This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 9295, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction (if any), and Conference Committee listing.

As we know, optical solar reflector (OSR) is used as the thermal control element for communications satellites and other spacecraft. The solar absorption, infrared emissivity and their ratio of OSR, are considered as the main standard of its thermal control performance. OSR is divided into conducting OSR and non-conducting OSR. When using the indium tin oxide (ITO) film coated on the surface of conducting OSR's glass substrate, ITO film will improve OSR's solar absorption rate and reduce the infrared emissivity. That means the thermal control performance will be declined. The paper is aimed to revealing the reverse association mechanism between the thermal control performance of conducting OSR used for spacecraft and the antistatic properties of ITO film. First, we combined the Drude theory with the Thermal radiation theorem to analyze how the antistatic parameters of ITO film impact the solar absorption and the infrared emissivity of OSR. Then,based on the theoretic analysis of main antistatic parameters of ITO, including the surface square resistance, secondary electron emission characteristic, solar absorption rate, infrared emissivity and other optical and electrical parameters. It illustrated that those factors have a strong reverse connection with the thermal control parameters of OSR, and influenced the solar absorption, infrared emissivity and their ratio of OSR. Comparison of the predicted and experimental results demonstrate that when reducing the surface square resistance of the ITO film, the antistatic properties was declined, and increased the value of the OSR solar absorption. On the contrary, reducing the infrared emissivity, It would result in the degradation of OSR's thermal control performance. The study has performed that the reverse association mechanism of conducting OSR can't be ignored. And apparently it shows that if we want to keep its application in the spacecraft thermal control environment and antistatic properties long-term stable, the antistatic parameters principles of ITO film need to be designed reasonably.

Ar⁺ ion etching and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)depth profile analysis have been performed on the native oxide layerof GaAs(100) surface. The composition of the native oxide layer,that isthe oxide phases of gallium and arsenic, was characterized precisely. It is indicated that native oxide phases on extreme surface of GaAs(100) consist of a mixture of Ga₂O₃, As₂O₃ and As₂O₅. Furthermore, the respective distribution of oxide phases of gallium and arsenic along the depthwere compared and analyzed.A seemingly contradictory phenomenon was found, that is As enrichment exist in total oxide layer, but the content of Ga oxide was greater than that of As oxide in the oxide layer except for the outmost surface layer.Based on the comprehensive influence of oxidation process, etching, segregation and growth process, the intrinsic mechanism of the change of oxides along etching depth was discussed. According to the analyzed results, the oxide layer of GaAs (100) surface should be divided to two layers,that is the outmost layer containing oxides of Ga and As and the intermediate layer including only oxide of Ga.The concentration of As oxides in the outmost layer and the enrichment of As in total oxide layer are derived from surface structure inhomogeneity. The throughout total oxide layer of Ga oxide is attributed to its stronger oxidability.In the present work, the system study for native oxide layer of GaAs surface provides the powerful foundation for understanding surface state of GaAs and surface treatment.

The research on gyroscopes has lasted for a long time, but there is not a thorough analysis of them. In this paper, a detailed theoretical analysis of fiber ring gyroscope and its gyroscope effect were presented, the performance characteristics of optical resonator gyroscope ranging from transmission function Tfrr, Finesse, Q-factor, the gyro sensitivity, signal noise ratio, random walk to dynamic range are all deduced in detail. In addition, a large number of experiments have been done to verify the deduced theoretical results. Simulating the relevance of dQ and turn number of fiber ring, analyzing the frequency difference of two counter transmitted waves (CW and CCW) of the rotated system, make the conclusion that with the increase of turn number of ring, the resonance depth increased while the dQ value decreased, obtain a high sensitivity of 0.21⁰/h, random walk of 0.0035⁰/√h, and Q factor of 8×10⁶. Moreover, in the digital frequency locked dual rotation gyro experiments, obvious step effect was observed. And the experimental line of frequency difference is very agreement with the theoretical line. The research provides a good theoretical and experimental basis for the study of gyroscopes.

Tin doped indium oxide (ITO) thin films were prepared on IR glass substrates at different oxygen flow rate by ion-assisted electron beam evaporation method. Properties such as microstructure, morphology, sheet resistance and optical transmittance were investigated by X-ray diffractometer, SEM, four-point probe and UV-VIS-IR spectrophotometer, respectively. Lattice constant, inner stress level and energy band gap (Eg) of ITO thin films as-deposited were calculated and discussed. The mechanical properties of ITO thin films were studied by scratching method. The measurements were performed by scratch tester and the results were recorded as acoustic emission spectra and scratch track images taken by SEM. Relationship between inner stress level and mechanical performance was investigated in detail.

Optical characteristics and damage thresholds of mirrors used in RLG Dither were introduced. A new mirror was design. The new mirror have a high reflectance mirror with very low absorption and scatter losses. Simultaneity, to avoid the UV degradation which comes from the He-Ne plasma, the new mirror fabrication material was carefully selected. Furthermore，Optical scattering and performance gainst damaging of the new mirror were discussed and compared to the results of conventional coatings. Finally, the new mirror was made by ion beam sputtering method and its optical properties were measured.

All-dielectric film narrow band filter is widely used in laser system owing to its excellent optical capability, manufacturability and environmental adaptability. But 905nm infrared semiconductor laser system have large divergence angel so we designed entrance light cone angle 905nm narrow band filter. And center wavelength shift, due to entrance light cone angle, affects its spectral selective power seriously. In order to reduce these impacts, an informal dielectric film narrowband filter is designed. Changes of transmission characteristics with oblique incidence of Gaussian beam of uneven illumination are analyzed. The relationship between the angle of incidence and the central wavelength shift quantificational are Solved. A ± 30 ° incident 905nm narrowband filter was fabricated. Between 880nm and 950nm, the average transmittance is above 90%, and at the cut-off band the average transmittance is below 1%.

