This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 9292, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction, and Conference Committee listing.

The absorption spectra of pure H2O with mixtures of broadening gases N2, Ar, Xe, He, Ar and air have been measured in 1.39 mμ spectral region by high resolution spectrometer based on diode laser (DFB NEL, Japan). For the processing of pure water spectra and it’s mixtures with a different broadening gases in a wide pressure range we used a multispectrum fitting procedure developed at IAO. The program is based on a relatively simple Rautian-Sobel’man line profile and linear pressure dependence of the line profile parameters. H2O measured spectra bulk processing results in the retrieving of such line parameters: zero-pressure line center positions, intensities, self-broadening and self-shift coefficients of pure water, broadening and shift coefficients for other gases which are describes the experiment with the minimum residuals in a wide pressure range.

The measurements of "isolated" CO2 line (6231.6 cm-1) absorption spectra in wide pressure range from 2 to 1000 mbar were performed on 3-channel high-resolution diode laser spectrometer. 4 theoretical models used for the description of lineshape contour: usual Voigt, Hard-collisional (Rautian), Soft-collisional (Galatry), and Speed-dependent Voigt (Boone). LabView based software used for the testing of current lineshape models. This software performed the nonlinear least-squares fit of the model spectrum to the experimental spectra recorded at each pressure individually. The detailed research of weak lines influence to the retrieved parameters of "isolated" CO2 (6231.6 cm-1, R4 band 30013- 00001) is provided. It is shown that the use of Rautian and Galatry lineshape models leads to a significant deviation from linear of the narrowing coefficient pressure dependence while coming to the high pressures range. Most appropriate for the common description of whole experimental spectra in entire range of pressures (up to 1000 mbar) is the Speed- Dependent (Boone) profile.

The semi-empirical method has been used to determine of room temperature self-broadened halfwidths of methyl cyanide and CO2-broadened halfwidths of methyl chloride. We obtained data approximately for 1500 rotation-vibration transitions. J-dependences of these colliding systems are different due to various absorber-perturber resonance effects. Results of calculations clearly demonstrate a very good agreement between observed and computed parameters for both absorbing molecules.

The estimation of errors in the longwave radiative fluxes simulation due to uncertainties in our knowledge of selective and continuum molecular absorption is presented. Modern models of the water vapour continuum absorption and different versions of the HITRAN spectroscopic database (2004, 2008, 2012) are used. It is shown that at present, the major source of the calculation errors in the longwave fluxes at cloudless atmosphere is still an uncertainty in the water vapour continuum absorption coefficients, while the contribution of line parameters’ errors to the simulation is relatively small.

A semiempirical model in the form of Pade approximants, describing vibrational-rotational (VR) interactions in intensities of VR-lines of v₂ water vapor (H₂O) band, was developed. The corresponding to the C_2v molecular symmetry group matrix elements, involved in the expansion of the transformed dipole moment, was applied to the derivation. The treatment of experimental intensities of v₂ H₂O band for transitions with ΔK = ±1 and ΔK = ±3 by means of obtained model results in decreasing the root mean square deviation (RMS) about two times (2.82 % instead of 6.20 %) in comparison to the traditional scheme.

The results of experimental and theoretical study of the Zeeman splitting of the vibrational-rotational lines in the NO molecule as a function of magnetic field are presented. To record the spectrum the method of laser magnetic resonance (LMR) with using continuous wave frequency-tunable CO laser has been applied. To analyze experimental data of Zeeman splitting, the calculation procedure was developed. This procedure is based on the numerical diagonalization the matrix of the effective molecular Hamiltonian, which includes Zeeman operator corresponding to interaction an external magnetic field with a molecule.

The sulfur dioxide absorption cross sections, measured with a Fourier transform spectrometer at room temperature and varied pressure of SO₂-N₂ in the 260-330 μm region, are presented. The absorption spectra are obtained at a high spectral resolution of 0.5 cm^-1. The measurements results are compared with SO₂ cross section data from literature.

Our research into generation of a set of absorption cross sections of atmospheric molecules is reviewed briefly. Particular emphasis is placed on a description of a software toolkit for building information objects that characterize molecules and weakly bound molecular complexes, an application that provides the import and export of the absorption cross sections and representation of metadata and ontolology of information resources collected in a set.

The paper presents a description of properties of published spectral data on spectral lines' parameters of sulfur dioxide molecule and its isotopologues. These data were acquired from more than 150 publications for a period of 50 years. Data properties as well as data sources classification according to validity and trust criteria are presented in a form of an ontological knowledge base on information resources. Data source properties values are computed during the assessment of validity and trust1. Published ro-vibrational transitions, energy levels, spectral lines' parameters, knowledge base on information resources of sulfur dioxide molecule and its isotopologues are available in the Internet accessible information system W@DIS (http://wadis.saga.iao.ru/).

The report presents a description of properties of published data on spectral lines parameters of deuterated isotopologues of hydrogen sulfide - HDS, HD³⁴S, D₂S, D₂ ³⁴S. Properties values characterizing data quality are calculated taking into account the validity criteria and credit estimation according to publishing criteria. Formalized criteria of data check based on the constraints and selection rules known from the vibrational-rotational theory, as well as an expert evaluation are utilized for validation of the original experimental transitions and energy levels. The consistent and accurate set of the vibration - rotation (VR) energy levels is derived based on the cleaned transitions. Published vibrational-rotational transitions and energy levels of considered molecules as well as the knowledge base are available in the Internet in W@DIS information system (IS).

An ontological description of molecular states and transitions for quantitative spectroscopy is given wherein states and transitions with certain quantum numbers are characterized by all published values of the physical quantities related to six spectroscopic tasks. Sets of statements appearing in the description of states and transitions are examined, and the number of statements employed in descriptions of different types is estimated.

The authors have studied the radiation transfer in multilayer atmosphere. The analytical formulae for the calculation of the transmission coefficient, reflectance and absorption of dispersion media consisting of three plane layers were obtained. It was shown that absorption of dispersed media depends strongly on absorption layer’s position in dispersed media. The lowest value is marked when the layer takes place below of the media the light falls from above. Investigation of the radiation balance of the atmosphere is usually conducted on the basis of the theory of radiative transfer and numerical methods [1]. In conducting research using various models of the atmosphere [2-4]. Accuracy of the results depends on the accuracy of the approximation and taking into account all the effects that significantly affect the results, such as the effect of the spatial limitations of the dispersion medium [4-6].

The authors have considered the radiation transfer in triple dispersion media with reflective surface. The analytic for determining the values of reflectance and transmission coefficient of atmosphere consisting of three plane layers limited by the reflective surface were obtained. It was shown that stratosphere and bottom atmospheric layers even at low value of optical density and its weak change impact considerably the reflectance of the «triple dispersion media – reflective surface» at all magnitudes of substrate on reflectivity. It was ascertained that the increase of elongation degree phase function in a cloud layer results reflectivity of the whole dispersion media. This effect is similar to reduction of optical density of atmosphere cloud layer.

A line-by-line calculation of the continuum absorption coefficient in the 1600 and 3600 cm^-1 water vapor bands with the line wing shape corresponding to asymptotic line shape theory is presented. The calculation results agree closely with quasi-bound dimer absorption estimates made in the context of a dimer hypothesis. An examination of the classical part of the problem at hand enables the fraction of the quasi-bound dimers to be estimated.

The self-broadened H₂O continuum absorption data for the 3−5 μm window available in the literature are described in the framework of asymptotic line wing theory. Use is made of a diffusion model taking into account violation of the long-wave approximation in spectral line wings.

Factors influencing the determination of the continuum absorption have been assessed, using the 4.3 μm CO₂ band as an example. The local contribution to the total absorption plays a primary role in the case where the continuum absorption is obtained from experiment. The continuum absorption may be found unambiguously from absorption measurements in band wings. For measurements within the bands, the local contribution can be calculated as the difference between the total measured coefficient and the continuum contribution obtained from measurements in band wings.

Three version line-list of dipole transition for isotopic modification of water molecule HD¹⁶O are presented. Line-lists have been created on the basis of VTT calculations (Voronin, Tennyson, Tolchenov et al. MNRAS, 2010) by adding air- and self-broadening coefficient, and temperature exponents for HD¹⁶O-air case. Three cut-of values for the line intensities were used: 1e-30, 1e-32 and 1e-35 cm/molecule. Calculated line-lists are available on the site ftp://ftp.iao.ru/pub/VTT/VTT-296/.

