This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 9296, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction (if any), and Conference Committee listing.

Our objective is to construct real-time pickup and display in integral imaging system with handheld light field camera. A micro lens array and high frame rate charge-coupled device (CCD) are used to implement handheld light field camera, and a simple lens array and a liquid crystal (LC) display panel are used to reconstruct three-dimensional (3D) images in real-time. Handheld light field camera is implemented by adding the micro lens array on CCD sensor. Main lens, which is mounted on CCD sensor, is used to capture the scene. To make the elemental image in real-time, pixel mapping algorithm is applied. With this algorithm, not only pseudoscopic problem can be solved, but also user can change the depth plane of the displayed 3D images in real-time. For real-time high quality 3D video generation, a high resolution and high frame rate CCD and LC display panel are used in proposed system. Experiment and simulation results are presented to verify our proposed system. As a result, 3D image is captured and reconstructed in real-time through integral imaging system.

Holographic optical element (HOE) have classically been designed using grating theory, logically so, since an HOE is a grating produced on film by two interfering beams of coherent light. This paper describes the development of full color HOE recorded on aspherical substrate using a photopolymer. The reflection HOE was evaluated by measuring the diffraction efficiencies of holographic volume gratings recorded individually at 633 nm, 532 nm, and 473nm wavelengths. The spectral characterization of the HOE, recorded using a combined single beam, and recorded using sequential beam, was carried out. Practical methods for fabrication of high efficiency aspheric HOE by single layer photopolymer were developed.

A novel method of holographic color imaging for 3D spatially incoherent objects is proposed in this paper. Off-axis incoherent Fourier holographic recording of quasi-monochromatic illuminated objects is implemented by modifying the optical configuration of radial shearing triangular interferometer. Three holograms are recorded sequentially when the object is illuminated by red, green and blue color extended light and then synthesized to generate a RGB fashion color image. Holograms of different view of the object are recorded and reconstructed sequentially to achieve a holographic color imaging. Some image fusion skills are employed during the holographic reconstruction to compensate the chromatism and aberrations of the wavelength sensitively system. The method holds great potential in some applications such as high speed 3D spectral imaging.

CMOS compatible avalanche photodiodes (CMOS APDs) can be fabricated with standard CMOS technology, which make CMOS APDs are considered as a key optoelectronic device for optical communication systems and optical wireless communication systems. The guard-ring (GR) structure in CMOS APDs can alleviate the premature edge breakdown (PEB) effects and greatly improve the device performance. In this paper, the influence of various type GR structure on CMOS APDs performance are discussed, and its important applications in radio-over-fibre (RoF) are reviewed.

Twisted-nematic liquid crystal displays (TN-LCD) are widely used in numerous research fields of optics working as spatial light modulators. Approaches to obtaining desired intensity or phase modulation by TN-LCD have been extensively studied based on the knowledge of TN-LCD’s internal structure parameters, e.g., the orientation of LC molecules at the surfaces, the twist angle, the thickness of the LC layer, and the birefringence of the material. Generally TN-LCD placed between two linear polarizers (P) produces coupled intensity and phase modulation. To obtain the commonly used pure phase modulation, quarter wave plates (QWP) are often used in front of and/or behind the LCD. In this paper, we present a method to optimize the optical modulation properties of the TN-LCD to obtain pure phase modulation in the configuration of P-QWP-LCD-QWP-P each with proper orientation. Firstly an improved method for determining the Jones matrix of the TN-LCD without knowing its internal parameters is presented, which is based on the macroscopical Jones matrix descriptions for TN-LCD, linear polarizer and QWP. Only three sets of intensity measurements are needed for the complete determination of the TN-LCD’s Jones matrix for a single wavelength. Then Jones matrix calculations are carried out to determine the orientations of the polarizers and QWPs for pure phase modulation response. In addition, we prove that the phase modulation depth (PMD) of the TN-LCD can be further increased provided that the mean intensity transmission is decreased to a lower level, which is very useful when the TN-LCD is used as a phase modulator and the ratio between the intensities of the desired diffracted order relative to the other diffracted orders is required higher. Experimental results coincide well with the optical modulation properties of the TN-LCD predicted by our determined Jones matrix. In contrast to the traditional method which requires knowledge of the TN-LCD’s internal structure parameters, our method simplified the complicated theory analysis and intensity measurement, and can work in the absence of information on the TN-LCD’s internal structure parameters which are usually not available for commercial products.

