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The papers in this volume were part of the technical conference cited on the cover and title page. Papers were selected and subject to review by the editors and conference program committee. Some conference presentations may not be available for publication. Additional papers and presentation recordings may be available online in the SPIE Digital Library at SPIEDigitalLibrary.org. The papers reflect the work and thoughts of the authors and are published herein as submitted. The publisher is not responsible for the validity of the information or for any outcomes resulting from reliance thereon. Please use the following format to cite material from these proceedings: Author(s), “Title of Paper,” in Optics for EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Astronomy VII, edited by Stephen L. O'Dell, Giovanni Pareschi, Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 9603 (SPIE, Bellingham, WA, 2015) Six-digit Article CID Number. ISSN: 0277-786X ISSN:1996-756X (electronic) ISBN: 9781628417692 Published by SPIE P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, Washington 98227-0010 USA Telephone +1 360 676 3290 (Pacific Time) · Fax +1 360 647 1445 Copyright © 2015, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. Copying of material in this book for internal or personal use, or for the internal or personal use of specific clients, beyond the fair use provisions granted by the U.S. Copyright Law is authorized by SPIE subject to payment of copying fees. The Transactional Reporting Service base fee for this volume is $18.00 per article (or portion thereof), which should be paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. Payment may also be made electronically through CCC Online at copyright.com. Other copying for republication, resale, advertising or promotion, or any form of systematic or multiple reproduction of any material in this book is prohibited except with permission in writing from the publisher. The CCC fee code is 0277-786X/15/$18.00. Printed in the United States of America. Publication of record for individual papers is online in the SPIE Digital Library.
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AuthorsNumbers in the index correspond to the last two digits of the six-digit citation identifier (CID) article numbering system used in Proceedings of SPIE. The first four digits reflect the volume number. Base 36 numbering is employed for the last two digits and indicates the order of articles within the volume. Numbers start with 00, 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 09, 0A, 0B…0Z, followed by 10-1Z, 20-2Z, etc. Ackermann, Marcelo, 0L Akimov, V., 0C Aliotta, Paul H., 1E Allgood, Kim D., 0Z Allured, Ryan, 13, 15, 1M Ames, A., 1I Antolini, Elisa, 03 Arefiev, V., 0C Arnold, W., 0V Atkins, Carolyn, 0V, 1F, 1G, 1T Auricchio, N., 08 Awaki, Hisamitsu, 0Y Babazaki, Yasunori, 0D Babyshkin, V., 0C Bandai, Ayako, 0D Barrière, Nicolas, 09, 0G, 0K Basso, Stefano, 0N, 0O, 0P, 10, 11 Bavdaz, Marcos, 0G, 0J, 0K, 0L Beijersbergen, Marco W., 0K Ben-Ami, Sagi, 1M Biskach, Michael P., 0Z Blake, Eric, 19 Bloser, Peter F., 1E Boggs, Steven E., 09 Bonnini, E., 1P Bonnoli, Giacomo, 03, 07 Bräuninger, Heinrich, 1Q Brejnholt, Nicolai F., 09 Breunig, Elias, 0P, 0S, 0T, 11 Brizzolari, C., 0O, 0P Broadway, David M., 1F, 1G, 1S Bruccoleri, Alexander R., 12, 14 Bruni, R., 1I Buffagni, E., 1P Buntov, M., 0C Buratti, Enrico, 0N, 11 Burwitz, Vadim, 0J, 0K, 0P, 11, 15, 16, 1Q Byrum, K., 05 Cameron, R., 05 Canestrari, Rodolfo, 02, 03, 04, 07 Cao, Jian, 1J, 1O Cao, Yifang, 