this high-gradient field, the light energy absorbed by the particles induces inhomogeneous distribution of the medium refraction index, which results in observable self-diffraction of the falling light, depending strongly on the medium position with respect to the focus.

Increasing the reliability and life-time of nuclear fuel is actual problems for nuclear power engineering. It takes to provide the high geometric stability of nuclear fuel assemblies (FA) under exploitation, since various factors cause FA mechanical deformation (bending and twisting). To obtain the objective information and make recommendations for the FA design improvement one have to fulfill the post reactor FA analysis. Therefore it takes measurements of the FA geometric parameters in cooling ponds of nuclear power plants. As applied to this problem we have developed and investigated the different optoelectronic methods, namely, structured light method, television and shadow ones. In this paper effectiveness of these methods has been investigated using the special experimental test stand and fulfilled researches are described. The experimental results of FA measurements by different methods and recommendation for their usage is given.

The problem of angular momentum of light beams associated with the state of polarization of them is considered within the framework of the light scattering concepts. By analogy with scattering, absorption and momentum cross-sections, usual in the theory of light scattering by small particles, the notion of angular momentum cross-section of light-scattering particle is introduced. On this base, the attempt is made to ground the statement that mechnical action of circularly polarized light wave is peculiar size (or edge) effect pronounsly manifesting itself when uncompensated (due to gradient of optical properties) torque moment at the particle edge becomes comparable with compensated part of the torque moment within the particle’s geometrical cross-section. This statement follows from that a particle disturbes homogeneity of priobing wave, for free propagation of which observing torque action of circularly polarized wave is impossible.

An approach to differentiation of the morphological features of normal and pathological human epidermis on the base of statistical analysis of the local polarization states of laser light forward scattered by in-vitro tissue samples is discussed. The eccentricity and the azimuth angle of local polarization ellipses retrieved for various positions of the focused laser beam on the tissue surface, and the coefficient of collimated transmittance are considered as the diagnostic parameters for differentiation. The experimental data obtained with the psoriasis, discoid lupus erythematosus, alopecia, lichen planus, scabies, demodex, and normal skin samples are presented.

The bases of method of the space-frequency of the filtering phase allocation of blood plasma pellicle are given here. The model of the optical-anisotropic properties of the albumen chain of blood plasma pellicle with regard to linear and circular double refraction of albumen and globulin crystals is proposed. Comparative researches of the effectiveness of methods of the direct polarized mapping of the azimuth images of blood plasma pcllicle layers and space-frequency polarimetry of the laser radiation transformed by divaricate and holelikc optical-anisotropic chains of blood plasma pellicles were held. On the basis of the complex statistic, correlative and fracta.1 analysis of the filtered frcquencydimensional polarizing azimuth maps of the blood plasma pellicles structure a set of criteria of the change of the double refraction of the albumen chains caused by the prostate cancer was traced and proved.

Different statistical modeling techniques of radiation propagation in epithelial tissue are considered. The two main approaches are: modified classical Monte Carlo method for light propagation in turbid medium and the coherent inverse ray tracing method. Classical Monte Carlo method was modified to take into account polarization of propagated radiation and birefringence which can occur due to tissues commonly found under epithelium. As a supplementary method modified version of classical ray tracing technique is used which takes into account phase of radiation during its propagation in tissue.

The morphological peculiarities of TS mitral valve of the heart of man in normal and abnormal spaced strings of the left ventricle and the study of their structural features depending on the location was studied. There are given the results of comparative statistics, correlation and fractal study population Mueller-matrix images (MMI) of healthy and abnormal (early forms that are not diagnosed by histological methods) BT normal and abnormally located tendon strings left ventricle of the human heart. Abnormalities in the structure of the wings, tendon strings (TS), mastoid muscle (MM) in inconsistencies elements and harmonized operation of all valve complex shown in the features of the polarization manifestations of it laser images.

The paper studied the morphological features of the structure and polarization properties of tendon tissue strings atrioventricular valvular of newborns and infants on histological sections. Analysis of the obtained results showed high diagnostic sensitivity of statistic moments of coordinate distributions of matrix elements of both types of chordae tendianeae of atrioventricular valves hearts tissue to the changes of optical-geometric structure.

The microscopic and optic characteristics of cusps of heart valves were determined in data investigation, exactly the presence as loose irregular as dense regular connective tissues with their structural fibrous components within cusps. The received results can be used as objective signs which interpret the norm and be used as differential-diagnostic signs in case of valvular apparatus affections at specific heart diseases that have another microscopic and optic features not similar to norm.

We studied a methods of assessment of a connective tissue of cervix in terms of specific volume of fibrous component and an optical density of staining of connective tissue fibers in the stroma of squamous cancer and cervix adenocarcinoma. An absorption spectra of blood plasma of the patients suffering from squamous cancer and cervix adenocarcinoma both before the surgery and in postsurgical periods were obtained. Linear dichroism measurements transmittance in polarized light at different orientations of the polarization plane relative to the direction of the dominant orientation in the structure of the sample of biotissues of stroma of squamous cancer and cervix adenocarcinoma were carried. Results of the investigation of the tumor tissues showed that the magnitude of the linear dichroism Δ is insignificant in the researched spectral range λ=280-840 nm and specific regularities in its change observed short-wave ranges.

The method of laser express diagnostics of thrombus formation process in a blood plasma is presented. This method is based on analysis of image correlation of blood plasma during thrombus formation process. The technique of experimental researches of scattering laser radiation by blood plasma is shown. It is established that the dynamic of intensity fluctuations of radiation of scattered by blood plasma decreases under the influence of thrombin that causes increasing correlation coefficient and gives the possibility to estimate continuance of thrombus formation process. It was discovered that time of thrombus formation of healthy people is smaller than of asthmatics.

