This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 9771, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction, and Conference Committee listing.

It is well known fact that holograms can be recorded either by continuous wave (CW) laser, or by single pulse coming from pulsed laser. However, multi-pulse or multiple-exposure holograms were used only in interferometry as well as for information storage. We have used Geola's single longitudinal mode pulsed RGB laser to record Denisyuk type holograms. We successfully recorded objects situated at the distance of more than 30cm, employing the multi-pulse working regime of the laser. To record Denisyuk hologram we have used 50 ns duration 440, 660nm wavelength and 35ns duration 532nm wavelength laser pulses at the repetition rate of 30Hz. As photosensitive medium we have used Slavich-Geola PFG-03C glass photoplate. Radiations with different wavelengths were mixed into "white" beam, collimated and directed onto the photoplate. For further objects illumination an additional flat silver coated mirror was used.

The versatility of Volume Holographic Optical Elements (vHOE) is high, especially because of their tunable angular and spectral Bragg selectivity. Those unique lightweight, thin and flat optical elements are enabled by the new instant developing photopolymer film Bayfol® HX technology, which allows to mass produce cost effective diffractive optics due to its simplified and robust holographic recording process. From a pure scientific point of view volume holography is well established. In practice though, commercially available optical design software is not adapted to handle the specific characteristics of photopolymer diffractive optical elements and their recording. To achieve high quality vHOE precision optics, the recording setup needs to accommodate several aspects that will be covered in this paper. We report on means how to deal with photopolymer shrinkage and average refractive index changes of the recording media. An important part in diffractive optics design is the compensation of different conditions between the holographic recording setup and in a final product containing the vHOE. Usually substrates might need to be changed (in material, in refractive index) as well the illumination sources are using incoherent light having angular and spectral emission profiles with finite bandwidth. Recently special in- and out-coupling vHOEs are becoming attractive e.g. in near eye displays and in compact lighting devices. We will report on design considerations and adjustments to the recording condition for a specific in-coupling vHOE and demonstrate the effects of pre-compensation on this example.

Recent improvements in solid state CW lasers, recording materials and light sources (such as LED lights) for displaying color holograms are described. Full-color analogue holograms can now be created with substantially better image characteristics than previously possible. To record ultra-realistic images depends on selecting the optimal recording laser wavelengths and employing ultra-fine-grain, silver-halide materials. The image quality is improved by using LED display light with improved spatial coherence. Recording museum artifacts using mobile holographic equipment is described. The most recent recorded such holograms (referred to as OptoClones™) are the Fabergé Eggs at the Fabergé Museum in St. Petersburg, Russia.

We utilize Digital Speckle Pattern Interferometry and Square Pulse Thermography Analysis, as complementary tools for cultural heritage artifacts diagnostics. The concurrent utilization of two methods provide the possibility to complement and validate the effective understanding of each individual technique results, that are not always easy to interpret. Both techniques are non-invasive and can be applied on almost any type of archaeological finds, providing relevant information about their state of conservation. The applications include the whole structure analysis, as well as the detection of detachments, micro-cracks, hidden damages. The diagnostic investigation can be carried out before, during and after a restoration. It is also possible the real time monitoring of the behavior of the object according to the environment thermo-hygrometric changes. Examples of analysis on different artworks are illustrated.

In this series of digital art holograms and lenticulars, we used the HoloCam Portable Light System with the 35 mm cameras, Canon IS3 and the Canon 700D, to capture the image information, it was then edited on the computer using Motion 5 and Final Cut Pro X programs. We are presenting several actions in the digital holographic space. The figures are in dialogue within the holographic space and the viewer, in front of the holographic plate. In holography the time of the image is the time of the viewer present. And that particular feature is what distinguishes digital holography from other media.

Here we present the development of a 3D holographic endoscope with an interferometer built around a commercial rigid endoscope. We consider recording the holograms with coherent and incoherent light separately without compromising the white light imaging capacity of the endoscope. In coherent light based recording, reference wave required for the hologram is obtained in two different ways. First, as in the classical holography, splitting the laser beam before the object illumination, and secondly creating the reference beam from the object beam itself. This second method does not require path-length matching between the object wave and the reference wave, and it allows the usage of short coherence length light sources. For incoherent light based holographic recordings various interferometric configurations are considered. Experimental results on both illumination conditions are presented.