In this paper we present the results of Н₂ ¹⁶О absorption spectrum investigation recorded by a high resolution Fouriertransform spectrometer IFS-125M in the region 15500 – 16000 cm^-1. Absorption path of 34.8 m and resolution of 0.03 см^-1 were chosen to record the spectrum. White type multipass absorption cell with a basic length of 60 cm were used. Light-emitting diode (LED) was applied as a source of radiation. Signal-to-noise ratio is about 10⁴, making it possible to measure parameters of lines with intensity up to 2*10^-27 cm/molecule. Least-square-fitting algorithm was used to retrieve of the spectroscopic parameters from measured spectral data set. Spectral line positions and line intensities derived from the fitting were compared to data obtained in previous works.

Measurements of water vapor absorption spectra in the visible spectral region near 0.44 mkm are performed using FTspectrometer IFS-125M and Light-emitting diode (LED) as source of radiation. Water vapor spectrum has been obtained by averaging over 17136 scans recorded at 34,8 m optical path length, temperature 24 ± 1 С and pressure of sample 24,8 mBar. Due to strong emission of LED source it was possible to achieve signal-to-noise ratio about 104 and to record weak lines with intensities of 6 10-27 cm/molecule. Comparisons with results of early works are made.

We consider the algorithm and results of numerical simulation of irradiance at the Earth’s surface E in the spectral range of 0.4-0.7 μm in the aerosol-molecular atmosphere and in the presence of isolated cloud. We analyze the differences in the irradiance E in the clear-sky and little cloudy atmosphere in dependence of optical and geometrical parameters of cloud, its position relative to the receiver and the illumination conditions.

The method to the calculation of rotation-vibrational line half-width of asymmetric top molecules is proposed. The influence of the buffer gas on the internal state of the absorbing molecule is emphasized in this method. The basic expressions of present approach are given. The averaged energy differences method was used for the calculation of H2O and HDO lines broadening. Comparisons of the calculated line shape parameters with the experimental values in different absorption bands are made.

The D₂O absorption spectra adsorbed on the nanoporous airgel SiO₂ walls in the spectral range 4200 ... 5400 cm-1 are recorded. Two types of sample with pores of 60 nm wide - the nitrogen gas-treated and untreated airgels were examined. The untreated sample was prolonged evacuation and filling by the D₂O saturated vapor. The nitrogen gas-treated sample was short-time pumping, accompanied by treatment with dry nitrogen, and re- lapping by the saturated vapor. As a result, the recorded absorption spectra were shown the changes the hydrophilic properties of the nanopores walls by modernity surface in the presence of nitrogen.

The absorption spectra of the D₂О monomer in 3600…4200 cm-1 were recorded using Fourier Transform spectrometer FS-125M at room temperature and pressure of 15 and 33 mbar with spectral resolution of 0.03 cm^-1 using 2.5 cm long absorption cell. Strong unblended D₂O lines lying on the wing of the H₂O stretching band were used to determine the line broadening parameters. They were determined from the line profile by Program VxpProfile. The differences between fitted line profiles and experimental ones do not exceed 2%. Registered D2O lines belong to (011) - (000) and (110) - (000) bands of the second triad. Self-broadening coefficients vary from 0.27 cm^-1/atm to 0.445 cm^-1/atm and they exceed 3 times the D₂O-N2 line broadening coefficients in the v3. Calculations of self-broadening coefficients of the D2O lines were performed using semiempirical method based on the impact theory of broadening and included the correction factors. The calculated results well agree with experimental data.

The vibrational dependence of the Н₂О-N₂ interaction potential due to the line shifts and line wing absorption in the 3−5 μm region is discussed. Evidence in favor of the vibrational dependence of the repulsive part of the potential is given.

Statistical characteristics of the vortex laser beams propagating in the turbulent atmosphere are analyzed. The vortex beams are appeared to be less affected by turbulence as compared with the conventional beams: for the vortex beam the variance of random displacements and the variance for fluctuations of the orbital angular momentum, which are induced by atmospheric turbulence less than these characteristics for the vortexless beam, beams having a larger topological charge are founded to be more stable.

The results obtained from both atmospheric and laboratory experiment and from LES data show that, in the stably stratified flows of the atmospheric boundary layer, turbulent mixing occurs at gradient Richardson number that significantly exceed one: the inverse turbulent Prandtl number decreases with an increase in the thermal stability. The decreasing trend of the inverse turbulent Prandtl number is reproduced in a stably stratified planetary boundary layer in agreement with measurement data with aid of the high closure RANS turbulence scheme, which takes into account the influence of internal gravity waves on the eddy mixing of momentum and heat. Applicability of such RANS turbulence approach for the estimate of eddy diffusivities of momentum and heat in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere also examined. It is concluded that the high closure RANS turbulence scheme shows the good agreement with the direct measurement data of eddy diffusivities for momentum and heat in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere during clear-air conditions.

In this paper we study the light scattering in water-drop clouds for various distributions of droplet size. Polarization and angular distributions are simulated by Monte Carlo method for radiation reflected by cloud layers. Computational results make it possible to develop procedures for analyzing the microphysical structure of clouds.

The results of investigations of small-scale atmospheric turbulence are discussed. The differences of the shapes of smallscale atmospheric turbulence spectra in the free atmosphere and the boundary layer are in the focus of the paper. The obtained results may allow us to estimate the characteristics of small-scale (optical) atmospheric turbulence parameters and adaptive optics systems.

Coherent structures (topological solitons) indoors had been simulated by numerical solving of hydrodynamics equations. "Indoors" means inside the closed volume without the external direct wind influence and without the exchange of internal and external medium through the borders. Results of six boundary value problems are demonstrated: spectrograph pavilion and telescope dome of large astronomical telescopes (LSVT and BTA), cubic room, flat square cuvette, square section tube, parietal turbulence (thermals). The solitary large vortices (coherent structures, topological solitons) are observed indoors. The scenes of air motion as a result of simulation of coherent structures with identical boundary conditions are the practically same as the scenes, independently previously registered at experiments by us (indoors LSVT and BTA).

Last results of experimental researches of the decrease of the light fluctuations in coherent turbulence are presented. Measurements were executed in the autumn of 2013 in a high-mountainous Sayan solar observatory. It is found that astronomical observations are accompanied by periodical transition from the Kolmogorov’s turbulence to coherent turbulence. Such a change of the turbulence type gives intermittency in jitter of the astronomical images.

Efficiency of the adaptive focusing of coherent bunch of radiation is examined in a turbulent atmosphere. The calculation of distributing of middle intensity of the field of coherent laser bunch, focused in a turbulent environment at the use of adaptive phase correction with the use of image of non-coherent source as a supporting source is executed.

On-board enhanced vision system for all-weather aircraft navigation and landing which is currently under development in State research institute of aviation systems is described. The system is based on combination of three imagers sensitive in visible, short wave infrared (SWIR) and long wave infrared (LWIR) spectral ranges and demonstrating to the pilot only the most informative images from the time-aligned multi-sensor data. The results of flight tests at glissade trajectories of the light aircraft АС-5 МР obtained at various weather conditions are presented. It is shown that each spectral range may be informative under certain conditions of observation. In adverse and poor-visibility conditions, such as fog, high humidity and low clouds, SWIR range has the biggest information content.

For the numerical solution of the radiative transfer equation (RTE) it is required its discretization based on the elimination of the solution anisotropic part and the replacement of the scattering integral by a finite sum. Regardless of the particular method of the RTE sampling the boundary value problem for a slab is transformed into the boundary value problem for the matrix inhomogeneous linear differential equation of the first order. The solution of this problem can be represented both through the solution of the homogeneous equation (propagator), and through the scatterers, possessing the property of invariance that leads to the Ambartsumian invariance principle. It is shown that the equivalence of all these approaches can improve the efficiency of the numerical radiative transfer modeling in the turbid medium slab. Significant acceleration of the RTE solution convergence can be achieved by using the method of synthetic iterations.

Results of comparison for measured earlier velocities of photophoretic motion of fractal-like soot particles (Karasev et al., 2004) with the theory of photophoresis for spherical homogeneous particles (Beresnev et al., 1993) are presented. It is shown that presented comparison is quite possible, and gives the helpful and rich information for the further development of the rigorous quantitative theory of fractal-like particles photophoresis.