This paper presents results for films of CuAlxOy were deposited on the sapphire by reactive magnetron co-sputtering using DC applied to the high-purity Cu target,RF applied to the high-purity Al target.Copper aluminum oxide film (CuAlxOy) is transparent for infrared and conductive. The properties of the films are influenced by the power of sputtering,the thickness of films etc. deposition parameters. It has been found that, by fine-tuning the sputtering parameters, the films with both reasonably low resistance and high transmission can be obtained simultaneously.The relationship between the process parameters and the properties of the films were established, the process parameters is very important for preparation of the films later.The relationship between the average transmittance, electrical conductivity and thickness of the films etc. parameters were set up.

Applications of Mo/Si multilayer mirrors for the moon-based extreme ultraviolet Camera (EUVC) require not only the minimal residual stress, but also little stress changes in the temperature environment on lunar surface. Hence, we deposit the 16.5 nm period Mo/Si multilayer mirror with a low as-deposited residual stress of -36 Mpa (compressive). The in-situ and real time stress tests are measured in the temperature cycling range from 20 °C to 130 °C. The results indicate that the stress gradually increases to the maximum of -100 MPa when heating up to 105 °C, then it gradually relaxes to 10 Mpa after thermal cycling to 130 °C. Such stress change has little influence on the performance of the Mo/Si multilayer mirror.

Three types of reflectors, including the distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs), the first hybrid reflectors composed of DBR and Al mirror (DBR-Al), and the second hybrid reflectors composed of DBR, an additional low-refractive-index layer, and Al mirror (DBR-L-Al), were investigated by use of thin-film theory at the central wavelength of 300 nm for flip-chip ultra-violet light-emitting diodes (UV-LEDs). The number of DBR pairs and various high-refractive-index materials were studied. It is shown that the lossless materials with high refractive-index contrast should be selected for DBRs, and the DBR-Al hybrid reflectors provides higher reflectance comparing to DBRs. However, the Al mirror causes a sharp drop near the central wavelength and a blue shift of the peak position. These drawbacks can be suppressed by additional low-refractive-index layer attached on the Al mirror. In addition, the DBR-L-Al reflector leads to higher reflectivity and larger FWHM as compared to DBR-Al reflectors. By use of Monte Carlo ray tracing method, the light-extraction efficiency (LEE) for flip-chip UV-LEDs with (SiO2/ZrO2) 3 -SiO2-Al hybrid reflector or perfect mirror were simulated. The calculated LEE for the (SiO2/ZrO2) 3 -SiO2-Al hybrid reflector is 97 % of that for the perfect mirror. Moreover, the sharp drop in the angular reflectance spectrum of the (SiO²/ZrO²)³ -SiO²-Al hybrid reflector induces a slightly reduction of light intensity as compared to the perfect mirror.

Wrinkles exist extensively in the reality. For scattering characteristics of the target, wrinkle is one of the main factors related close to the accuracy. So it is essential to analyze the influence of the wrinkled surface on scattering characteristics. This paper generates the wrinkle geometrical model of the surface. The irregularity and randomicity could be approximated and depicted by gauss distribution function. Using auto-correlation function of the points on wrinkle makes the gauss random number correlative and generates wrinkle mesh. Then generate the wrinkle geometrical model of the sphere by attaching the wrinkle face to geometrical model of sphere. Using this wrinkle model, analyze the differences between wrinkled sphere and smooth sphere on visible light scattering characteristics.

The laser cladding technique in 35CrMo steel substrate prepared with different dosage under WC iron-based alloy cladding.Research the effects of different cladding WC addition on surface morphology, microstructure, microhardness and wear properties. The results show that 5% and 10% WC added amount of the surface quality of the cladding layer is preferably 15 % and 25 % of the volume of the WC surface of the cladding layer with varying degrees of cracks and pores, WC adding cladding layer can significantly improve the hardness. Through analysis we draw the conculation that,with 10% WC addition of iron-based alloy cladding the microhardness is 4.2 times the substrate , the relative wear resistance increased 4.1 than the substrate , enabling optimum cladding friction and wear properties.

The wet ball-milling preparation of metal matrix micro-nanometer powder using nanosuspension as the precursor can well solve the agglomeration of nanoscale component, but the micro-nanometer powder prepared by the method can hardly meet the requirement of powder feeding in laser cladding process and its composite effect is still not desirable enough. Aiming at the problem, the ball-milling composite process of metal matrix micro-nanometer powder using nanosuspension as the precursor was analyzed. It has been found that the morphological diversity of original micron powder is the main influencing factor of the deliverability and the composite effect of micro-nanometer powder. In addition, the deposition of the compounding powder in the bottom of ball-milling tank also has some negative influences on the composite effect. Accordingly, two improving measures namely the micron powder pretreatment with Ball Mill Reshaping + Screening and the additional stirring during ball-milling process are proposed and experimented. Results show that the micron powder pretreatment could significantly improve the composite effect and the deliverability of micro-nanometer powder, and the additional stirring could further improve the composite effect of micro-nanometer powder.