Phase-shifting digital holography is a technique for phase measurement with high spatial resolution and applied to many fields. This technique typically requires four phase-shifted interferograms between a signal beam and a reference beam. We focused on the two-step phase shifting algorithm, which needs only two phase-shifted interferograms and an intensity distribution of the reference beam to reduce the number of required interferograms. However, in this algorithm, the intensity of the reference beam must be much greater than that of the signal beam because this algorithm uses the quadratic formula and the inside of square root must be positive. This leads to the saturation of the dynamic range of the image sensor and the degradation of accuracy. In this paper, we propose a virtual interferogram-generation algorithm (VIGA) to improve the performance of phase-shifting digital holography only using two interferograms. This algorithm virtually generates a π phase-shifted interferogram by the intensity distribution of the signal beam and that of the reference beam with an observed interferogram. Therefore, capturing two real interferograms and generating two virtual interferograms, the four-step phase shifting algorithm can be used for this method. Comparing to the conventional algorithm, the VIGA has no limitation in terms of the magnitude of the intensity. This means that the intensity of the reference beam and that of the signal beam can be equalized and the dynamic range saturation of the image sensors can be prevented. Therefore, the VIGA makes highly accurate phase measurement possible owing to the effective utilization of the dynamic range of the image sensors.

Digital holography uses phase imaging in a variety of techniques to produce a three-dimensional phase resolved image that includes accurate depth information about the object of interest. Multi-wavelength digital holography is an accurate method for measuring the topography of surfaces. Typically, the object phases are reconstructed for two wavelengths separately and the phase corresponding to the synthetic wavelength (obtained from the two wavelengths) is obtained by calculating the phase difference. Then the surface map can be obtained using proper phase-unwrapping techniques. Usually these synthetic wavelengths are on the order of microns which can be used to resolve depths on the order of microns. In this work, two extremely close wavelengths generated by an acousto-optic modulator (AOM) are used to perform two-wavelength digital holography. Since the difference between the two wavelengths is on the order of picometers, a large synthetic wavelength (on the order of centimeters) can be obtained which can be used to determine the topography of macroscopic surface features. Also since the synthetic wavelength is large, an accurate surface map can be obtained without using a phase-unwrapping technique. A 514 nm Argon-ion laser is used as the optical source, and used with an AOM to generate the zeroth-order and frequency-shifted first-order diffracted orders which are used as the two wavelengths. Both beams are aligned through the same spatial filter assembly. Holograms are captured sequentially using a typical Mach-Zehnder interferometric setup by blocking one beam at a time. Limitations of the large synthetic wavelength are also discussed.

A real-time three-dimensional surface profile metrology system was implemented by integrating Fourier Transform (FT) based algorithms to convert interference intensity fringes to wrapped frequency phase maps and then to unwrapped phase maps. The revival of this field can find its roots in recognizing the development of high-resolution high-speed CCD/CMOS over the years. Two-dimensional Continuous Wavelet Transform (2D-CWT), which possesses the ability to construct daughter wavelets of good time and frequency localization according to different fringes conditions from a characteristic mother wavelet, was implemented with an attempt to reduce redundant fitting process of ordinary Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT), also known as Windowed Fourier Transform (WFT), and therefore to accelerate the FT-related algorithms needed. Implemented with the efficient wavelet construction process by using 2D-CWT, Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometer (ESPI) was adopted to take advantage of this new process. Different from using several phase shifting steps before to solve the direction ambiguity, which takes time to capture multiple intensity maps during measurement, the phase maps needed were retrieved from a single frame interference fringes. It is to be noted that this one-image interference fringe was captured by having a pre-introduced spatial carrier frequency embedded within the experimental setup so as to remove the directional ambiguity. 2D-CWT dealing with different signal-to-noise ratios was also designed by selecting wavelet parameters properly, which is expected to achieve higher accuracy and faster processing speed. For phase unwrapping, Poisson’s equation with Neumann boundary condition was solved by using FFT. The benefit of using 2D-CWTs with different wavelets as compared to WFT was demonstrated experimentally.