In this work some results of field experiments on the atmospheric optoelectronic communication are considered carried out in spring-summer-fall of 2011–2013. Experiments were aimed at estimation of the feasibility of test information transfer in bistatic communication channels under conditions of cloudless and cloudy atmosphere. The radiation wavelength was 510.6 nm, the length of the communication channel was 17 km.

Review of the authors' works devoted to research of properties of high-temperature gas mixtures and advancement of methods of a remote diagnosis of their optical and physical characteristics is presented. Results of the formation of the informational resource on mathematical, spectroscopic, software and hardware support of passive and active remote sensing techniques of gas-aerosol media are discussed.

This article gives a short overview to method of direction determining and visible angular velocity of movement determining of cloudiness based on set of panoramic images of cloudy sky, obtained by “Fisheye” wide-angle lens.

The results of the correlation analysis of the effectiveness of the algorithm that computes the cross components of wind speed measurements of the wavefront sensor Shack-Hartmann, depending on the intensity of turbulent distortions of the optical parameters of the sensor, the characteristics of the radiation is presented.

This paper presents the results of experimental studies of the properties of the flame in the mid-IR range. Transmittances defined flame for different spectral intervals research shows relationship between the recorded radiance of the flame shielded object and its true characteristics.

This paper presents the emission spectra of the flame produced by combustion of various fuels, provides the rationale for the applicability of various narrow spectral intervals in the range of 2-5 μm for registration problems of temperature fields in the flame and flame shielded registering objects.

The experimentally obtained space-time distortions of the signal beam profile in the optical data transmitting channels are presented. Interpretation and prognostication of distortion structure was carried out using the non-equilibrium thermodynamics and statistics methods, particularly non-extensive Renyi entropy. The method of media state operational control using a single sampling frame is proposed.

The analysis of results of experiments on laser transillumination of the flooded supersonic jet on the wind tunnel of Institute of theoretical and applied mechanics SB RAS is fulfilled. The time spectra of fluctuations of the received power at different values of pressure in the chamber as well as the transformation of the spectra for the initial part of the jet with increasing distance from the nozzle are discussed. The change in the slope of the high-frequency part of the spectrum when lifting beam above the nozzle is demonstrated. Local maxima of the spectral density at frequencies corresponding to the discrete frequencies of acoustic tones generated by the stream are found.

The given article presents the results of the investigation of the vortex laser beam reflection off a diffuse target in turbulent medium. Expressions of the mutual coherence function (MCF) and the relative intensity enhancement factor (REF) of a laser beam at the receiver plane are derived. The effect of the initial phase dislocation in the laser field distribution on the MCF and the REF of a backward wave at the receiver plane is investigated.

Comparison of two approaches within the framework of geometric optics, called the ray-tracing and beam-tracing methods, is considered in application to the problem of light scattering by ice crystal particles of cirrus clouds. A good conformity between the numerical data obtained by these algorithms is demonstrated. The computer time spent for the calculations by these algorithms is analyzed depending on spatial orientations of the particles. It is shown that the beamtracing methods exceeds its counterpart at small number of reflection/refraction events (up to 5) while the situation becomes opposite if this number is larger than 5.

The possibility of ultrahigh localization of the optical field near micrometer-sized spherical dielectric particles (zone of “photonic jet”) excited by the pulsed laser radiation is studied theoretically. It is shown for the first time that the photonic jet formed at the nonstationary de-excitation of high-Q resonance modes of a particle can have the sub-diffraction crossdimensional size.

The experimental results of the filamentation terawatt femtosecond Ti:Sapphire-laser along an atmospheric path of 100- m length atmospheric path using different spatial focusing and pulse power. The high efficiency of controlling the position and length of the filamentation zone using various spatial focusing are presented. The dependences of the length and position of the filamentation of the initial degree of focus and pulse power, number of filaments along the filamentation zone is determined. The data are compared to the length of the field and the number of filaments filamentation with the results of our earlier experiments.

Experimental results on the position and length control of the femtosecond laser pulses filamentation area on the atmospheric path of 30 m length using a different initial spatial focusing are presented. The dependence on the filamentation area length of numerical beam aperture value was obtained. Obtained data comparison on filamentation area length and quantity of filaments with previously conducted experiments results and the other authors’ data carried out.

The results of experimental studies of filamentation of femtosecond laser pulses in water is presented. Measured the number of filaments, the spectral width of the laser radiation, nonlinear focusing distance, the diameter of the field of filamentation power laser pulses. Noted the existence of plot on the scale of the relative power in passing which the explosive growth in the number of filaments.

A new approach is suggested to the numerical simulation of laser beam propagation through large-scale atmospheric inhomogeneities. Within this approach, the propagation medium is represented as a continuous 3D distribution of largescale inhomogeneities and a set of common 2D phase screens. A new highly effective simulation method with accounting for the effect of large-scale inhomogeneities is suggested within the aberration-free approximation. It is shown that experimentally observed large-scale inhomogeneities can strongly affect long-distance radiation propagation.

An effect of turbulent inhomogeneities, differently distant from an observer, on distortions of atmospheric object images is analyzed on the basis of numerical simulation. A technique for determining the atmospheric inhomogeneity wind drift from sequence of images of an object specified is suggested. A capability of the technique of determining the atmospheric inhomogeneity wind drift from two images is shown.

Researches of coherent properties of the vortex Bessel optical beams propagating in turbulent atmosphere are theoretically developed. The degree of coherence of vortex Bessel optical beams depending on beam parameters (crosssection wave number and a topological charge) and characteristics of turbulent atmosphere is in details analysed. It is shown, that at low levels of fluctuations in turbulent atmosphere, the degree of coherence of a vortex Bessel optical beam essentially depends on value of a topological charge of a beam. In the central part of a two-dimensional field of degree of coherence the ring dislocations, which number of rings to equally value of a topological charge of a vortex optical beam, is formed. At high levels of fluctuations in turbulent atmosphere, the degree of coherence of a vortex Bessel beam decreases much faster, than it takes place for the fundamental Bessel beam. And, speed of decrease essentially increases in process of growth of value of a topological charge of a beam.

The passive differential method of measuring of maintenance in the atmosphere of atoms of sodium is offered in a mesosphere with the use of solar radiation. With sufficient good exactness relation of irradiances of the Sun on two near, such that aerosol dispersion and weakening practically identically, wavelengths equal as (λ₁/λ₂ ))⁵ . On the basis of analysis of relation of irradiances of a Sun on two wavelengths it is possible to determine the relative changes of maintenance of atoms of sodium in the whole atmospheric colomn.

Features of formation "photonic nanojets" (PNJs) near the surface of spherical dielectric microparticles irradiated by a spatially limited laser beam are theoretically investigated. The influence of the waist size of a light beam with the Gaussian transverse intensity profile on PNJ spatial parameters and peak intensity is found for the first time.

In the paper the results of simulation are presented of multichannel laser radiation propagation under conditions of free diffraction. Influence of distortions developed in channels on effectiveness of energy transfer is also considered. It was shown that with increase of channel number the influence of random tilts and piston-type aberration decreased.

discrete scattering medium with particles large in comparison with length of a wave of optical radiation is deduced. Conditions at which fulfil the integral equation transform into the differential equation are resulted. In that specific case of vortex Gaussian beams the solution of this differential equation is derived. Possibilities of carrying over of an optical vortex on lengthy path in the presence of discrete scatterings in atmosphere are discussed.

The function of mutual coherence of the field and the mean intensity of partially coherent pulsed optical radiation scattered by an atmospheric layer have been calculated. It is shown that as the pulse duration decreases, the spatial coherence of backscattered radiation improves in comparison with the coherence of scattered continuous-wave (cw) radiation. In contrast to cw radiation, which scatters uniformly in the backward direction, the backscattering of pulsed radiation becomes nonuniform for shorter pulses, and for ultrashort pulse durations the backscattered radiation is localized near the strictly backward direction in the zone with transverse dimensions comparable with the initial size of the sensing beam.

The main objective of the current investigation is to reveal the influence of atmospheric distortions on the parameters of vortex laser beams, to find the characteristic not influenced by such distortions, and to compare the obtained results with data corresponding to Gaussian beams.