In order to study the laser plasma plume radiation mechanisms induced by the interaction between Nd: YAG plused laser and silicon, the radiation model of silicon laser plasma plume is established. Laser plasma plume radiation includes atom characteristic lines, ion lines and continuous background. It can reflect the characteristics of laser plasma plume radiation, reveal the mechanism of laser ablation on silicon. Time-resolved measurment of laser plasma plume radiation produced by pulsed Nd: YAG laser ablation of silicon in different ambient gas is thoroughly studied. The experimental ambient gas are N2 and O2.The pulse width of Nd: YAG plused laser adopted in the experiment is 20ns, the pulse energy is 60mJ, the laser pulsing frequency is 10Hz, and the emitted laser wavelength is 1064nm, The silicon target purity is 99.99%, The target is rotating at a speed of 240r/min. The focusing area of the laser on the Si target has a diameter of around 0.8mm.The pressure of ambient gas is tunable between 13Pa and 101.3kPa in the induced chamber, the number of points used in averaging is 15. The experimental results show that the ambient gas has obvious enhancement effect on the radiation intensity of silicon laser plasma plume. With the increase of the ambient gas pressure, the silicon laser plasma plume radiation intensity will first be increased and then be decreased, and the ambient gas has an obvious compression effect on the scope of silicon laser plasma plume radiation. For the two different ambient gases, the maximum silicon laser plasma plume radiation intensity and maximum pressure for they are different, for oxygen at 35kPa, for nitrogen at 50kPa. The silicon laser plasma plume radiation intensity in oxygen is bigger than that in nitrogen.The main excition mechanisms of laser plasma plume radiation induced by Nd:YAG plused laser induced silicon is analyzed, The plused laser can makes part molecules in the ambient gas and silicon atoms ionized at the surface of silicon.The main reason for the generation of the silicon laser plasma plume radiation is the excitation radiation by the collision energy transfer between electrons and atoms or ions. The experimental phenomenon that could be explained by the excition model.

A series of Tm³⁺/Ho³⁺ sensitized 65GeO₂-7BaF₂-10B2O₃-4Al₂O₃-4ZnO₂-10Na₂O glass samples were synthesized using high temperature melting method. The spectral properties were systematically studied when Ho³⁺ concentration was 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 mol% and Tm₂O₃ changed from 0.3 mol% to 2.5mol%. Differential thermal analysis showed that ΔT was higher than 190°C, which illustrated this kind of matrix glass have better thermal stability. The absorption cross section peak height, free energy of Ho³⁺ from ⁵I₈ to ⁵I₇, and emission cross section were calculated according to Mc-Cumber theory. Under the excitation of 808nm laser diode, fluorescence intensity at 1954nm reached the highest value when the concentration of Ho³⁺ was 0.1mol% and Tm³⁺ was 0.7mol%. However the fluorescence intensity reduced greatly when Ho³⁺ concentration was 0.5mol% and Tm³⁺ exceeded 1.5mol%. The sensitized function and influence of different Tm³⁺/Ho³⁺ doped ion ratios on the spectral properties were studied.

Super-black materials based on Nanotechnology have very important applications in many science fields. Super-black materials which have been reported currently, although have excellent light-trapping properties, most of them need the use of sophisticated equipment , the long-time synthesis , high temperature environment and release flammable, explosive and other dangerous gases. So many kinds of problems have hindered the application of such super-black material in practice. This project had nano super-black material developed with simple equipment and process, instead of complicated and dangerous process steps in high temperature and high pressure. On the basis of literature research, we successfully worked out a set of large-area Ni-P alloy plating method through a series of experiments exploring and analyze the experimental results. In the condition of the above Ni-P alloy, we took the solution, which anodized the Ni-P alloy immersed in the non-oxidizing acid, instead of conventional blackening process. It`s a big break for changing the situation in which oxidation, corrosion, vigorous evolution of hydrogen gas in the process are performed at the same location. As a result, not only the reaction process decreased sensitivity to time error, but also the position of the bubble layer no longer located in the surface of the workpiece which may impede observing the process of reaction. Consequently, the solution improved the controllability of the blackening process. In addition, we conducted the research of nano super-black material, exploring nano-super-black material in terms of space optical sensor.

In this research, the formation of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) on the stainless steel surface by femtosecond laser pulses was investigated under static irradiation and line-scanning experiment. In the experiment, we used a commercial amplified Ti:sapphire laser system that generated 164 fs laser pulses with a maximum pulse energy (Ep) of 1 mJ at a 1 kHz repetition rate and with a central wavelength λ = 780 nm. To obtain a fine periodic ordering of surface nanostructures, the laser beam, through a 0.2 mm pinhole aperture positioned near the 5× objective lens, was focused onto the sample. The samples were mounted on an XYZ-translation stage and irradiated in static and line-scanning experiment. The morphology of the induced periodic structure was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The surface profile was measured by atomic force microscopy. High-spatial-frequency LIPSS (HSFL) with a period of 255 ± 21 nm were obtained over the entire ablated area. HSFL were found to form on low-spatial-frequency LIPSS (LSFL). From our results we elucidated the relationship between the formation of LSFL and HSFL to obtain an enhanced understanding of the mechanism of HSFL formation by femtosecond laser pulses. A large number of applications have been proposed, such as improvement of the optical properties of the surface, new cutting tool development and hard diamond. More applications could be found as the spatial period of HSFL on different materials comes into sub-100 nm.