1J Carassiti, V., 08 Caroli, E., 08 Cascone, Enrico, 03 Chalifoux, Brandon, 0R, 12, 1K Chan, Kai-Wing, 0Q, 0Z Chatbi, Abdelhakim, 0G, 0K Cheimets, Peter N., 15 Christensen, Finn E., 0J, 0K, 0M, 1D Churazov, E., 0C Citterio, O., 10 Civitani, Marta, 0L, 0N, 0O, 0P, 10, 11 Collon, Maximilien J., 0G, 0J, 0K, 0L, 0M Conconi, Paolo, 0K, 0L Conley, Ray, 1H Connaughton, V., 05 Cotroneo, Vincenzo, 1I, 1M Craft, Marshall, 19 DeRoo, Casey T., 15, 16, 17, 18 DeTienne, Michael D., 0R Döhring, Thorsten, 0S Donovan, Benjamin D., 13, 15 Drozdova, T., 0C Eberhardt, Andrew, 1T Echt, Olof, 1E Eder, Josef, 0N, 11 Elsner, R., 0C Errando, M., 05 Feng, Hua, 1A Ferrari, C., 1P Ferreira, D. D. M., 0M Fransen, Sebastiaan, 0J Friedrich, Peter, 0N, 0S, 0T, 11 Frontera, F., 08 Fürmetz, Maria, 0N Garczarcyk, Markus, 06 Gaskin, Jessica A., 1F Ghigo, M., 0O, 0P, 10 Giglia, Angelo, 1A Gilfanov, M., 0C Giro, Enrico, 03 Girou, David A., 0M, 1D Glushenko, A., 0C Goto, Takumi, 0U Graham, Michael E., 1J, 1O Grebenev, S., 0C Griffith, C., 0V Griffiths, S., 05 Grogans, Shannon E., 1J Guarino, V., 05 Gubarev, Mikhail V., 0C, 0V, 1F, 1G, 1S, 1T Gullikson, Eric M., 19 Günther, Ramses, 0G, 0J, 0K, 0L Gurgew, Danielle N., 1S Haneveld, Jeroen, 0J, 0K, 0L Hanlon, Lorraine, 09 Hartner, Gisela D., 0P, 11, 15, 16, 1Q Hashizume, Hirokazu, 0U Heilmann, Ralf K., 0R, 12, 14, 1K Hertz, Edward, 13, 15 Hong, Melinda M., 0Z Huang, Qiushi, 1A Humensky, T. B., 05 Ishida, Naoki, 0Y Iwase, Toshihiro, 0Y Jakobsen, Anders C., 0M, 1D Jenke, P., 05 Jiang, Li, 1A Johnson-Wilke, R., 1I Jones, W., 0V Kaaret, P., 05 Kester, T., 0V, 1I Kieda, D., 05 Kilaru, Kiranmayee, 0C, 1F, 1G Kime, Ayumi, 0U Kippen, R. Marc, 1E Klingensmith, Martin, 12 Koelewijn, Arenda, 0K, 0L Kohmura, Yoshiki, 0U Kolodziejczak, Jeffery K., 0C, 0V, 1F Kolos, Linette D., 0W, 0Z Krivchenko, A., 0C Krivonos, R., 0C Krumrey, Michael, 0J, 0K Krzanowski, James E., 1E Kudelin, M., 0C Kunieda, Hideyo, 0F, 0Y Kuznetsova, M., 0C Landgraf, Boris, 0K, 0M La Palombara, Nicola, 03 Lapshov, I., 0C Laubis, Christian, 16, 18 Lavagna, M., 07 Leenstra, Anne, 0K, 0L Legere, Jason S., 1E Leto, Giuseppe, 03 Levin, V., 0C Liccardo, V., 08 Limon, M., 05 Lis, Tomasz M., 1F Liu, Tianchen, 1O Lomakin, I., 0C Lutovinov, A., 0C Maejima, Masato, 0Y Maezawa, Tadakazu, 0U Marioni, Fabio, 0L Marlowe, Hannah R., 15, 16, 17, 18 Marquez, Vanessa, 13, 1M Marshall, Herman L., 19 Massahi, Sonny, 09, 0M, 1D Matsumoto, Hironori, 0F, 0Y Matsuyama, Satoshi, 0U Mazzarella, James R., 0W, 0Z McClelland, Ryan S., 0Z McConnell, Mark L., 1E McEntaffer, Randall L., 15, 16, 17, 18 McKeon, Kevin P., 0W, 0Z McMuldroch, Stuart, 13, 1M Menderov, A., 0C Menz, Benedikt, 0P, 11, 15, 16, 1Q Miles, Drew M., 16, 17, 18 Mitsuishi, Ikuyuki, 0D, 0F, 0Y Miyake, Akira, 0U Miyazawa, Takuya, 0Y Mognet, I., 05 Molkov, S., 0C Mori, Hideyuki, 0F Mukherjee, R., 05 Müller, Peter, 0K Nakamichi, Ren, 0D Nakamori, Hiroki, 0U Narukage, Noriyuki, 0U Niemeyer, Jason, 0Z Nieto, D., 05 Nishihara, Akihiko, 0U Numata, Ai, 0Z Oakes, Louise, 06 O'Dell, Stephen L., 0C, 1F, 1G Okumura, A., 05 Oosterbroek, Tim, 0L Pareschi, Giovanni, 03, 07, 0J, 0K, 0L, 0N, 0O, 0P, 10, 1P Pavlinsky, M., 0C Peck, A., 05 Pelliciari, C., 1P Peterson, Thomas J., 16, 17 Petrashyk, A., 05 Predehl, Peter, 1Q Proserpio, Laura, 0S, 0T, 11 Ramsey, Brian D., 0C, 0V, 1F, 1G, 1S, 1T Reid, Paul B., 13, 1I, 1M Revnivtsev, M., 0C Ribeiro, D., 05 Riveros, Raul E., 0Q, 0W, 0Z Roche, J., 0V Rohé, Christian, 11 Romaine, S., 1I Rosati, P., 08 Ross, Connor, 19 Rotin, A., 0C Rousselle, J., 05 Saha, Timo T., 0Q, 0Z Sakao, Taro, 0U Salmaso, B., 0O, 0P, 10 Sazonov, S., 0C