The mean intensity and the deviation from the straight-line propagation of the optical beam passed through the shock wave at the start of the path and then propagating in a homogeneous medium have been calculated. It has been shown that the spatial inhomogeneity of the refractive index of air in the region of the shock wave arising when a supersonic flow flows around a conical body can exert the focusing action on the beam passing through it. The angular deviation of the optical beam from the straight-line propagation owing to the shock wave depends only on the height above the Earth’s surface, at which the shock wave is generated. As the height increases, the influence of the shock wave on the optical beam propagating through it decreases.

This article gives a short overview to the modified algorithm of cloud fields images processing generated by digital camera. The article shows that the simultaneous measurement of the low bound of clouds with LIDAR allows to determine the direction and speed of the clouds movement at the LIDAR installation point. Also the articles provides the example of the clouds speed estimation based on experimental data.

According to data obtained at atmospheric path, was tested an algorithm for calculating the transverse component of the wind speed by correlation analysis of measurements on the Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor. The correlation method is based on the hypothesis of "frozen" turbulence. Calculated correlation values are the coefficients of the linear correlation between the displacements of the coordinates of the centroids. To automate the algorithm for calculating the transverse component of the wind speed were created the following programming techniques: the moving average method, the gradient descent method, the method of calculation of derivatives.

Based on numerical simulation, the broadening of the Laguerre-Gaussian beams propagating in the turbulent atmosphere is analyzed. Mean intensity profiles are compared for the Laguerre-Gaussian and doughnut hole beams, which differ only in the presence or absence of the vortex phase component in the initial field distribution. It is shown that as the topological charge of the Laguerre-Gaussian beam in the turbulent atmosphere increases, the effective beam size increases due to turbulence.

The question of stability of the vortex Bessel beams formed in turbulent atmosphere is theoretically considered. In the given research, characteristics of spatial structure of distribution of mean intensity of vortex Bessel beams in an inhomogeneous medium are analyzed in detail. The quantitative criterion of possibility of formation of vortex Bessel beams in turbulent atmosphere is derived. On the basis of the analysis of behavior of several physical parameters of mean intensity of optical radiation it is shown that the stability of the form of a vortex Bessel beam during propagation in turbulent atmosphere increases with an increase of the value of a topological charge of this beam.

The experimental layout of aerosol lidar with two receiving channels for registration of the atmospheric backscatter amplification is presented in the paper. One of the receiver is placed at the probing beam axis, the other one is displaced from the beam axis in a perpendicular plane on a distance where the echo signals registered by both receivers are uncorrelated. Ratio of the powers of the registered echo signals is a measure of atmospheric backscatter amplification effect.

The vortex beams LG0L broadening has been investigated by numerical simulation of propagation through atmospheric turbulence. The focused and collimated beams were considered. The split-step Fourier method was used for solving scalar wave equation for a randomly inhomogeneous medium with a power-law Kolmogorov spectrum. The average intesity of collimated and focused Gaussian and vortex beams has been compared. The effective sizes are found to be broadened less than the Gaussian beam while propagated through the same medium. The higher the topological charge’s value /l/, the less the beam broadening is observed.

A technique is proposed for determination of the structure characteristic of refractive index of air from data of a coherent Doppler wind lidar. The proposed technique is tested in atmospheric experiments. Time profiles of the structure characteristic of refractive index in the atmospheric surface layer are obtained and compared with the time profiles of the dissipation rate of the kinetic energy of turbulence obtained from the same lidar data. It is shown in this way that coherent lidars can be used for investigation of not only wind turbulence, but also temperature turbulence.

The results of investigations of vertical profile of turbulent inhomogeneities of the air refractive index using NCEP / NCAR Reanalysis data are discussed in this paper. Model used for calculations is based on the spectral features of atmospheric turbulence characteristics in a wide range of scales. The differences of the shapes of small-scale atmospheric turbulence spectra in the free atmosphere and the boundary layer are in the focus of the paper. The obtained results may allow us to estimate characteristics of turbulent and, thus, parameters of adaptive optics systems.

The fluctuations of horizontal displacements of the radio beam reflected from the ionospheric layer containing random inhomogeneities of permittivity are considered. Analytical expressions for the dispersions and correlation functions of the beam displacements at the output layer were obtained for two models of the unperturbed (average) medium. The results are analyzed numerically for various conditions probing.

The results of laboratory and numerical experiments on propagation of focused intense pulse-periodic and continuous CO₂-laser radiation in the absorbing gas and aerosol media are presented. It is established that focal waist of a laser beam is characterized by reduced heat release that is associated with absorption saturation. It is shown that increase of pulse repetition frequency in a train decreases effect of optical breakdown on path transparence since under the condition of constant mean radiation power peak intensity in each pulse decreases and probability of breakdown onset is reduced.

On the basis of an analytical solution of a one-dimensional (in cylindrical coordinates) heat equation homogeneous medium with a heat source, due to the linear absorption of light, we obtained analytical expressions for the calculation of space-time profiles of the increment of temperature in heterogeneous media based on metallic nanoparticles and a dielectric matrix.

According to the model of the effective medium and G. Mie theory, attenuation cross-sections, cross-sections for scattering and absorption for metal nanoparticles nanosized aggregates have been assessed depending on the aggregate’s size , level of the aggregate’s filling with nanoparticles and physical properties of the nanoparticles material.

In the given article the moments of random intensity of the coherent vortex Bessel–Gaussian beams propagating in turbulent atmosphere are theoretically investigated. It has showed, that on short path in the region of weak optical wave fluctuations a variance of the displacements of the center of gravity of vortex Bessel–Gaussian beams can be less than the similar characteristic of a fundamental Gaussian beam. With increase in a topological charge of a beam the value of a relative variance of the displacements of the center of gravity of a vortex Bessel–Gaussian beam decreases.

The complex measurements of level of atmospheric turbulence are conducted by the differential measurement device of turbulence (DMT), wave-front sensor (WFS), and also by ultrasonic weather-stations. Daytime measurements of structure parameters of refractive index of atmospheric turbulence carried out on horizontal optical paths on the Base Experimental Complex (BEC) of V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics SB RAS (IOA). A comparative analysis over of the got results is brought.

The paper presents the results of experimental studies required to determine the depth of the combustion front of the peat layer. The studied samples represented four types of peat with a different botanical composition, density, humidity content and degree of decomposition. The depth of the combustion front of peat and the temperature profiles were determined.

Ignition of softwood is experimentally studied during combustion of the peat layer. The characteristic stages of ignition and temperatures are revealed. Wood is found to ignite in a localized center of fire, where the surface temperature of wood reaches the known experimental values.

Accidents occurring at the sites of pipelines, accompanied by environmental damage, economic loss, and sometimes loss of life. In this paper we calculated the sizes of the possible ignition zones in emergency situations on pipelines located close to the forest, accompanied by the appearance of fireballs. In this paper, using the method of mathematical modeling calculates the maximum size of the ignition zones of vegetation as a result of accidental releases of flammable substances. The paper suggested in the context of the general mathematical model of forest fires give a new mathematical setting and method of numerical solution of a problem of a forest fire modeling. The boundary-value problem is solved numerically using the method of splitting according to physical processes. The dependences of the size of the forest fuel for different amounts of leaked flammable substances and moisture content of vegetation.

It is developed mathematical model for description of heat and mass transfer processes at crown forest fire initiation. Mathematical model of forest fire was based on an analysis of experimental data and using concept and methods from reactive media mechanics. The paper suggested in the context of the general mathematical model of forest fires give a new mathematical setting and method of numerical solution of a problem of a forest fire modeling. The boundary-value problem is solved numerically using the method of splitting according to physical processes. In this paper the assignment and theoretical investigations of the problems of forest fire initiation were carried out.

The aim of this work is to study the characteristics of high-temperature flame in the burning device during combustion of diesel fuel with steam gasification for understanding the basic mechanisms of the reaction and the role of physical factors.

This article presents an overview of the development and the applications of two compact elastic backscatter depolarisation lidars, installed on-board the high-altitude research aircraft Myasishchev M-55 Geophysica. The installation of the lidars is intended for simultaneous probing of air parcels respectively upward and downward from the aircraft flight altitude to identify the presence of clouds (or aerosol )above and below the aircraft and to collocate them with in situ instruments. The lidar configuration and the procedure for its on-ground validation is outlined. Example of airborne measurements include polar stratospheric clouds, both synoptical and in lee-waves, ultra-thin cirrus clouds around the tropical tropopause and observation of aerosol layers emerging from the top of deep tropical convection.