Based on Von Mises yield criterion and elasto-plastic constitutive equations, an axisymmetric finite element model of a Gaussian laser beam irradiating a metal substrate was established. In the model of finite element, the finite difference hybrid algorithm is used to solve the problem of transient temperature field and stress field. Taking nonlinear thermal and mechanical properties into account, transient distributions of temperature field and stress fields generated by the pulse train of long-pulse laser in a piece of aluminium alloy plate were computed by the model. Moreover,distributions as well as histories of temperature and stress fields were obtained. Finite element analysis software COMSOL is used to simulate the Temperature and thermal stress fields during the pulse train of long-pulse laser irradiating 7A04 aluminium alloy plate. By the analysis of the results, it is found that Mises equivalent stress on the target surface distribute within the scope of the center of a certain radius. However, the stress is becoming smaller where far away from the center. Futhermore, the Mises equivalent stress almost does not effect on stress damage while the Mises equivalent stress is far less than the yield strength of aluminum alloy targets. Because of the good thermal conductivity of 7A04 aluminum alloy, thermal diffusion is extremely quick after laser irradiate. As a result, for the multi-pulsed laser, 7A04 aluminum alloy will not produce obvious temperature accumulation when the laser frequency is less than or equal to 10 Hz. The result of this paper provides theoretical foundation not only for research of theories of 7A04 aluminium alloy and its numerical simulation under laser radiation but also for long-pulse laser technology and widening its application scope.

Compared with lamp pumped solid state laser, laser-diode pumped all-solid-state laser (DPSL) has the characteristic of high efficiency, long life and reliable under the condition of high repetition rate. Therefore, A high repetition rate DPSL has a broad application prospect in the laser detection, laser communication and optoelectronic countermeasure and other fields. Laser-diode (LD) pumped acousto-optic(AO) Q-switch all-solid-state has attractive features, such as compact structure, reliable operation, high repetition rate and short pulse width. Laser crystal is the core component of the laser. Usually composite crystal thermal lens focal length is three times more than traditional crystal, so it can avoid the serious heating effect of the operation material bumping by the traditional method. In this paper, we present a high repetition rate acousto-optic Q-switched Nd:YVO₄ laser pumped by 880nm laser diode. By using the 0.25% doping concentration Nd:YVO4 single end composite crystal size of 3*3*(4+16) mm³ , with the 50 W LD pumped power, in order to calculate the laser crystal absorption efficiency of pump light, so that more accurate calculation of light conversion efficiency, first we measured 880 nm pump light absorption, crystal is calculated on the pump light absorption efficiency of 75%; When we put in the cavity mirror to form a flat resonant cavity, we obtained the 1064 nm continuous laser output power of 26 W and 27.1 W, with the output mirror transmittance of 20% and 48%, respectively. 50.7% and 48.7% optical to optical conversion efficiency has been achieved experimentally. When we put in AO Q-switch, with the repetition rate of 50 kHz, 100 kHz and 200 kHz, the 1064 nm laser output power is 21 W, 21.28 W and 20.58 W, and the peak power is 32.9 kW, 17.3 kW, 8.5 kW, respectively. Under the high repetition rate circumstance, the pulse width is limited to 12 ns.

The research focused on the effect of the change in distance between adjacent centers and the size of the laser spots on the material temperature field. Aiming at the parameter optimization of pulse laser machining copper, the moving focus model based on heat conduction equation was introduced. And the finite element analysis software, COMSOL Multiphysics, was also utilized in the research. Without considering the phase transition process of copper, the results of the numerical simulation was shown in this paper. By the simulation study of copper’s irradiation with two adjacent pulses, the effect of the change in distance between adjacent centers and the size of the laser spots on the temperature field of the copper and the quantized results under the specific laser spot conditions were obtained simultaneously. Based on the results, several conclusions could be reached, when the laser spot size was small or the distance between adjacent centers is large, the mutual effect of the adjacent pulses could be ignored. When the spot size increased or the distance between adjacent centers decreased, the mutual effect got obviously. And the conclusions could be applied on the field of laser drilling, laser welding, etc. The former pulse’s temperature field was mainly used to increase the initial temperature of the later pulse’s affecting field, while the influence from the later pulse to the former one was slowing down the temperature decrease and reheating.

A spatial axisymmetric finite element model is established to investigate the distribution characteristics of temperature field that monopulse millisecond laser act on aluminum alloy. The thermal process of laser acting on aluminum alloy (melting, gasification and temperature drop) is simulated. Using the specific quivalent heat capacity method to simulate the solid-liquid, liquid-gas phase transition of aluminum alloy, and considering the differences of thermal physical parameters between different states (solid-liquid, liquid-gas) of aluminum alloy in the process of numerical simulation. The distribution of temperature field of aluminum alloy caused by the change of energy density, pulse width and spot radius of monopulse millisecond laser are investigated systematically by using numerical simulation model. The numerical results show that the temperature of target no longer rises after reaching the target gasification. Given the pulse width and spot radius, the temperature of target rise as the energy density increases, the laser intensity distribution is gaussian, so the temperature distribution of the target surface also shows Gaussian. The energy absorption mechanism of aluminum alloy is surface absorption mechanism, the temperature gradient in axial of the target is much lager than the temperature gradient in radial of the target surface, so the temperature rise in axial only exists a thin layer of target surface. Given the energy density and spot radius, as the pulse width increases, the power density of laser decreases, therefore the temperature of target center point decreases as the pulse width increases, and the temperature difference becomes small. As the pulse width decreases, the heat transfer in axial reduce, the deposition of energy enhances on the surface. Given the energy density and pulse width, the distribution of the temperature is enlarged as the spot radius increases, but the distribution of the temperature in axial is independent of the spot radius.