A holographic storage system based on digital holography is proposed for recording and retrieving a phase data page in a compact and simple optical setup. In the proposed recording system, complex amplitude distribution can be modulated using a single phase-only spatial light modulator. The complex amplitude distribution of a retrieved phase data page is detected with the Fourier fringe analysis. The use of digital holographic techniques enables realizing a compact and simple holographic recording system, which is independent of misalignment problem in conventional holographic storage systems. The capability of the proposed recording system is numerically and experimentally evaluated.

The ability to image through a scattering or diffusive medium such as tissue or hazy atmosphere is a goal which has garnered extensive attention from the scientific community. Existing imaging methods in this field make use of phase conjugation, time of flight, iterative wave-front shaping or statistical averaging approaches, which tend to be either time consuming or complicated to implement. We introduce a novel and practical way of statistical averaging which makes use of a rotating ground glass diffuser to nullify the adverse effects caused by speckle introduced by a first static diffuser / aberrator. This is a Fourier transform-based, holographic approach which demonstrates the ability to recover detailed images and shows promise for further remarkable improvement. The present experiments were performed with 2D flat images, but this method could be easily adapted for recovery of 3D extended object information. The simplicity of the approach makes it fast, reliable, and potentially scalable as a portable technology. Since imaging through a diffuser has direct applications in biomedicine and defense technologies this method may augment advanced imaging capabilities in many fields.

We investigate digital holographic microscopy (DHM) in reflection geometry for non-destructive 3D imaging of semiconductor devices. This technique provides high resolution information of the inner structure of a sample while maintaining its integrity. To illustrate the performance of the DHM, we use our setup to localize the precise spots for laser fault injection, in the security related field of side-channel attacks. While digital holographic microscopy techniques easily offer high resolution phase images of surface structures in reflection geometry, they are typically incapable to provide high quality phase images of buried structures due to the interference of reflected waves from different interfaces inside the structure. Our setup includes a sCMOS camera for image capture, arranged in a common-path interferometer to provide very high phase stability. As a proof of principle, we show sample images of the inner structure of a modern microcontroller. Finally, we compare our holographic method to classic optical beam induced current (OBIC) imaging to demonstrate its benefits.

An automatic technique for processing holograms of particles present in water is proposed. Its applications to determine particle concentration and their size distribution are illustrated with examples. The method is validated using waterborne air bubbles and particles settling in water. The use of video based on holographic data is considered for dynamic investigation of these particles. This video consists of sequences of holographic images of particles and the concentration and particle size distribution is studied in dynamics.

Development of display and its related technologies provides immersive visual experience with head-mounted-display (HMD). However, most available HMDs provide 3D perception only by stereopsis, lack of accommodation depth cues. Recently, holographic HMD (HHMD) arises as one viable option to resolve this problem because hologram is known to provide full set of depth cues including accommodation. Moreover, by virtue of increasing computational power, hologram synthesis from 3D object represented by point cloud can be calculated in real time even with rigorous Rayleigh-Sommerfeld diffraction formula. However, in HMD, rapid gaze change of the user requires much faster refresh rate, which means that much faster hologram synthesis is indispensable in HHMD. Because the visual acuity falls off in the visual periphery, we propose here to accelerate synthesizing hologram by differentiating density of point cloud projected on the screen. We classify the screen into multiple layers which are concentric circles with different radii, where the center is aligned with gaze of user. Layer with smaller radius is closer to the region of interest, hence, assigned with higher density of point cloud. Because the computation time is directly related to the number of points in point cloud, we can accelerate synthesizing hologram by lowering density of point cloud in the visual periphery. Cognitive study reveals that user cannot discriminate those degradation in the visual periphery if the parameters are properly designed. Prototype HHMD system will be provided for verifying the feasibility of our method, and detailed design scheme will be discussed.