A method of polarization mapping of the optico-anisotropic polycrystalline networks of the blood plasma albumin and globulin proteins with adjusted spatial-frequency filtering of the coordinate distributions of the azimuth and ellipticity of the polarization of laser radiation in the Fourier plane is proposed and substantiated. Comparative studies of the effectiveness of direct methods of mapping and a spatial-frequency selection in differentiating polarization azimuth and ellipticity maps of the field of laser radiation converted by the networks of albumin - globulin crystals of the blood plasma in healthy people and patients with prostate cancer have been carried out.

The basic crystal optical mechanisms of formation of polarizable singularity images of polycrystalline networks of body fluid films with slight phase fluctuations were determined. Coordinate allocation of L - states is conditioned by the interaction of laser radiation with the substance of optically active proteins; C -states form on account of the phase modulation of orderly acicular protein crystals. On this basis the new Mueller-matrices method of diagnostics and differentiation of the changes of birefringence of body fluid films was developed and nosology differentiation was carried out for the first time. The results of the comparative study of the diagnostic effectiveness of the use of statistic, correlation, and fractal analysis of allocation of the characteristic meanings of the phase Mueller-matrices images in the differentiation of the polycrystalline film structure changes of body fluids were given.

The work consists of investigation results of diagnostic efficiency of a new azimuthally stable Mueller-matrix method of analysis of laser autofluorescence coordinate distributions of biological tissues histological sections. A new model of generalized optical anisotropy of biological tissues protein networks is proposed in order to define the processes of laser autofluorescence. The influence of complex mechanisms of both phase anisotropy (linear birefringence and optical activity) and linear (circular) dichroism is taken into account. The interconnections between the azimuthally stable Mueller-matrix elements characterizing laser autofluorescence and different mechanisms of optical anisotropy are determined. The complex statistic, correlation and fractal analysis of coordinate distributions of such Mueller-matrix rotation invariants is proposed. Thereupon the quantitative criteria (statistic moments of the 1st to the 4th order, correlation moment, fratal parameters) of differentiation of histological sections of uterus wall tumor – group 1 (polypus) and group 2 (adenocarcinoma) are estimated.

In this part the description of the basic types of human biological fluids is given. Experimentally measured coordinate divisions of Jones-matrix elements of optically thin polycrystalline networks are cited. Algorithms are provided and experimental methodology of measuring Jones-matrix imaging is analyzed. Experimental results of investigation of statistic, correlational and fractal parameters characterizing Jonesmatrix imaging of polycrystalline networks of the basic types of human biological fluids are represented. The system of classification of optical anisotropic peculiarities of biological fluids’ membranes based on statistic, correlational, space-frequency and spectral approach is suggested.

It has been proposed an optical model of linear and circular birefringence polycrystalline structure of biological crystallites. Method of polarizing optical mapping of anisotropic polycrystalline networks with spatial frequency filtering azimuth coordinate distributions of laser radiation polarization in Fourier- plane is analytically proved. Also was made an analytical study of the effectiveness of the method spatial-frequency selection in differentiation distributions azimuth field of laser radiation.

Our research is aimed at designing an experimental method of Fourier’s laser polarization phasometry of the layers of human effusion for an express diagnostics during surgery and a differentiation of the degree of severity (acute - gangrenous) appendectomy by means of statistical, correlation and fractal analysis of the coherent scattered field. A model of generalized optical anisotropy of polycrystal networks of albumin and globulin of the effusion of appendicitis has been suggested and the method of Fourier’s phasometry of linear (a phase shift between the orthogonal components of the laser wave amplitude) and circular (the angle of rotation of the polarization plane) birefringence with a spatial-frequency selection of the coordinate distributions for the differentiation of acute and gangrenous conditions have been analytically substantiated. Comparative studies of the efficacy of the methods of direct mapping of phase distributions and Fourier’s phasometry of a laser radiation field transformed by the dendritic and spherolitic networks of albumin and globulin of the layers of effusion of appendicitis on the basis of complex statistical, correlation and fractal analysis of the structure of phase maps.

The information is given about the optical arrangement, in which the elements of the coordinate allocations of the Mueller-matrix of the optically thin polycrystalline layers are defined. The algorisms are given and the experimental methods of measuring the Jones-matrix pictures are analyzed. The experimental results of the investigation of the statistical, correlative and fractal parameters are represented and they characterize the Mueller-matrix pictures of polycrystalline systems of the essential types of human’s amino acid.

To analyze the coordinate-like structure of Stokes-parametric and Mueller-matrix images of optically anisotropic components of biological tissues, the two-point polarization-correlational approach was applied. On this basis parameters the method of cross-correlational definition of parameters (average sizes, asymmetry factor) of correlational contour was developed, which defines the topographical structure of the characteristic meanings of Stokes-parametric and Mueller-matrix images of histological sections of biological tissues.

The aim was to study the possibility of using polarimetry methods of performance evaluation of blood plasma of patients with breast cancer and spectroscopy method in the diagnosis of breast cancer and determine the criteria for their use of non-invasive screening for problems.

The media of layered crystals as a possible element of memory in the storage systems were analyzed, the manipulation mechanisms of which are carried out with polarization of incident radiation. The phenomenon of polarization optical bistability in the medium of layered crystals was obtained, in which the transmission band is managed with only the change of polarization of incident radiation. On the basis of the mechanism of polarization control of nanoparticles motion in the tasks of polarization diagnostics of optical fields, the estimation of the coherent features of mutually orthogonal linearly polarized optical fields was performed that also enables to analyze the terms of storage of information about the structure of an optical field.