In this article ,we use finite element method to simulate the process of multi-pulse laser irradiate on fused silica. Simulation results show that:during laser pulse radiation, the temperature rise of the laser-radiating fused silica surface center point is nearly linear. During the pulse interval without pulse acting, due to none of thermal source or energy concentration and the fused silica being at cooling phase, the temperature of the laser-radiating fused silica surface center point declines sharply. At the fused silica surface where r=0.6mm, hoop stress turns to be tensile stress. When the next pulse starts to act, the stress increases rapidly once again the maximum value of it is higher than the former one. Thus, we can judge that the laser accumulation acts a major role in increasing tensile stress effect. Meanwhile, we can figure out that the stress increase rate generated by the pulse laser of duty ratio 1:10 is higher than the one of duty ratio 1:20 during the whole procedure. Along with shorter intervals of every two neighbor laser pulses of duty ratio 1:10, the regression time of the tensile stress is comparably shorter. Thus, during the whole laser radiation procedure, the initial tensile stress of every pulse of duty ratio 1:10 is greater than the one of duty ratio 1:20. Hence we obtain the conclusion that, it’s much easier to generate damage when the pulse numbers in unit time increase with other parameters of the laser do not change.

The unidirectional carbon fiber material is commonly used in the Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics (CFRP). The COMSOL Multiphysics finite element analysis software was utilized in this paper. And the 3D anisotropy model, which based on heat conduction equation, was established to simulate the temperature field of the carbon fiber irradiated by pulse laser. The research focused on the influences of the laser width on the material temperature field. The thermal analysis results indicated that during the process of irradiation, the temperature field distribution of the carbon fiber was different from the distribution of laser spot on the surface. The incident laser is Gauss laser, but the temperature field distribution presented oval. It resulted from the heat transfer coefficient of carbon fiber was different in the axial and in the radial. The temperature passed along the fiber axial faster than the radial. Under the condition of the laser energy density constant, and during the laser irradiation time, the depth of the carbon fiber temperature field increased with the pulse width increasing, and the area of the carbon fiber temperature field increased with the pulse width increasing, However, the temperature of the laser irradiated center showed a trend of decrease with the increasing of pulse width. The results showed that when the laser affection was constant, the laser energy affected on the carbon fiber per unit time was increased with the decrease of the pulse width. Due to the limits of the heat transfer coefficient of the material and laser irradiation time, the energy was injected in carbon fiber within a short time. With the reducing of the heat conduction area, the depth and the area of the temperature field would be also decreased. With the increase of pulse width, the time of energy injected in carbon fiber was increased, and the laser energy affected on the carbon fiber per unit time was decrease. With the heat conduction area increasing, the depth and area of the temperature field would be also increased. In this paper, the rule of the temperature field changing with the pulse width was consistent with the law of conservation of energy and the heat conduction.

In this paper, we establish a physical model to simulate the melt ejection induced by millisecond pulsed laser on aluminum alloy and use the finite element method to simulate the melting and vaporization process of aluminum alloy. Compared with the conventional model, this model explicitly adds the source terms of gas dynamics in the thermal-hydrodynamic equations, completes the trace of the gas-liquid interface and improves the traditional level-set method. All possible effects which can impact the dynamic behavior of the keyhole are taken into account in this two-dimensional model, containing gravity, recoil pressure of the metallic vapor, surface tension and Marangoni effect. This simulation is based on the same experiment condition where single pulsed laser with 3ms pulse width, 57J energy and 1mm spot radius is used. By comparing the theoretical simulation data and the actual test data, we discover that: the relative error between the theoretical values and the actual values is about 9.8%, the melt ejection model is well consistent with the actual experiment; from the theoretical model we can see the surrounding air of the aluminum alloy surface exist the metallic vapor; an increment of the interaction time between millisecond pulsed laser and aluminum alloy material, the temperature at the center of aluminum alloy surface increases and evaporation happens after the surface temperature reaches boiling point and later the aluminum alloy material sustains in the status of equilibrium vaporization; the keyhole depth is linearly increased with the increase of laser energy, respectively; the growth of the keyhole radius is in the trend to be gentle. This research may provide the theoretical references to the understanding of the interaction between millisecond pulsed laser and many kinds of materials, as well as be beneficial to the application of the laser materials processing and military field.

In:Tm:LiNbO₃ crystals were grown by the Czochralski technique with fixed concentrations of Tm₂O₃ and differing concentrations of In₂O₃. Their ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra were measured in order to investigate their defect structures and their optical damage resistance was characterized by the transmission light spot distortion method. The results show that the optical damage resistance of the In:Tm:LiNbO₃ crystals improves with the doping concentration of In₂O₃ increasing. The dependence of the optical damage resistance on the defect structure of In:Tm:LiNbO₃ crystals is discussed in detail.

According to the heat conduction equation, thermoelastic equation and boundary conditions of finite, using the finite element method(FEM), established the three-dimensional finite element calculation model of thermal elastic ,numerical simulation the transient temperature field and stress field distribution of the single crystal silicon materials by the pulsing laser irradiation, and analytic solution the temperature distribution and stress distribution of laser irradiation on the silicon material , and analyzes the different parameters such as laser energy, pulse width, pulse number influence on temperature and stress, and the intrinsic damage mechanism of pulsed laser irradiation on silicon were studied. The results show that the silicon material is mainly in hot melt under the action of ablation damage.According to the irradiation of different energy and different pulse laser ,we can obtain the center temperature distribution, then get the law of the change of temperature with the variation of laser energy and pulse width in silicon material; according to the principal stress and shear stress distribution in 110 direction with different energy and different pulse, we can get the law of the change of stress distribution with the variation of laser energy and pulse width ;according to the principal stress distribution of single pulse and pulse train in 110 direction, we can get the law of the change of stress with pulse numbers in silicon.When power density of laser on optical material surface (or energy density) is the damage threshold, the optical material surface will form a spontaneous, periodic, and permanent surface ripple, it is called periodic surface structure laser induced (LIPSS).It is the condensed optical field of work to generate low dimensional quantum structures by laser irradiation on Si samples. The pioneering work of research and development and application of low dimensional quantum system has important academic value.The result of this paper provides theoretical foundation not only for research of theories of Si and substrate thermal stress damage and its numerical simulation under laser radiation but also for pulse laser technology and widening its application scope.