Three microphysical backscatter ratios (color ratio, depolarization ratio, and lidar ratio) widely used for interpretation of lidar signals returned from cirrus clouds have been calculated for the first time. The physical-optics code developed earlier by the authors is applied. Though the data are obtained for the hexagonal ice plates and columns, that are the simplest crystal shapes, their arbitrary spatial orientation has been taken into account. The lidar experimental data measuring simultaneously the depolarization ratio and color ratio in cirrus clouds are also presented.

A prototype of a stationary Raman gas analyzer with the improved sensitivity is described. The improvement is provided by using both a device for compressing analyzed gas media and a specialized effective spectral device as a part of the gas analyzer. The experimental testing of the modified Raman gas analyzer was performed in the probing of atmospheric air that confirmed the extreme sensitivity of the prototype was equal to ~ 1 ppm.

A simple and effective calibration technique for the new optoelectronic dual channel precipitation gauge (ODPG) is developed. The main result of the calibration procedure is minimization of the particle size measurement errors that depend on the optical system aberrations. Laboratory tests are carried out for generation of the calibration parameters, and for confirmation of the first theoretical evaluations performed for the device technical characteristics. The ODPG field tests (measurement of the rain parameters) demonstrate high degree of reliability of the developed design – steady operation of optical and electronic systems after transportation, efficiency of algorithms used for acquisition and processing of measurement data and calculation of the precipitation parameters.

We present results of joint analysis of the data of high-level cloud sensing with a polarization lidar and satellite radiometer MODIS. The possibility of detection from space of cirrus clouds with preferred orientation of ice crystals is discussed.

The comparison results of polarization characteristics of lidar return in double scattering approximation from droplet and crystal tropospheric clouds in remote sensing by linearly and circularly polarization laser pulses.

The paper reports the results of strobing the lidar signal by an electro-optical shutter (EOS). The authors discuss the possibility to reduce the backscattered signal power in the near field up to 10-12 times, to increase the probe pulse energy by an order of magnitude, and thereby to improve the signal-to-noise ratio in atmospheric sensing in the daytime.

The task of laser sensing of droplet clouds by coaxial lidar is considered. Lidar return due to single scattering is formed in the volume bounded by the radiation pattern of the transmitter, while the double-scattering is determined by a receiving system field of view. The volume of the scattering medium exceeding a receiving system field of view forms the signal higher scattering orders ( < 2). The results of the numerical modeling of the distribution (in the recording plane) polarization characteristics of lidar signal from droplet clouds in the double scattering approximation in comparison with the results of the physical model experiment simulating sounding of a droplet cloud are discussed in this paper.

This paper reports the development of LIDAS (LIdar Differential Absorption Sensing) program-algorithmic system for laser remote sensing of minor gas constituents (MGCs) of the atmosphere by the differential absorption method (DIAL). The system includes modules for the search of wavelengths informative for laser gas analysis by the differential absorption method, for numerical simulation of lidar sensing of atmospheric MGCs, and for calculation of errors of methodical, atmospheric, spectral, and instrumental origin. Lidar sensing of gas constituents by the differential absorption method as applied to problems of sensing of atmospheric MGCs is simulated numerically. Results of experiments on remote sensing of gas constituents of the atmosphere with the use of СО laser are presented.

This paper presents the results of the research of possibility of remote detection of explosive traces using laser fragmentation/laser-induced fluorescence (LF/LIF) approach. Experimental data on the detection of traces of cyclonite in fingerprints at a distance of 4 m are presented.

At the present time quasi-horizontally oriented ice plates of cirrus clouds become the object of active research. Experimental observations of such kind of objects are carried out using multiwave and polarization lidars. The interpretation of lidar signals is now based on the solutions obtained in the approximation of both physical and geometrical optics. The article compares these approximations for the solution of light backscattering by quasihorizontally oriented hexagonal ice plates. Special attention is paid to the limits of applicability of geometrical optics method for solving such problems.

The paper presents the analysis of the estimate of the errors in lidar measurements of the density of the middle atmosphere. The lidar with wavelengths 355 and 266 nm is considered. The lidar is arranged onboard the Russian module (RM) of ISS module with the window diameter 100 cm. The task is to measure the atmospheric density in the altitude range 40 – 100 km above the Earth’s surface. It is shown that measurements at the wavelength of 355 nm can be carried out with the error less than 10% in the altitude range 30 – 88 km any time of day. Measurements of the atmospheric density at the wavelength of 266 nm can be realized in the altitude range 40 – 100 km with the error less than 10% at the boundaries and 2% in the central part of the range any time of day.

The interaction of high-power terahertz radiation from the Novosibirsk free-electron laser at a wavelength of 130 μm in atmospheric transparency window with a model aerosol cloud having the known droplet size distribution function has been studied experimentally for the first time. The experimental data are compared with theoretical calculations obtained from solution of the lidar equation for conditions of the experiment.

The spectral transparency method has been tested experimentally in the terahertz spectral region. The aerosol particle size distribution spectrum has been reconstructed from measurements of the spectral transparency coefficient by the method of Time-Domain THz spectroscopy. The particle size distribution spectra obtained by the spectral transparency method in the terahertz region and by the method of optical microscopy have been compared.

In this article results of observations of upper-layer crystal clouds are analyzed. Estimates about shape and preferred orientation crystals of clouds are performed. Information on the vertical stratification of the pressure, temperature, wind direction and modulus near the observation point was considered.

Experimental results of polarization laser sensing of cirrus with anomalous backscattering are presented. The technique of determining the optical and geometrical characteristics of clouds is described. Experimental data are compared with the meteorological conditions at altitudes of cirrus above the lidar location and with the results of numerical modeling of phase matrices in the approximation of physical optics. The recurrence frequency of meteorological characteristics of “mirror” cirrus is estimated.

High measurement sensitivity of troposphere CO2 and CH4 is expected from using of integrated path differential absorption (IPDA) lidar, where the strong lidar echoes on two wavelengths from cloud tops or the Earth’s take place. We consider a software system for the radiation transport simulation in the atmosphere by Monte-Carlo method that applied in the greenhouse gas (CH4 and CO2) sensing space-based IPDA-lidar. This software is used to evaluate the accuracy of measurement of the green house gas concentration. The paper investigates the impact of multiple scattering in presence of clouds. So multiple scattering can influence on signal power, but differential absorption method eliminates this drawback.

The outer scale of turbulence plays an important role in the theory of atmospheric turbulence. It specifies the lowfrequency boundary of the inertial subrange of fluctuation spectra of the atmospheric meteorological parameters, is used to construct models of the atmospheric turbulence and to estimate the excess turbulent attenuation of waves in the atmosphere. Outer scales of the wind velocity, temperature, humidity, and ozone concentration were previously determined, in particular, from direct airborne measurements of the spectral power density of these parameters, and their dependences on the altitude above the underlying surface, its properties, and type of the atmospheric stratification were demonstrated. For optical radiation propagating in the surface layer, the outer scale of temperature turbulence was determined from measurements of the variance of phase fluctuations of optical waves propagating along the near-ground paths. Unlike the optical waves, the acoustic wave propagation in the atmospheric boundary layer is influenced simultaneously by the temperature fluctuations caused by thermal convection and by the velocity fluctuations (dynamic turbulence caused by the wind shear). Their relative contributions depend on the ratio of the outer scales of the dynamic turbulence and temperature turbulence. In the present work, a method of simultaneous acoustic sounding of the outer scales of dynamic turbulence and temperature turbulence is suggested, and combined influence of these parameters on the acoustic wave propagation is estimated. Temporal dynamics of vertical profiles of the outer scales of dynamic turbulence and temperature turbulence is analyzed. The efficiency of the suggested method is confirmed by the results of comparison with the data of laser sensing of these parameters and their theoretical estimates, which demonstrate their good agreement.

This paper presents features of synthesizing the optical system of lidar transmitting channel subject to the specificity of laser radiation. Examples of different types of laser optic systems of dimensional synthesis are presented.