A 1.5mm focal length, F/4and F/3.75, miniature fisheye all spherical optical lens systems with 220 degree full field of view are designed in this paper, a brief discussion for a series of limiting factors is achieved, the performance evaluation is done by ZEMAX optical design and analysis software, which shows that the two designed fisheye lenses are perfect lateral color and axial chromatic aberration corrected, the maximum wavefront OPD at the full FOV is 0.6λ and 1.2λ, the RMS spot size is 3.75-3.9microns across the full FOV in both lens systems, and have diffraction encircled energy, as above 80% energy can be included in 4.8 μm radius circle. Finally, the modulation transfer function of these two designs produces a high-resolution projection with uniform in brightness over the entire range of field angles for security, monitoring, and tracking applications.

With the development of science and technology, the applications of aviation spectral camera becoming more widely. Developing a test system of dynamic target is more important. Aviation spectral camera infinity target simulation system can be used to test the resolution and the modulation transfer function of camera. The construction and work principle of infinity target simulation system were introduced in detail. Dynamic target generator based digital micromirror device (DMD) and required performance of collimation System were analyzed and reported. The dynamic target generator based on DMD had the advantages of replacing image convenient, size small and flexible. According to the requirement of tested camera, by rotating and moving mirror, has completed a full field infinity dynamic target test plan.

An improved parallel algorithm for holograms of three-dimensional objects was presented. According to the physical characteristics and mathematical properties of the original ray tracing algorithm for computer generated holograms (CGH), using transform approximation and numerical analysis methods, we extract parts of ray tracing algorithm which satisfy parallelization features and implement them on graphics processing unit (GPU). Meanwhile, through proper design of parallel numerical procedure, we did parallel programming to the two-dimensional slices of three-dimensional object with CUDA. According to the experiments, an effective method of dealing with occlusion problem in ray tracing is proposed, as well as generating the holograms of 3D objects with additive property. Our results indicate that the improved algorithm can effectively shorten the computing time. Due to the different sizes of spatial object points and hologram pixels, the speed has increased 20 to 70 times comparing with original ray tracing algorithm.

Combining with the current development trend in video surveillance-digitization and high-definition, a multimode-compatible image acquisition system for HD area array CCD is designed. The hardware and software designs of the color video capture system of HD area array CCD KAI-02150 presented by Truesense Imaging company are analyzed, and the structure parameters of the HD area array CCD and the color video gathering principle of the acquisition system are introduced. Then, the CCD control sequence and the timing logic of the whole capture system are realized. The noises of the video signal (KTC noise and 1/f noise) are filtered by using the Correlated Double Sampling (CDS) technique to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of the system. The compatible designs in both software and hardware for the two other image sensors of the same series: KAI-04050 and KAI-08050 are put forward; the effective pixels of these two HD image sensors are respectively as many as four million and eight million. A Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is adopted as the key controller of the system to perform the modularization design from top to bottom, which realizes the hardware design by software and improves development efficiency. At last, the required time sequence driving is simulated accurately by the use of development platform of Quartus Ⅱ12.1 combining with VHDL. The result of the simulation indicates that the driving circuit is characterized by simple framework, low power consumption, and strong anti-interference ability, which meet the demand of miniaturization and high-definition for the current tendency.

In recent years, with the development of technology of micro-display, advanced optics and the software and hardware, near-to-eye display ( NED) optical system will have a wide range of potential applications in the fields of amusement and virtual reality. However, research on the evaluating image quality of this kind optical system is comparatively lagging behind. Although now there are some methods and equipment for evaluation, they can’t be applied in commercial production because of their complex operation and inaccuracy. In this paper, an academic method is proposed and a Rapid Evaluation System (RES) is designed to evaluate the image of optical system rapidly and exactly. Firstly, a set of parameters that eyes are sensitive to and also express the quality of system should be extracted and quantized to be criterion, so the evaluation standards can be established. Then, some parameters can be detected by RES consisted of micro-display, CCD camera and computer and so on. By process of scaling, the measuring results of the RES are exact and creditable, relationship between object measurement, subjective evaluation and the RES will be established. After that, image quality of optical system can be evaluated just by detecting parameters of that. The RES is simple and the results of evaluation are exact and keeping with human vision. So the method can be used not only for optimizing design of optical system, but also for evaluation in commercial production.