In order to improve the capacity of beam collimation for laser beam expander, it is necessary to design a more reasonable and feasible structure of beam expander system. Laser beam expander is used to compress the laser divergence angle, in order to reduce the energy losing in long distance scanning acquisition system. This paper introduces the working principle and design idea of the laser beam expander, the collimating multiplying power focal length and the collimated magnification formula of expander main, secondary mirror. According to the third-order aberration theory, Considering the spherical aberration, sine difference and divergence angle, the reasonable analysis of optical path, ZEMAX optical design software was used to design large-diameter laser beam expander and analysis and optimize, And given the actual design data and results. Display the maximum optical path difference is ±0.01λ of the main light ray and each light ray. To combination the rear- group objective lens of Galileo and Kepler beam expander, a large-diameter(1.475m) laser beam expander was designed with 0.2m in the diameter, 1/2m in the relative caliber. In the objective lens System, a high-order aspherical was used to the aberration of extra-axial point. we can see that the image quality is close to the diffraction limit from the curves of wavefront. In addition to improve image quality effectively, the system has the characteristics of simple structure, less costly and less design difficulty to compare with the other beam expanding system. And make the output beam's divergence angle smaller, energy density higher, and the beam quality has been greatly improved. The results show that the beam expander is fully meet the design requirements, the use effect is good. Design and research of laser beam expanding system not only improves the quality of the laser beam in the laser system, but also enlarge the application field of laser technology in photoelectric system.

In the process of laser propagation, the wavefront distortion and wave breaking of target laser may be caused by the impact of transmission environment, resulting in that the actual target spot appears the change of spatial and temporal distribution. It is built a numerical simulation model of millisecond pulse laser interaction with material by COMSOL Multiphysics software and a contrastive analysis is made on the temperature distribution differences of alumina under the effect of actual target laser and ideal Gaussian laser respectively. And the study shows that the temperature of alumina raises with the increase of energy and obvious deposition on the surface of temperature by laser irradiation. Moreover, temperature difference exists inside laser irradiation area due to the gradient difference appearing in the spatial distribution of laser energy during the interaction between laser and alumina. As a result, the energy transfer from high-temperature area to low-temperature area, following by the temperatures of two adjacent areas to affect each other. When analyzing the actual target laser, the spatial distribution of temperature field is consistent with the stray spots in general though, they are slightly different with in local area. Such local difference is determined by the heat transfer coefficient of alumina materials and energy distribution gradient of beam spot together. When the energy of actual target laser is greater, the difference between temperature field and the spatial distribution is more obvious. Since the energy of actual target laser has a significant gradient difference with that of Gaussian laser, its interaction with alumina also shows an obvious difference in temperature distribution. Therefore, not all incident lasers can be idealized as the standard beam spot. The results have guiding significance in improving the application of laser processing quality in terms of long-distance transmission.

The pulsed infrared thermal image sequence characteristics of the coating structure was analyzed, and the temperature change process of any pixel including status and time parameters was considered as discrete Markov process. A combination of Markov and principal component analysis (PCA) algorithm were proposed to process the pulsed infrared image sequence. First, using the Markov method to achieve the image sequence reconstruction, then using PCA method to achieve the original complex data dimensionality reduction to remove the noise and redundancy, and extract the main components reflecting the main features of the data. Results show that the processed images have higher SNR. Results show that the processed images have much higher SNR than that of the original thermal image with the best contrast.

In this paper, we presented a widely tunable Mid-IR OPO based on a single multiple periods MgO:PPLN crystal, acousto-optical (AO) Q-switched Nd:YVO₄ laser pumped by 880 nm laser diode (LD) was used as the pumping source. The OPO was designed as an extracavity single resonant optical parametric oscillator. When the grating period of the MgO:PPLN crystal was 31.5 μm and working temperature of 100°C, and the pump power was 10.95 W with repetition rate of 50 kHz, the single wavelength of 1.72 μm and idler wavelength of 2.78 μm was obtained respectively, the maximum average output power of the parametric lasers was 3.02 W, the pulse width of 7.9 ns was achieved. The optic-optic conversion efficiency was 27.58% from the 1064 nm pump laser to the parametric lasers. By tuning the grating period (28.5~31.5 μm) and the working temperature (25~192.1°C) of the MgO:PPLN, the single laser can be tuned from 1.46 μm to 1.72 μm, the corresponding idler laser can be tuned from 2.40 μm to 4.17 μm.

Aimed at solving the optical defects of the traditional handled laser-cleaners, such as inhomogeneous power distribution, large caliber, high cost of range-finder and complex control system, the feature of the laser beam is analyzed, the formula of the power average density distribution in the fiber laser-cleaner are discussed, and a new optical shaping method is presented in this paper. In order to regulate the infrared gauss laser beam and redistribute the high density power from the center to the edge, the system simulation utilized a ray tracing method which contains a Kepler telescope system made by two aspherical lenses. As a result, the laser power was compensated and homogenized; the lap joint ratio of laser patch was reduced; and the cleaning speed can be increased. Based on the features of the free-space optical system, the multi-layer optical design method was utilized. The traditional laser range-finder was replaced by the optical focusing design which could clearly point out the best working area, reduce a lot of optic-electronic elements, and simplify the structure of the cleaner’s output-end. On the other hand, this method would not cause any losses of the working laser power. Besides, a visible direction light was added into the invisible infrared working laser for safety.