We describe the new procedure developed to determine the functional groups on the surface of nanoparticles formed in photonucleation of furfural, one of the aldehydes generated during forest fire events. The procedure is based on the detection of nanoparticle rupture from chemically modified surface of the quartz crystal microbalance oscillating in the thickness shear mode under voltage sweep. The rupture force is determined from the voltage at which the rupture occurs. It depends on particle mass and on the affinity of the surface functional groups of the particle to the groups that are present on the modified QCM surface. It was demonstrated with the amine modification of the surface that the nanoparticles formed in furfural photonucleation contain carbonyl and carboxyl groups. The applicability of the method for the investigation of functional groups on the surface of the nanoparticles of atmospheric aerosol is demonstrated.

Aerosol index variations, caused by large-scale forest fires in Siberia, Russia in 2012, 2013 were studied on remote sensing data (EOS Terra, Aqua and Aura). Analysis of the forest fire activity, variations of aerosol index distribution, pressure fields and winds shows that large-scale forest fires are the main factor determining the spatial and temporal distribution of the aerosol index from April to October as in the Siberia and the Far East. Formation of large-scale inhomogeneities in AI distribution is possible under appropriate meteorological conditions (low pressure, slow wind speed, etc.) which lead to formation of stagnation regions where aerosol particles are accumulated. Aerosol pollution from severe forest fires can be transported over a high distances from the fire location.

The physical causes of diurnal variability of aerosol extinction of visible and infrared radiation in the surface layer of the atmosphere. It is shown that in the haze of Western Siberia important factors such variability are diurnal variations in relative humidity and temperature.

A comparison of the measured spectral aerosol extinction coefficients β_a(λ) and scattering coefficients directed β_S(θ). Coefficients β_a(λ) were obtained from measurements of atmospheric transmission on horizontal path length of 1 km for wavelengths from 0.45 to 3.9 microns. Scattering coefficients βS (θ) were measured in the angular range from 1 to 15 ° at a wavelength of 0.53 μm. The data were obtained under conditions of forest fire smokes in July 2012 and in clean conditions in April 2013 (706 and 204 realizations, respectively). Under clean conditions, 82% of variations of the extinction of radiation in the whole wavelength range are caused by variability of coarse aerosol, and 98% of variations under smoke conditions are related to submicrometer particles.

Possibilities to retrieve aerosol size distribution and exact value of the scattering coefficient using the measurement data of the polar nephelometer Aurora 4000 are analyzed. It is shown that only the fine aerosol fraction can be reliable recovered. The examples of the results of the inverse problem solution are presented. Two approaches to the clarification of the value of scattering coefficient value – multiple regression and recalculation through inversion procedure (microphysical extrapolation) – are considered.

We had been conducting the results of surface spectroscopy of radiometric measurements of aerosol and water vapor in the atmosphere of Volgograd for period since July 2011 for September 2013, applying a SPM photometer. Volgograd is a city in the southeast of the European part of Russia, the administrative center of the Volgograd region. It's located in latitude 48.42 N, longitude 44.28 Е and altitude 156 meters above sea level. Spectral aerosol optical depth, the Angstrom wavelength exponent and general water vapor content were computed with the help of the data having been written on sun photometer through the direct measuring of sun radiance. The mean values of aerosol optical depth at 0.440 μm, water vapor the atmospheric column and the Angstrom wavelength exponent during the indicated period of time were computed to be 0.20 ± 0.12, 1.97 ±0.67 g/cm² and 1.58 ± 0.71 accordingly. The maximal and minimal values of aerosol optical depth were recorded in August 2013 and in July 2013. The general water vapor content in the vertical atmospheric column was recorded in August 2013 and in November 2012). Using the method of the least squares the Angstrom exponent in the spectral measurements from 0.440 to 0.870 μm was computed.

The paper presents the results of calculations of the spectral behavior of aerosol single scattering albedo at different heights in the troposphere using the model^1-3 taking into account scattering and absorption properties of particles. The estimates are performed for different seasons.

Lake Baikal is one of the unique natural environments in Siberia which, to a large extent, affects the state of the nature in this region. The processes of gas exchange in the “water-atmosphere” system have been studied in Lake Baikal since 2002. The main purpose of the integrated investigations of exchange of carbon-containing gases in the water-atmosphere system in Lake Baikal is to study the contribution of physical, chemical, and biological components of the process and their interrelation with the intensity and rhythms of the fluxes. In 2013, the integrated measurements in the littoral area of Baikal were complemented with studies of the diurnal dynamics of isotopic ratio δ ¹³C in the surface and near-bottom water, which were not yet performed in Baikal before. In this work, we analyze first results of the joint analysis of СО₂ fluxes in the “atmosphere - water surface” system and δ ¹³C, obtained in August 2013 in the littoral area of South Baikal. It is shown that d¹³C markedly increases in the surface waters at daylight time. In nighttime period, there takes place a reverse process, when δ ¹³C of the surface water approaches δ ¹³C, which is recorded for near-bottom water.

We study the effect of physical, chemical and biological processes on gas exchange of CO2 in the air-water system in Lake Baikal. Photosynthesis of aquatic biota is known to play a crucial role in changing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the water. Fluorescent methods are considered to be of high performance in problems of determining quantitative characteristics of biomass, however they require preliminary calibration directly for a specific type of plankton. In the pelagic zone of Lake Baikal the species composition, quantitative and spatial distribution of phytoplankton are characterized by strong spatial and temporal variability. Therefore, the fluorescent devices calibration on a single reference does not provide acceptable accuracy of quantitative assessment of the biomass. The results discussed in the paper were obtained by shipboard measurements during the Baikal campaign of 2010-2011. Correlation between the biomass in 25-meter water layer and the integral value of the fluorescent signal in this layer was obtained for calibration. The report discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the chosen methods and the results of retrieval of the vertical profiles of the biomass for stations in the pelagic zone of Lake Baikal in spring for the 2010-2011 biennium.

Тhe possibilities of remote sensing of chemical warfare agent by differential absorption method were analyzed. The CO₂ – laser emission lines suitable for sounding of chemical warfare agent with provision for disturbing absorptions by water vapor were choose. The detection range of chemical warfare agents was estimated for a lidar based on CO₂ – laser The other factors influencing upon echolocation range were analyzed.

A differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) gas-analyzer was successfully tested. A high pressure 150-W Xe arc lamp was employed as a light source This system consisted of a coaxial telescope, a spectrometer, an analyzer and retroreflector. In order to record the spectra, a monochrometer with a grating and photodiode array was adopted. Gas analyzer spectral data bank includes more than 30 moleculas absorbed in UV spectral region. The measured absorption spectra were evaluated by using a least-squares fit to determine the average mixing ratio of each species in the atmosphere. A number of air pollutants concentrations: SO2, NO2, O3, etc were trace measured. Minimally detected concentration on pathlength 400 m is the unit of ppb at the time of accumulation of 2 min. The results of the field test measurements of pollutants in Tomsk are presented.

Snow, as short-term consignation Wednesday, has several properties that lead to its widespread use in ecologicalgeochemical and geological research. By studying the chemical composition of the dust fallout you can indirectly assess the condition of atmospheric air.^1-2. Determining the content of mercury in snow cover, you can define its contribution for the longest period of the year in our region, with the most intensive use of various types of fuel (coal, gas, firewood), that puts a strain on urban ecosystems in terms of ecology.^3-4. In addition, snow cleans the atmosphere of mercury, but it accumulates in the snow, and during the spring melting of snow hits the ground and rivers, polluting them. Part of the mercury back into the atmosphere. It should also be note the special nature of the circulation of air masses over the city in winter, creating a heat CAP, which contributes to air pollution of the city. ^5-6-7. The high load areas of industrial impact were detected during the eco-geochemical investigations of mercury load index in the impacted areas of enterprises of Tomsk. It was found out, that aerosol particles of industrial emissions in Tomsk contain mercury. The contamination transfer character of mercury sources and occurrence modes of pollutants in snow solid residue were detected during the researches of industrial impact.

The paper presents the first in the history of observations the results of studying of atmospheric suspensions contained in snowpacks of Russian Island (Vladivostok) , including the territory of campus of the Far Eastern Federal University (seasons 2011/2012-2013/2014 years). The distribution of airborne particles of different sizes and different genesis in differ by anthropogenic load districts of the island is revealed: the Far Eastern Federal University campus , the bridge over the Eastern Bosphorus Strait and the village Kanal. It is shown that in connection with the increase of anthropogenic load on the Russian island , its ecological condition deteriorates due to the rise in the atmosphere fractions of nano-and micro-sized particles.