Waveguide holography refers to the use of holographic techniques for the control of guided-wave light in integrated optical devices (e.g., off-plane grating couplers and in-plane distributed Bragg gratings for guided-wave optical filtering). Off-plane computer-generated waveguide holography (CGWH) has also been employed in the generation of simple field distributions for image display. We have previously depicted the design and fabrication of a binary-phase CGWH operating in the Raman-Nath regime for the purposes of near-to-eye 3-D display and as a precursor to a dynamic, transparent flat-panel guided-wave holographic video display. In this paper, we describe design algorithms and fabrication techniques for multilevel phase CGWHs for near-to-eye 3-D display.

The present study evaluates the filling factor characteristics of masking phase-only hologram on its corresponding reconstructed image. A square aperture with different filling factor is added on the phase-only hologram of the target image, and average cross-section intensity profile of the reconstructed image is obtained and deconvolved with that of the target image to calculate the point spread function (PSF) of the image. Meanwhile, Lena image is used as the target image and evaluated by metrics RMSE and SSIM to assess the quality of reconstructed image. The results show that the PSF of the image agrees with the PSF of the Fourier transform of the mask, and as the filling factor of the mask decreases, the width of PSF increases and the quality of reconstructed image drops. These characteristics could be used in practical situations where phase-only hologram is confined or need to be sliced or tiled.

Image quality of the computer-generated holograms are usually evaluated subjectively. For example, the re- constructed image from the hologram is compared with other holograms, or evaluated by the double-stimulus impairment scale method to compare with the original image. This paper proposes an objective image quality evaluation of a computer-generated hologram by evaluating both diffraction efficiency and peak signal-to-noise ratio. Theory and numerical experimental results are shown on Fourier transform transmission hologram of both amplitude and phase modulation. Results without the optimized random phase show that the amplitude transmission hologram gives better peak signal-to noise ratio, but the phase transmission hologram provides about 10 times higher diffraction efficiency to the amplitude type. As an optimized phase hologram, Kinoform is evaluated. In addition, we investigate to control image quality by non-linear operation.

We propose a fast calculation method to synthesize a computer-generated hologram (CGH) of realistic deep three-dimensional (3D) scene. In our previous study, we have proposed a calculation method of CGH for reproducing such scene called ray-sampling-plane (RSP) method, in which light-ray information of a scene is converted to wavefront, and the wavefront is numerically propagated based on diffraction theory. In this paper, we introduce orthographic projection to the RSP method for accelerating calculation time. By numerical experiments, we verified the accelerated calculation with the ratio of 28-times compared to the conventional RSP method. The calculated CGH was fabricated by the printing system using laser lithography and demonstrated deep 3D image reconstruction in 52mm×52mm with realistic appearance effect such as gloss and translucent effect.

A theoretical study with sinusoidal amplitude diffraction gratings, elaborated with variable periods is shown. The diffraction pattern behavior and the symmetry degree of the gratings were observed. The grating period is increased, fringe to fringe, starting with a small period and ending with a big period that is; the grating edge, start with high spatial frequency and finish with low spatial frequency. This gratings modulation causes a widening in the diffracted orders.

Study of diffraction gratings through holographic cells, which correspond to micro circular zones, encoded with amplitude sinusoidal gratings. The random distribution of cells on the surface of hologram and its orientation of gratings per cell, produce in the diffracted orders a random distribution. We made a study of the behavior of the random modulation of diffracted orders, as a function of the orientation of code grating per cell.

Photo-physicochemical processes involved in the images recording are described. A holographic grating in recording process generates photo-crosslinking through electron transfer, by the active and not active radical mobility ions in the system [PVA + FeCl₃ + H₂O + hv]. The electric charges reorientation by the polarity between atoms and molecules establish intramolecular crosslinks. This process is essential due to the photochemical reaction for reducing Fe³⁺ to Fe²⁺ ion. The optimal holographic film shows diffraction efficiency the order of 26%.