Schattenburg, Mark L., 0R, 12, 14, 1K Schlenstedt, Stefan, 06 Schofield, Mark J., 0Z Scholze, Frank, 16 Schultz, Ted B., 17 Schulz, Norbert S., 19 Schwanke, Ullrich, 06 Schwartz, Daniel A., 1M Schweitzer, Mario, 0L Scuderi, Salvo, 03 Semena, N., 0C Serbinov, D., 0C Sharpe, Marton V., 0Z She, Rui, 1A Shima, Naoki, 0Y Shirazi, Farzane, 1E Shortt, Brian, 0J, 0M Sironi, Giorgia, 02, 04 Sleire, Erlend K., 1D Smith, Randall K., 15 Smith, W. S., 0V Solly, Peter M., 0Z Soltwisch, Victor, 18 Spiga, Daniele, 07, 0H, 0L, 0O, 0P, 1A, 1P Squerzanti, S., 08 Stephen, J. B., 08 Sternberger, Ronny, 06 Stevenson, B., 05 Stringhetti, Luca, 03 Suematsu, Yoshinori, 0U Sugita, Satoshi, 0Y Sunyaev, R., 0C Swartz, D., 0C Tachibana, Sasagu, 0F Tagliaferri, G., 0O, 1P Tamura, Keisuke, 0F Tanci, Claudio, 03 Tawara, Yuzuru, 0D, 0F, 0Y Tayabaly, K., 07 Tkachenko, A., 0C Tolier-McKinstry, S., 1I Tomsick, John A., 09 Tosti, Gino, 03 Trolier-McKinstry, Susan, 1M Tsavalas, John G., 1E Tutt, James H., 15, 16, 17, 18 Ulmer, Melville P., 1J, 1O Vacanti, Giuseppe, 0G, 0I, 0J, 0K, 0L Valsecchi, Giuseppe, 0J, 0L van Baren, Coen, 0J, 0K, 0L Vassiliev, V., 05 Vaynman, Semyon, 1J, 1O Vecchi, G., 0O, 0P, 10 Vervest, Mark, 0G, 0J, 0K, 0L Vikhlinin, Alexey A., 1M Virgilli, E., 08 von Ballmoos, Peter, 09 Voronkov, S., 0C Wade, Colin, 09 Wallace, Margeaux L., 1M Wang, Xiaoli, 1J, 1O Wang, Zhanshan, 1A Wellnhofer, Christoph, 0T Wen, Mingwu, 1A Wijnperle, Maurice, 0K, 0L Wilke, R. H. T., 1I Wille, Eric, 0G, 0J, 0K, 0L Windt, David L., 19, 1C, 1H Winter, Anita, 0S, 0T, 11 Wong, Emily N., 1E Wright, Graham, 1K Yamashita, Kojun, 0F Yamauchi, Kazuto, 0U Yanson, Alexei, 0G, 0J, 0K, 0L Yao, Youwei, 1J, 1O Yaskovich, A., 0C Yoshikawa, Shun, 0F Yu, P., 05 Zavlin, V., 0C Zhang, William W., 0Q, 0W, 0Z, 1G Zhang, Zhong, 1A Zuknik, Karl-Heinz, 0J, 0L Zuo, Heng, 0R Conference CommitteeProgram Track Chair Conference Chairs
Conference Program Committee
Session Chairs
IntroductionThe conference Optics for EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Astronomy VII met 10–13 August, in San Diego, California, as part of the SPIE Optics + Photonics 2015 international symposium Optical Engineering + Applications. As with the previous conferences in this series, it provided an effective forum for discussion of recent progress in imaging and spectroscopic optics for EUV, x-ray, and gamma-ray astronomy. More than 60 papers presented in the 15 Conference sessions reported upon advances in optical science and technology relevant to such optics. Currently operating x-ray observatories—Chandra, XMM-Newton, Swift, NuSTAR, and Hinode—demonstrate the importance of imaging optics to x-ray astronomy. Launching within the next few years, Spectrum Röntgen Gamma’s eROSITA will conduct the most sensitive x-ray all-sky survey; Astro-H will provide soft- and hard-x-ray focusing telescopes—including a soft-x-ray imaging micro-calorimeter. In this same period, India and China will each launch its first dedicated astronomical satellite—the multi-band Astrosat and the Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (HXMT), respectively. Collectively, these missions significantly advance technologies for high angular resolution, large collecting areas, high spectral resolution, broad spectral coverage, and lightweight optical components. NASA, ESA, and JAXA continue to develop technologies for lightweight, large-area, high-resolution x-ray mirror and grating systems that will enable future x-ray observatories. Indeed, ESA recently selected ATHENA—an x-ray mission enabled by development of innovative x-ray optics—to be launched