The paper proposes a modified clustering algorithm cloud cover of the Earth based on the density data clustering algorithm in the presence of noise. A new approach to identification of textural features based on the evaluation of the information matrix adjacency gradation. To optimize the clustering algorithm used data structure R-trees. The results of the algorithm are given in this article.

The research introduces software platform for distributed calculations. The platform provides creation of distributed software and automated control of the computing process. The main platform’s tasks are large science calculating problems, related to optic atmosphere investigation in the first place.

Extensive literature devoted to investigations into the influence of environmental conditions on the plant respiration and respiration rate. It is generally accepted that the respired CO₂ generated in a stem completely diffuses into the atmosphere. Results obtained from explorations into the CO₂ content in disc tree rings by the method proposed in this work shows that a major part of CO₂ remains in tree stems and exhibits inter-annual variability. Different methods are used to describe of CO₂ and H₂O distributions in disc tree rings. The relation of CO₂ and H₂O variations in a Siberian stone pine disc to meteorological parameters are analyzed with use of wavelet, spectral and cross-spectral techniques. According to a multiple linear regression model, the time evolution of the width of Siberian stone pine rings can be partly explained by a combined influence of air temperature, precipitation, cloudiness and solar activity. Conclusions are made regarding the response of the CO₂ and H₂O content in coniferous tree disc rings to various climatic factors. Suggested method of CO₂, (CO₂+H₂O) detection can be used for studying of a stem respiration in ecological risk areas.

Petroleum refineries may emit large quantities of pollutants. Tomsk Petrochemical plant impact on the air quality. Most elements associated with the emitted aerosols that are sometimes under-reported or even not cataloged. Because snow is an efficient scavenger of the emitted aerosols, it offers for identifying contaminants. Herein, we present the element concentrations in the insoluble fraction of aerosols in snow samples collected between March 2009 and March 2013. We also develop strategies to identify the marker elements for snow cover contamination in the plant vicinity. In addition, the aerosols transfer was indicated at the distances. Samples were measured using instrumental neutron activation analysis and flameless atomic absorption method. Results show that As, Hg, Br, Sb and Zn were found to be the predominated elements alone with traces of other analyzed elements. Burning gas in flare’s plant could be proved to be a source for the toxic and mobile elements Hg, Sb and Br. It is identified that aerosols fallouts degrease away from the plant at a distance from 300 to 1500 m. This study revealed that element concentration did not significant changed between 2009 and 2013.

The experimental approbation of the passive optical method of crosswind estimation in the atmosphere on basis of turbulence-induced image distortion was realized. The fluctuations of intensity and image centroid of separated pixel blocks of video picture were used as analyzed signals for extraction of crosswind information. Comparison with sonic anemometers data was demonstrated.

We report automated waveguide RF excited ¹³С¹⁶О₂ - laser based on Z-shaped resonant cavity. The laser possesses possibility of wavelength tuning from 9.5 to 11.5 μm by means of the cavity's diffraction grating position management. The diffraction grating position is driven by precision motorized linear actuator. The lasing lines of P-branch from 11.04 to 11.31 μm were studied in details. Operating mode selection is performed with specially designed PC software "Tunable CO₂ – Laser". P-branch 11P(10) – 11P(32) lines' tuning time does not exceed 3 sec.

Measurements of the mass concentrations of the dry matter of submicrometer aerosol and black carbon, black carbon fraction, size distributions and the volume filling factors of submicrometer and coarse particles, aerosol scattering coefficients at the angles of 45° and 1.2°, as well as the parameter of aerosol condensation activity are carried out in February 2014 at the Aerosol monitoring station IAO SB RAS. The dynamics of optical and microphysical characteristics of near-ground aerosol is analyzed. Their correlations and peculiarities of differences in urban winter smog in comparison with the conditions of weakly turbid atmosphere are studied. It is shown that multiple (more than an order of magnitude) increase of the content of submicrometer aerosol and black carbon in the near-ground layer occurs under conditions of a dense winter smog, that is comparable with events of high smoke content in the atmosphere due to forest fires in summer.

Developed and tested a simplified version of the definition of the cloud base height of the backscatter signal obtained in the laser meter height of the cloud base with eye-safe level of radiation intensity.

Possibilities of using an overtone CO laser in the mid-IR range for lidar measurements of air humidity and temperature profiles by the differential absorption method have been studied. Wavelengths for lidar measurements of meteorological parameters are selected. Spatial and spectrally resolved lidar signals, as well as random errors of retrieval of profiles of the atmospheric meteorological parameters, have been calculated using the wavelengths.

Analysis of the contents of water vapor and aerosol in the atmosphere measured by means of different instruments was performed based on the results of the comprehensive aerosol experiment carried out at the Institute of Atmospheric optics in May 2012. The data obtained using remote (lidar) and contact (balloon) methods were used. They are capable of obtaining the vertical profiles of the measured parameters with high spatial resolution. Lidar measurements of the water vapor content in the boundary layer of the atmosphere by Raman method have shown very good agreement with the data of measurements by balloon. Simultaneous lidar measurements of backscattering and mixing ratio of water vapor in the atmosphere give significant positive correlation of the contents of water vapor and aerosol in the layers.

Situations with scavenging of submicrometer aerosol particles by precipitation are analyzed. Experiments were carries out in Arctic region (NABOS expedition) onboard research vessels “Akademik Fedorov” and “Professor Khlyustin” in August-September 2013.

The conditions of variability of the submicron fraction of near-surface atmospheric aerosol with radii 0,3 ÷ 0,6 microns in transitional winter-spring period in the experiments carried out on aerosol station LOA IAO SB RAS in 2009-2013 are considered. A relationship between variations of the concentration of particles and submicron aerosol condensation activity is investigated.

In the paper we describe the results of the observation of the aerosol and water droplets formation in binary mixtures of saturated water vapor with air and molecular gases. The kinetics of aerosol particles and droplets generation was studied under electron beam influence on the gas mixtures and without it. The experimental setup includes two gas chambers of 43m³ and 1.5m³ connected through the gas valve. The water vapor supersaturation was gained through the pressure fault from the small chamber to the big one. A portable pulse accelerator of electrons with the energy of electron beam 80 KeV was used for ionization of the gas mixture.

Results of a comparison of synchronous measurements of the aerosol optical thickness with SP-6 and CE-318 solar photometers with the microstructure parameters reconstructed by solving the inverse problem are presented. Measurements were performed in Tomsk during one year. The volume concentration and the average particle radius integrated over the entire thickness of the atmosphere were considered as aerosol microstructure parameters. These parameters were estimated both for the particle ensemble and for individual aerosol fractions, submicron and coarse ones. The satisfactory agreement of the parameters being compared is demonstrated. Possible reasons for the established discrepancies are discussed.

A mathematical model of the process of the atmosphere sounding based on the Raman scattering effect in UV region of the spectrum is considered. The developed model allows to calculate an expected value of the lidar signal and optimize the characteristics of the Raman lidar using spectroscopic information about the detected object, parameters of the radiation propagation medium, and parameters of the transceiver equipment. The results of calculations of remote detection of vapors of some chemical compounds in the atmosphere using Raman lidar constructed on the basis of a KrF excimer laser are presented.

Special features in the formation of signal of double scattering depending on the field-of-view angle of the lidar receiving system and the depth of sensing of droplet clouds of various microstructures are investigated.

Regular measurements were carried out since 2006 till 2009 at the lidar stations in Teplokluchenka (Kyrgyz Republic, 42°N, 78°E) and Tomsk (RF, 56°N, 85°E) in the frameworks of the project CIS-LiNet – lidar network on the territory of CIS. We present the results of statistical analysis of the spectral characteristics of optical parameters – backscattering and extinction coefficient, optical thickness and the lidar ratio (the parameter inverse to the value of the scattering phase function at 180°) in the planetary boundary layer and the free troposphere.

In this report the identification problem of laser and acoustic sounding of the atmosphere is considered in the presence of outliers in experimental data. The efficiency of estimates of the regression by the weighed method of maximum likelihood is investigated. Expressions for the efficiency of estimates are derived. It is demonstrated that the estimates of the regression by the weighed maximum likelihood method are more efficient in comparison with a number of well-known robust estimates for the examined outlier distributions, both symmetric and asymmetric.