With the miniaturization and light-weight of photoelectric instruments, the original method to change the focal length of lens mechanically can't meet the requirements now. Then variable-focus lens without mechanical elements appears. In recent years, varieties of variable-focus lenses, which have variable surfaces radius or variable refractive index, are put forward. The variable-focus lenses with variable surface radius mainly include variable-focus double liquid lens based on EWOD, variable-focus lens based on hydraulic pressure, ultrasonic variable-focus optical lens and so on. The variable-focus lens with variable refractive index mainly includes liquid crystal lens. This article introduces these kinds of variable-focus lenses and expounds the problems to be solved. It also analyzes the developing trend of variable-focus lens. KEYWORDS: variable-focus lens, EWOD, variable-focus double liquid lens, hydraulic pressure liquid lens, ultrasonic variable-focus optical lens, liquid crystal lens

This paper presents a high‐definition video display solution based on the FPGA and THS8200. THS8200 is a video decoder chip launched by TI company, this chip has three 10-bit DAC channels which can capture video data in both 4:2:2 and 4:4:4 formats, and its data synchronization can be either through the dedicated synchronization signals HSYNC and VSYNC, or extracted from the embedded video stream synchronization information SAV / EAV code. In this paper, we will utilize the address and control signals generated by FPGA to access to the data‐storage array, and then the FPGA generates the corresponding digital video signals YCbCr. These signals combined with the synchronization signals HSYNC and VSYNC that are also generated by the FPGA act as the input signals of THS8200. In order to meet the bandwidth requirements of the high‐definition TV, we adopt video input in the 4:2:2 format over 2×10-bit interface. THS8200 is needed to be controlled by FPGA with I²C bus to set the internal registers, and as a result, it can generate the synchronous signal that is satisfied with the standard SMPTE and transfer the digital video signals YCbCr into analog video signals YPbPr. Hence, the composite analog output signals YPbPr are consist of image data signal and synchronous signal which are superimposed together inside the chip THS8200. The experimental research indicates that the method presented in this paper is a viable solution for high‐definition video display, which conforms to the input requirements of the new high‐definition display devices.

Colorized linear cameras deliver superb color fidelity at the fastest line rates in the industrial inspection. It’s RGB trilinear sensor eliminates image artifacts by placing a separate row of pixels for each color on a single sensor. It’s advanced design minimizes distance between rows to minimize image artifacts due to synchronization. In this paper, the high-speed colorized linear CCD data acquisition system was designed take advantages of the linear CCD sensor μpd3728. The hardware and software design of the system based on FPGA is introduced and the design of the functional modules is performed. The all system is composed of CCD driver module, data buffering module, data processing module and computer interface module. The image data was transferred to computer by Camera link interface. The system which automatically adjusts the exposure time of linear CCD, is realized with a new method. The integral time of CCD can be controlled by the program. The method can automatically adjust the integration time for different illumination intensity under controlling of FPGA, and respond quickly to brightness changes. The data acquisition system is also offering programmable gains and offsets for each color. The quality of image can be improved after calibration in FPGA. The design has high expansibility and application value. It can be used in many application situations.

In space optical system, image display and generation can be influenced by various factors such as stray light, space distance, orbit parameters and so on. To acquire accurate and clear image, these factors should be considered. Before acquiring the real image, simulation is necessary. Through comparing the simulated image with the real one, accuracy can be proved. This paper focuses on building a three-dimensional (3D) model of a satellite and simulating its orbit according to the real data. The 3D images of the satellite should be acquired in specific positions and postures from a camera on another satellite. 3D Studio Max is the software used in the process to build models, simulate and generate images. It is a 3D computer graphics program for making 3D animations, models, and images. Also in the paper, stray light relevant to the satellite surfaces is analyzed. Tracepro is the software used in the stray light analyze to trace the light on the surfaces. It is an optical engineering software program for designing and analyzing optical and illumination systems. Stray light analyzing result is addicted to the 3D images, so that the images are more precise. Therefore, the final images can be complete images including light intensity information of the satellite surfaces which makes the images more real.

Researches on hypersonic vehicles have been a hotspot in the field of aerospace because of the pursuits for higher speed by human being. Infrared imaging guidance is playing a very important role in modern warfare. When an Infrared Ray(IR) imaging guided missile is flying in the air at high speed, its optical dome suffers from serious aero-optic effects because of air flow. The turbulence around the dome and the thermal effects of the optical window would cause disturbance to the wavefront from the target. Therefore, detected images will be biased, dithered and blurred, and the capabilities of the seeker for detecting, tracking and recognizing are weakened. In this paper, methods for thermal and structural analysis with Heat Transfer and Elastic Mechanics are introduced. By studying the aero-thermal effects and aero-thermal radiation effects of the optical window, a 3D analysis model of the optical window is established by using finite element method. The direct coupling analysis is employed as a solving strategy. The variation regularity of the temperature field is obtained. For light with different incident angles, the influence on the ray propagation caused by window deformation is analyzed with theoretical calculation and optical/thermal/structural integrated analysis method respectively.