by 2018 as the second large-class Cosmic-Vision mission. Meanwhile, NASA is starting to study the “X-ray Surveyor”, with a goal to implement a mission having the exquisite angular resolution of Chandra but a throughput 10–30 times larger. Together with research into more futuristic topics—including diffractive or interferometric imaging and active optics—significant progress continues worldwide toward meeting the future needs of EUV, x-ray, and gamma-ray astronomy. Session 1 treated normal-incidence mirrors for Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs). This approach employs arrays of ground-based telescopes with moderate angular resolution and large collecting areas, to detect visible Cherenkov light produced by atmospheric charged-particle showers initiated by Y-ray photons in the 20 GeV to 100 TeV band. Currently, three main IACT systems—HESS, MAGIC, and VERITAS—are operating; the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO) is under development. Papers discussed recent progress in a mirror manufacturing technique based upon cold-shaping glass, as well as development of prototype telescopes of different sizes for the CTAO. Section 2 dealt with the development of Laue Lenses to focus Y rays with energies from a few tens keV to 1 MeV. These systems, which use Bragg diffraction in transmission, will greatly improve the sensitivity for soft Y-ray astronomy over that provided by the non-focusing detectors used thus far. Having demonstrated the basic technology in balloon experiments, current efforts to consolidate the technology aim for implementation in a satellite mission. In particular, very interesting reports described integration methods to align and to assemble many crystal tiles into a large Laue lens for such a mission. Session 3 described X-ray Telescopes that are in preparation or proposed. The ART-XC hard-x-ray instrument based upon focusing optics, is part of Spectrum Röntgen Gamma, which will be launched in 2017. In a more preliminary stage, efforts continue toward development of a high-throughput four-reflection x-ray telescope for a future mission—such as DIOS. Session 4 discussed computational tools for Design and Analyses of x-ray optics. New ray-tracing and analytical approaches for simulating x-ray optical systems are important for optimizing performance and for identifying issues potentially impacting the scientific utility of future observatories. Session 5 reported progress in Silicon-pore Optics. ESA is supporting development of this novel technology for segmented optics with high throughput and good angular resolution, as a baseline for its ATHENA mission. Having obtained promising results thus far, the current goal is to demonstrate definitively the capability to meet ATHENA's performance requirements—about 2-m2 effective area (1 keV) and 5-arcsec resolution (HEW) over a 40-arcmin field of view. Session 6 reported progress in Slumped-glass Optics. Presentations described various approaches and aspects of this technology that are being developed in the US and in Europe. The NuSTAR mission demonstrated the capabilities of slumped-glass x-ray optics for medium-resolution (<1-arcmin) imaging. Recent results show that this technology can achieve <10-arcsec resolution (HEW). Session 7 addressed Other Mirror Technologies for fabrication of x-ray optics. Direct fabrication or replication of thin monolithic full-shell mirrors remains attractive due to the simplicity of alignment and assembly relative to those processes for segmented mirrors. However, for very-large-area x-ray telescopes, segmented mirrors have an