In the report, we describe the software developed to retrieve the ozone altitude profiles from data of lidar measurements. The software is written in the programming language С#. At present, the C# language is one of the most advanced and modern programming languages. Many programs are written in this language since it is very easy to understand. The software makes it possible to calculate the ozone altitude profiles according to the method of differential absorption and scattering for three wavelength pairs 272/289 nm, 299/341 nm, and 308/353 nm. These wavelength pairs were chosen in view of the availability of lidar measurement data. The software has a suitable graphical interface, which displays all the steps of retrieving the ozone profiles in real time. The software makes it possible: to read off the lidar data and write the retrieval results in ASCII format; and smooth the lidar signals and the retrieval results with sliding averaging. The temperature correction of zone absorption coefficients is introduced in the software to reduce the retrieval errors. The aerosol backscattering is several times stronger than molecular backscattering when aerosol loading of the atmosphere is large; therefore, the retrieved ozone profile is substantially distorted when the scattering and attenuating properties of the atmosphere at the sensing wavelengths are not taken into consideration. An aerosol correction is introduced in this software. The latitudinally average seasonal model values of the altitudinal distribution of temperature and molecular backscattering coefficient for winter and summer are introduced in the software for the calculation.

A numerical study of the gas-aerosol transmission function in IR range for various optical and microphysical parameters has been performed. Limit values of the aerosol particle concentration and effective radius that allow us to estimate a contribution of the gas and aerosol components to the radiation extinction have been determined.

Physical and mathematical description of laser sensing of ocean and sea waters is much more complicated than of atmospheric meteorological formations. The main problems here are higher optical density (turbidity) of water and much more complicated and variable scattering matrices of such waters compared to atmospheric ones due to the presence of biological components having very diverse sizes and shapes. Description of the lidar return signal from such media is complicated by the need to account for multiple scattering contribution. Approximation of double light scattering can be a certain compromise for not too turbid water. Results of numerical modeling of lidar returns from sea water with stratified inhomogeneity are discussed in the present paper.

Ground-based remote measurements by the methods of laser sensing and spectrophotometry of aerosol-gas composition of the atmosphere and temperature are performed at Siberian Lidar Station (SLS) of V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences (IAO SB RAS) in Tomsk (56.5°N; 85.0°E). We are measuring the scattering characteristics of stratospheric aerosol layer, total ozone (TO) content, nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) content, and vertical distribution of temperature from troposphere to mesosphere. In the report, we consider some results of spectrophotometric (TO, NO₂) and lidar measurements of temperature, obtained at SLS, in comparison with analogous results of satellite measurements.

Results of processing data obtained with the help of multi-parameter meter of turbulent micropulsation of wind speed components, temperature, humidity, pressure, and concentration of aerosol particles are discussed. The results of statistical processing of experimental time series of the aerosol scattering coefficient (nephelometer), wind speed components and temperature (ultrasonic anemometer-thermometer), are presented. Registration of the relative and absolute humidity, incoming and outgoing radiation was carried out in parallel. On the basis of the pulsation method of observations from the obtained data, dispersion of fluctuations of optical and meteorological parameters; auto-spectra fluctuations of wind speed, temperature, humidity and scattering coefficient; turbulent flows of momentum, heat and aerosol particles; the spectra of turbulent flows were calculated.

The article discusses an approach to incorporating a priori information for urban area automated recognition and classification based on space and aerial images. An approach considered is based on using the ontology describing urban objects and relations between them. Basic steps and guidelines to such ontology building are discussed.

The pattern of the quasibiennial oscillation of total ozone over northern territories of Russia (1996-2013) and ozone concentrations at separate stratospheric levels over Arctic sites (2005-2013) are analyzed according to data of TOMS satellite instrumentation. It is shown that the entire period of 1996-2013 can be divided into three intervals: before 2002- 2004, interval between 2002-2004 and 2008-2010, and period after 2008-2010. The quasibiennial oscillation is quite clearly manifested in the first and third periods and is distorted in the second period. The time series of the mixing ratio, composed for separate altitudinal levels, exhibit quasibiennial oscillation, which takes shape at heights of ~30 km and weakens in overlying regions.

In many cases, aerosol may be regarded as a passive tracer which is fully captured by horizontal and vertical air flows. Therefore, the structure of the aerosol field observed with lidar, allows to visualize the stratification of the atmosphere and various atmospheric motion. However, during vertical movements changes of the relative humidity occur, which leads to the related changes in the scattering properties of the aerosol. The report describes a possible mechanism for the appearance of vertical structures ("walls") in the aerosol field during passage of internal gravity waves.

Occupied a vast area, Siberia is marked by diverse climate and pronounced seasonal cycle. For regional and global climate models it is important to account for seasonal features of atmospheric aerosol. The paper briefly describes an algorithm “Sun-Sky Measurements for Aerosol ReTrieval” (SSMART, Version 1.1) for recovering aerosol optical (single scattering albedo, asymmetry factor of scattering phase function) and microphysical (particle size distribution, complex refractive index) characteristics. The aerosol properties retrieved using the SSMART algorithm from measurements of the spectral extinction and almucantar sky radiance carried out at Tomsk AERONET station in winter are presented. The results of comparison with the data presented on the AERONET website at Level 1.5 are discussed. Both individual and averaged over an extended set of atmospheric situations solutions of the inverse problem are analyzed. The seasonal (summer and winter) variability of aerosol properties is studied.

One-parameter models of spring, summer and autumn hazes are proposed for calculation of the aerosol extinction coefficients in the wavelength range of 0.4-12 μm in the near-ground layer of the atmosphere in arid zone. Input parameter of models is the value of the aerosol extinction coefficient at one wavelength in visible or IR spectral range.

Was compared to the measured spectral aerosol extinction coefficients βa(λ) (λ: 0.5 - 3.9 μm) with coefficients directional light scattering βS(θ) (λ = 0.53 μm, θ: 1-45 °) and with mass concentration of the absorbing material in aerosol particles MBC. Measurements of optical and meteorological parameters were performed under conditions of forest fire smokes in July 2012 (706 realizations). It is shown that the magnitude of the aerosol attenuation of visible and infrared radiation can be estimated with certain accuracy, by measuring the light scattering parameters in a local volume. For dense fumes βa (0.55)< 1 km -1 was estimated single scattering albedo, which amounted to 97 - 98% in the visible region of the spectrum.

We present a lidar measurement of atmospheric extinction coefficient. The measurement is performed by inversion of the backscatter lidar signal at wavelengths 3’000nm and 3’500nm. The inversion of the backscatter lidar signal was performed with constant extinction-to-backscatter ration values of 104 and exponential factor 0.1.

The results of the joint use of laser photoacoustic spectroscopy and chemometrics methods in gas analysis of exhaled air of patients with respiratory diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia and lung cancer) are presented. The absorption spectra of exhaled breath of all volunteers were measured, the classification methods of the scans of the absorption spectra were applied, the sensitivity/specificity of the classification results were determined. It were obtained a result of nosological in pairs classification for all investigated volunteers, indices of sensitivity and specificity.

The results of application of the joint use of laser photoacoustic spectroscopy and chemometrics methods in gas analysis of exhaled air of patients with chronic respiratory diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer) are presented. The absorption spectra of exhaled breath of representatives of the target groups and healthy volunteers were measured; the selection by chemometrics methods of the most informative absorption coefficients in scan spectra in terms of the separation investigated nosology was implemented.

We discuss the aerosol optical depth (AOD) measurements with the sun photometers onboard “Akademik Fedorov” and “Professor Khlyustin” research vessels in Arctic and Far East seas along the Northern Sea Route. Coastal observations in Barentsburg, Tiksi, and Vladivostok are employed to analyze the ship-based measurements. It is shown that AOD in Arctic differs little, with the average AOD values being much less than in the background midlatitude regions. In the spatial distributions of AOD and water vapor in Far East seas, we can clearly see the latitudinal dependence: all characteristics in the Bering Sea are close to data in the Arctic zone, these characteristics increase by a factor of 1.5-2 near south coasts of Kamchatka, and the difference reaches a factor of 4-6 in the region of Vladivostok.