Europium-doped barium thioaluminate (BaAl₂S₄:Eu) is currently the most efficient blue phosphor for inorganic thin film electroluminescent (iEL) device. To produce the full-color EL device, several kinds of blue-emitting layer were attempted and tested. As a key point of blue-emitting layer fabrication, single target sputtering deposition is an effective method. In this work, new structural target is introduced and the fabricated process is expatiated. The PL spectra of as fabricated targets show that both of two, 3mol% and 5mol% europium-doped, have blue emitting property. According to the PL spectra excited by 290nm, 300nm and 320nm ultraviolet, emission peaks located in the region near 470nm. So the as-fabricated targets can be used in single target sputtering deposition on thin film of BaAl₂S₄:Eu. XRD pattern indicates that there are 4 different phases, barium tetraaluminum sulfide (BaAl₄S₇), barium sulfide (BaS), europium sulfide (EuS) and barium aluminum oxide (BaAl₂O₄), in target 1. Besides these four compounds, other two phases, aluminum sulfide (Al₂S₃) and barium thioaluminate (BaAl₂S₄), are detected in target 2. Considering the analysis results, especially the hydrolyzation of Al₂S₃, target 1 is more suitable for sputtering deposition of BaAl₂S₄:Eu thin film. XPS and X-ray Fluorescence patterns describe the precise molar ratio of each element. In target 1 the relative atom concentration of barium, aluminum, sulfur and oxygen can be calculated from the pattern and molar ratio is about 9:33:41:17. Molar ratio of barium and europium is about 1:0.03. In short, the barium thioaluminate doped by europium sputtering target 1 is better to be applied in the fabrication of blue-emitting layer in inorganic electro-luminescent devices.

High efficient and compact continuous-wave arrayed green laser is demonstrated based on periodically poled MgO:LiNbO₃(PPMgLN), with a pump power of 16.5 W (5.5 W×3) at 808 nm, 7.36W output power of 3-arrayed green beams at 532 nm is achieved with a high optical-to-optical conversion efficiency of 44.6%.

Imaging unevenly is a problem to work out in laser display. The cause of imaging unevenly is analyzed in the paper firstly. In order to get even illumination, we use rotating polygon mirror with two-dimensional scanning and lens array to make the intensity distribution of Gaussian function become approximate even distribution. In order to reduce speckles, a rotating diffuser is used in our laser display system to produce the maximum speckle reduction with the minimum number of distinct phase Patterns. Finally the method is experimentally verified by taking example of green light.

As novel Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) materials, blue phase liquid crystalline polymers have attracted considerable attention and interests, mainly because of their unique properties, including wide angle of view, fast response times and selective reflection of light. Blue phases are mesophases usually exhibited by highly chiral materials and commonly occur in a narrow temperature range below the isotropic phase.They are optically active and non-birefringent, while exhibit Bragg diffraction of light in the visible wavelength. So they can improve and enhance the performances of liquid crystal display in manned spacecraft. The development and recent advances are reviewed with a brief introduction of the history of the blue phase studies. Some special properties are analyzed especially the frustration in the double twist molecular alignment. The application prospect of blue phase liquid crystalline polymers in manned spacecraft are discussed. Because of high resolution, high response speed, low power, low weight and small footprint, blue phase liquid crystal displays can meet the technique requirements on displays in our future manned spacecrafts, especially space station. Blue phase liquid crystalline polymers have more superior performances on viewing angle. Thus, blue phase LCD is a better choice to improve the viewing angle in manned spacecrafts.

The imaging character of microsphere is determined by its refractive index and size. In this paper, it is demonstrated that the spherical aberration(S) and numerical aperture (NA) of the microsphere are different with different refractive index or different radius. The relationship between the focal length and refractive index is obtained by numerical simulation. It is shown that the focal length decreases with the increase of the refractive index. The focal length and diameter possesses a linear relation，which is matched with the theoretical result. It is also found that the photonic nano-jet may appear when the refraction index and size of the microsphere are chosen properly. The microsphere has great potential in the laser processing of surfaces materials and super-resolution detection of nano structure etc. So the study on the microsphere imaging has great significance.