advantage in scalability and modularity. Recent advances in precision fabrication of thin single-crystal silicon segmented mirrors is particularly exciting. Session 8 described approaches for Alignment and Assembly of future high-angular-resolution x-ray optics. Several papers reported recent accomplishments on these themes, including a “cold” shaping mirrors and integration using reinforcing ribs to impart appropriate curvature to initially flat substrates. This could be a fast and cost-effective solution for making low-weight and low-cost x-ray optics. Session 9 discussed Dispersion Gratings for high-resolution spectroscopy for soft x-ray astronomy. This field is progressing rapidly in the USA through the development of high-efficiency blazed (critical-angle) transmission gratings and off-plane reflection gratings. Session 10 reported recent investigations on Polarimetric Optical Elements for x-ray astronomy, which utilize multilayer coatings operating at the Brewster angle (45°) for analysis of linear polarization, as foreseen for the Chinese LAMP experiment. In a novel variation of this approach, laterally graded multilayers in combination with dispersion gratings provide spectral polarimetry over a broad range of soft-x-ray energies. Sessions 11, 12, and 13 covered various topics in coatings for x-ray optics—Multilayer Coatings, Differential Deposition, and Coating Stress Control, respectively. The research in Multilayer Coatings seeks to enable focused imaging of cosmic sources at hard-x-ray and soft-gamma-ray energies—up to a few hundred keV, as an alternative to Laue lenses. Efforts in Differential Deposition aim to use this additive-machining process as a low-force method for post-fabrication figure correction of thin mirrors at mid-to-high spatial frequencies. Coating Stress Control is particularly important for the thin x-ray mirrors needed for large-area focusing x-ray telescopes. Its objective is either to minimize the stress so as to avoid distorting a thin mirror, or to manipulate the stress in order to correct predictably the figure of the mirror at low-to-mid spatial frequencies. Stress manipulation is achieved either through control of the coating parameters during deposition or through post-deposition stress modification—e.g., through ion implantation. Session 14 reported progress in development of Active Optics for x-ray astronomy. Using the piezoelectric bimorph (or an analogous magnetostrictive) effect, active optics enables adjustment of a mirror’s figure after fabrication and mounting, at low-to-mid spatial frequencies. In order to achieve sub-arcsecond imaging using highly nested, lightweight x-ray mirrors, the X-ray Surveyor may require a combination of static and active post-fabrication figure correction. Finally, Session 15 addressed Testing and Metrology. Papers on Testing described two new methods to produce a parallel, monochromatic x-ray beam of large size, using optical elements that collimate x rays generated by conventional sources. Such an approach would facilitate testing and calibration of large-diameter focusing x-ray telescopes—e.g., ATHENA. Papers on Metrology reported development of specific instruments for reflectometry and for deflectometry of x-ray mirrors. We thank the Conference Committee for helping to organize the technical program and for fostering broad participation, and the session chairs and presenters for a successful and stimulating conference. We also appreciate the efforts of the SPIE staff in organizing the Conference and in publishing the Proceedings. Giovanni Pareschi Stephen L. O’Dell |