Laser shock microforming of Aluminum(Al) foil through fs laser has been researched in this paper. The influences of confining layer, clamping method and impact times on induced dent depths were investigated experimentally. Microstructure of fs laser shock forming Al foil was observed through Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Under the condition of tightly clamping, the dent depths increase with impact times and finally tend to saturating. Another new confining layer, the main component of which is polypropylene, was applied and the confining effect of it is better because of its higher impedance. TEM results show that dislocation is one of the main deformation mechanisms of fs laser shock forming Al foil. Specially, most of dislocations exist in the form of short and discrete dislocation lines. Parallel straight dislocation slip line also were observed. We analyzed that these unique dislocation arrangements are due to fs laser-induced ultra high strain rate.

Abstract：The laser wire stripper is a non-contact material processing equipment, which adopts lasers cutting technology to strip the insulation of the wires. A wire has to be fixed to a stationary workbench to get stripped. However, the confined inner space within an aerospace product makes it impossible to perform precisely this operation, which restricts the use of laser wire strippers. This article introduces a hand-held laser stripping tool, which works like the widely used hot weezers. With its optical path extended via optical fiber, the cutting point of the tool is separated from the laser device effectively. This tool is a perfect solution to the technology problem that the wires of an aerospace product have to be stripped and soldered within its confined inner space, and improves the reliability of the product greatly.

Selective Laser Melting (SLM), as an additive manufacturing technology, can directly manufacture desired functional metal parts. With the ability to freeform manufacture, SLM has had breakthroughs on design and manufacture compared with traditional methods. SLM apparatus in Dimetal series, DiMetal-100 developed by SCUT research group, has been used to study non-assembly mechanism. Taking copper cash abacus and collapsible abacus as examples, this article had studied the design rules and the key points to manufacture the non-assembly mechanism based on the SLM. An investigation into the capability of SLM technology, such as the geometric features resolution, critical incline angle, provided theoretical basis for designing the clearance of the joint and manufacturing direction of non-assembly mechanism. Then, the experiment of manufacturing copper cash abacus and collapsible abacus were conducted. The results proved that non-assembly mechanism can be well manufactured by SLM. This study provides basis for designing and manufacturing of creative non-assembly mechanism based on SLM technique.

The search-based intra-cavity beam cleanup systems are typical feedback loop systems which have been used in both gas and solid-state laser cavity to enhance laser performance. The studies on search-based intra-cavity beam cleanup systems mostly rely on experiments. However there are few reports about numerical simulation. In this paper, we attempt to use numerical method to analysis the search-based intra-cavity beam cleanup system. These systems contain three main elements: an adaptive laser cavity, a fitness sensor of laser performance and a computer-based search algorithm. According to the compositions of beam cleanup systems, three modules have been set up in our numerical simulation framework. We detail the theory, structure and numerical method of these modules in this paper. To demonstrate the feasibility of the numerical method, we calculated the results based on stochastic parallel gradient descent algorithm.

Due to 2 μm band in the absorption of water and CO₂, the diode pumped solid state lasers with wavelength around 2 μm have important applications in laser medicine and remote sensing, such as it can be used as a scalpe or a light source of Coherent Doppler Wind Lidar and Differential Absorption Lidar. In the recently years, scientists have done much work on the development of such lasers. There’re many reports on continuous Tm:YAG laser. However, the study on Q-switched Tm:YAG laser, which is more useful in applications, was very rare. As the light source of Coherent Doppler Wind Lidar, large energy and wide pulse width is desired. Current reports mostly adopted CW pumped source, but it would make a mount of heat. Pulse pumping method could reduce the heat accumulation and improve the heat stability of the laser. How to improve the single pulse energy was the focus of current study. In this paper, a single end bonding Tm:YAG crystal with Tm³⁺ doping concentration of 3.5at.% was used. Acousto-optic (AO) Q-switched (GOOCH and HOUSEGO QS041-10M-HI8) operation was adopted in our experiment. In the repetition frequency of 100Hz, a maximum single energy of 2.67 mJ (measured by Ophir 30A-BB) and the narrowest pulse width of 149 ns (measured by Vigo PCI-3TE-12 detector) were achieved at room temperature. The M²_x was 1.31 and the M²_y was 1.35 (measured by Spiricon Pyrocam-III). Tm:YAG laser was developed by using a pulse diode pumped L shape resonant cavity. The transmittance of the curve output mirror was 4% and the curvature radius of which was 300 mm. The output center wavelength of the laser was measured to be 2013.5 nm (measured by YOKOGAWA AQ6375).

A novel method for fabricating curved frequency selective surfaces with undevelopable curved shape using 3D printing technology was proposed in this paper. First, FSS composed of Y slotted elements that adapt to 0° ~ 70 ° incidences was designed. Then, the 3D model of the curved FSS was created in a 3D modeling software. Next, the 3D model was digitalized into stl format file and then the stl file was inputted into a stereo lithography 3D printer. Next, the prototype of the curved FSS was fabricated by the 3D printer layer by layer. Finally, a 10 μm thick aluminum film was coated on the outer surface of the prototype of the curved FSS by a vacuum coater. The transmission performance of the metallised curved FSS was tested using free space method. It was shown that frequency selection characteristic of the metallised curved FSS reached the requirements of simulation design. The pass-band was in the Ku-band and the transmission rate on center frequency was 63% for nose cone incident direction. This method provides a new way to apply the FSS to arbitrary curved electromagnetic window.