High power green laser has many applications such as high brightness laser projection and large screen laser theater. A compact and high power green-light source has been developed in diode-pumped solid-state laser based on MgO doped periodically poled LiNbO₃ (MgO:PPLN). 5W fiber coupled green laser is achieved by dual path Nd:YVO₄/MgO:PPLN intra-cacity frequency-doubled. Single green laser maximum power 2.8W at 532nm is obtained by a 5.5W LD pumped, MgO:PPLN dimensions is 5mm(width)×1mm(thickness)×2mm(length), and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is 51%. The second LD series connected with the one LD, the second path green laser is obtained using the same method. Then the second path light overlap with the first path by the reflection mirrors, then couple into the fiber with a focus mirror. Dual of LD, Nd:YVO₄, MgO:PPLN are placed on the same heat sink using a TEC cooling, the operating temperature bandwidth is about 12°C and the stablity is 5% in 96h. A 50×50×17mm³ laser module which generated continuous-wave 5 W green light with high efficiency and width temperature range is demonstrated.

Lithography tool is the most important equipment for microelectronics manufacturing industry. Lithography tool development is towards to improving resolution and uniformity, because of the miniaturization of modern electronics manufacturing. Illumination system in lithography plays a significant role in improving resolution and the uniformity. 193 nm ArF laser source is widely used in modern lithography design. The output beam size of the ArF source can’t satisfy the requirements of the following components, so the first task of illumination system is to design beam expander. Three different beam expanders for 193 nm ArF laser source are designed in this paper. The uniformity and threedimensional distribution of each beam expander’s exit beam are simulated and compared in the software of TracePro. Characteristics of the different beam expanding systems are analyzed. Afterwards the paper compares and summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of three expanding systems. At last the article gives some suggestions on choosing different beam expanding systems.

Use the law of refraction of light for theoretical analysis of sunlight incident Fresnel lens, summary of the relationship between Fresnel lens solar light beam convergence characteristics and beam incident angle,beam incident position.Through the analysis of the calculation and experimental, to obtain a variety of incident angle lens center and best gathering focal spot the size of the data.Discuss the incident angle, incident location,the relationship between convergence center and focal spot size.For the sun acquisition system of the light from the sun and optical fiber coupling design do sufficient theory design basis.

Fly’s eye uniformizer is the key part of ArF lithography illumination system, whose main function is to illuminate the reticle uniformly. Due to the periodic structure of regular fly’s eye uniformizer and the high coherence of the ArF laser, the output intensity distribution is modulated with equidistant sharp intensity peaks (interference speckle pattern) which disturbed the uniformity on the reticle. In this paper, we design a chirped fly’s eye uniformizer which consists of chirped fly’s eye and a condenser for illumination system in ArF lithography system. The chirped fly’s eye consists of individually shaped micro-lenses defined by a parametric description which can be derived completely from analytical functions. The micro-lenses with different thicknesses in the chirped fly’s eye have a function of delaying the optical path which reducing the laser coherence and speckle pattern on the reticle. Detailed design process of the chirped fly’s eye uniformizer for numerical aperture (NA) 0.75 lithography illumination system is presented. Light intensity distribution on reticle produced by regular and chirped fly’s eye uniformizer are analyzed and compared by the method of wave optics, and the results show that chirped can restrain sharp intensity peaks efficiently. Furthermore, the chirped fly’s eye uniformizer has been traced in LightTools software under conventional and annual illumination modes, and the non-uniformity of the non-scan and scan direction on the reticle reached 0.75% and 1.24% respectively. The simulation results show that the chirped fly’s eye uniformizer can provide high illumination uniformity and reduce the speckle pattern efficiently without additional elements.

Microholes drilling has attracted extensive research efforts for its broad applications in photonics, microfluidics, optical fibers and many other fields. A femtosecond (fs) laser is a promising tool for high-precision materials processing with reduced recast/microcracks and minimized heat affected zones. But there remain many challenges in hole drilling using conventional fs laser with Gaussian beams, such as low aspect ratio and taper effects. We report small-diameter and high-aspect-ratio microholes with taper free drilling in PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate) using single-pulse fs laser Bessel beams. Axicon is used to transform Gaussian beams into Bessel beams, which then irradiate in the sample by a telescope consisting of plano-convex lens and microscope objective. Using this technique, we enhance the aspect ratio of microholes by 55 times as compared with Gaussian beams. We attribute this high aspect ratio and high quality microholes formation to the unique spatial intensity distribution and propagation stability of Bessel beams, which can effectively adjust the transient localized electron density distribution leading to a long and uniform localized-interacted zone. By using the optimized pulse energy and focal depth position, the microholes diameter ranges between 1.4-2.1 μm and the aspect ratio can exceed 460. This efficient technique is of great potentials for fabrication of microphotonics devices and microfluidics.