Holograms recorded in dichromated gelatin (DCG) are usually sealed with a glass plate cemented with an epoxy glue to protect the holograms from moisture in the environment. An investigation of the wavelength properties of sealed DCG holograms had been carried out paying attention to holograms which were exposed to different temperature and humidity environment in this work. The investigation had revealed that (a) exposing the sealed DCG holograms to high relative humidity (RH=98%) environment or immersing them in room-temperature water for 20 hours can not affect the holograms; (b) the sealed DCG holograms can be used at temperature below 50°C without showing undue detrimental effects regarding their optical properties; (c) the peak wavelength of sealed DCG holograms can cause blue shift of several nanometers at 70°C~85°C and the velocity of blue shift is proportional to the environmental temperature; (d) the holograms can be destroyed at 100° or above. The experimental results above will be analyzed and discussed in this paper. A method to improve the stability of sealed DCG holograms is proposed: baking the sealed DCG holograms at proper temperature (e.g., 85°C in this study).

In this article, another thin film named white graphene is introduced, containing its properties, preparation and potential applications. White graphene, which has the same structure with graphene but quite different electrical properties, can be exfoliated from its layered crystal, hexagonal boron nitride. Here two preparation methods of white graphene including supersonic cleavage and supercritical cleavage are presented. Inspired by the cleavage of graphene oxide, supersonic is applied to BN and few-layered films are obtained. Compared with supersonic cleavage, supercritical cleavage proves to be more successful. As supercritical fluid can diffuse into interlayer space of the layered hexagonal boron nitride easily, once reduce the pressure of the supercritical system fast, supercritical fluid among layers expands and escapes form interlayer, consequently exfoliating the hexagonal boron nitride into few layered structure. A series of characterization demonstrate that the monolayer white graphene prepared in the process matches its theoretical thickness 0.333nm and has lateral sizes at the order of 10μm. Supercritical cleavage proves to be successful and shows many advantages, such as good production quality and fast production cycle. Furthermore, the band energy of white graphene, which shows quite different from graphene, is simulated via tight-bonding in theory. The excellent properties will lead to extensive applications of white graphene. As white graphene has not received enough concern and exploration, it’s potential to play a significant role in the fields of industry and science.

Standard white organic light-emitting device (OLED) lighting provides a warm and comfortable atmosphere and shows mild effect on melatonin suppression. A high-efficiency red OLED employing phosphorescent dopant has been investigated. The device generates saturated red emission with Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.66, 0.34), characterized by a low driving voltage of 3.5 V and high external quantum efficiency of 20.1% at 130 cd m^-2. In addition, we have demonstrated a two-peak cold white OLED by combining with a pure blue emitter with the electroluminescent emission of 464 nm, 6, 12-bis{[N-(3,4-dimethylpheyl)-N-(2,4,5-trimethylphenyl)]} chrysene (BmPAC). It was found that the man-made lighting device capable of yielding a relatively stable color emission within the luminance range of 1000-5000 cd m^-2. And the chromaticity coordinates, varying from (0.25, 0.21) to (0.23, 0.21). Furthermore, an ultrathin layer of green-light-emitting tris (2-phenylpyridinato)iridium(Ⅲ) Ir(ppy)3 in the host material was introduced to the emissive region for compensating light. By appropriately controlling the layer thickness, the white light OLED achieved good performance of 1280 cd m^-2 at 5.0 V and 5150 cd m-2 at 7.0 V, respectively. The CIE coordinates of the emitted light are quite stable at current densities from 759 cd m^-2 to 5150 cd m^-2, ranging from (0.34, 0.37) to (0.33, 0.33).

This paper aims to research a unique non-isothermal molding technology (NGMP) which is an attractive and creative manufacturing method of fabricating ultra-precision and high-quality glass components. It has numerous advantages such as high efficiency, low cost and being mass production of glass lenses in industry. This technology is an ultra precision manufacturing process and suitable for multi-scale precision glass lens, lens array and glass micro-structure. This technology overcomes the disadvantages of traditional grinding and polishing technology such as long time production cycle, profligacy of raw materials, single-piece production and difficulty to produce an aspherical lens or arrays. The characteristics of NGMP are studied by comparing with the traditional IGMP. Residual stresses inside the glass lenses are also studied by numerical simulation. Based on the experiments and simulations results, a new compression molding process is proposed. Once the glass lens is fabricated by compression molding, an annealing process can be used to reduce the residual stresses in the glass lens.

A novel structure of photonic crystal coupled resonator optical waveguide (PC-CROW) with elliptical rod around cavity is proposed to realize compact, high sensitivity modulated and high-performance buffering application. By adjusting the long axis and short axis of the elliptical rods, the slow light and buffer performance of PC-CROW are optimized. As a_e=0.42a, b_e=0.20a, the group velocity is below 2.3053×10^-4c, simultaneously, the buffer capacity C and delay time T_s reach the optimum value. Then the dynamic modulation of the slow light and buffer performance based on this optimized structure has been discussed systematically. The guided mode shifts linearly to short wavelength and delay time decreases exponentially as the external modulated voltage increases. And the modulation sensitivities are about 3.0nm/mV and 0.467ns/mV, respectively. These results show that the proposed structure has considerable potential for optical buffering application. hese results show that the proposed structure has considerable potential for optical buffering application.