Liquid crystal light valve with GaAs substrate operating in the transmission mode in the infrared is studied. The nonlinear phase shift of the transmitted light wave is measured as a function of applied voltage. The dynamic grating recording is achieved. A fourfold amplification of the weak signal beam is reached. The gain is increased by means of proper tilting of the cell that increases an effective pretilt of the liquid crystal molecules. The amplitude of the refractive index modulation and nonlinear coupling constant are estimated from the experimental results.

Experimental technique is described for holographic record in two different hexoses, with a new photosensitizer, the ferric ammonium citrate, and compared to the hexoses-dichromated films. The ferric ammonium citrate is an optimal salt for photosensitization of hexoses because we obtained a diffraction efficiency to first order acceptable for saccharides materials (two and three percent), has ability for to storage information, holographic images are quite stable over time, it is hydrophobic and is cheap. The experiments showed that the films called hexose 1-citrate and hexose 1-dichromate, present the maximum diffraction efficiency at first diffraction order.

It is well known that cellophane film has good behavior as half wave retarder for wide spectrum, so, in this work, we present imaging polarimetry method to measure the phase change introduced by a cellophane film at several wavelengths in the visible range. The method is achieved when we introduce the cellophane film in a simple optical arrangement composed by linear polarizers. The phase change of the film is obtained as function of the light intensities at the output of the system.

Optical activity of some substances, such as chiral molecules, often exhibits circular birefringence. Circular birefringence causes rotation of the vibration plane of the plane polarized light as it passes through the substance. In this work we present optical characterization of honey as function of the optical activity when it is placed in a polariscope that consists of a light source and properly arranged polarizing elements.

We propose an optical design of cipher block chaining (CBC) encryption by using digital holographic technique, which has higher security than the conventional electronic method because of the analog-type randomized cipher text with 2-D array. In this paper, an optical design of CBC encryption mode is implemented by 2-step quadrature phase-shifting digital holographic encryption technique using orthogonal polarization. A block of plain text is encrypted with the encryption key by applying 2-step phase-shifting digital holography, and it is changed into cipher text blocks which are digital holograms. These ciphered digital holograms with the encrypted information are Fourier transform holograms and are recorded on CCDs with 256 gray levels quantized intensities. The decryption is computed by these encrypted digital holograms of cipher texts, the same encryption key and the previous cipher text. Results of computer simulations are presented to verify that the proposed method shows the feasibility in the high secure CBC encryption system.

The variation of diffraction efficiency as function of temperature of holographic gratings into polyvinyl acetate (adhesive) is presented, this material exhibits excellent properties such as transparency, consistency and easy to handle. The diffraction holographic grating master is copied into polyvinyl acetate film by direct contact and subsequent exposed at different temperature. The measurements of the diffraction efficiency have been determined by the ratio of the power of the diffracted light beam to the incident power of the beam.

The analysis of fingerprints is important for biometric identification. Two-wavelength digital holographic interferometry is used to study the topography of various types of fingerprints. This topography depends on several conditions such as the temperature, time of the day, and the proportions of eccrine and sebaceous sweat. With two-wavelength holographic interferometry, surface information can be measured with a better accuracy compared to single-wavelength phase-retrieving techniques. Latent fingerprints on transparent glass, a forensically relevant substrate are first developed by the deposition of 50–1000-nm-thick columnar thin films, and then analyzed using the transmission-mode two-wavelength digital holographic technique. In this technique, a tunable Argon-ion laser (457.9 nm to 514.5 nm) is used and holograms are recorded on a CCD camera sequentially for several sets of two wavelengths. Then the phase is reconstructed for each wavelength, and the phase difference which corresponds to the synthetic wavelength (4 μm to 48 μm) is calculated. Finally, the topography is obtained by applying proper phase-unwrapping techniques to the phase difference. Interferometric setups that utilize light reflected from the surface of interest have several disadvantages such as the effect of multiple reflections as well as the effects of the tilt of the object and its shadow (for the Mach-Zehnder configuration). To overcome these drawbacks, digital holograms of fingerprints in a transmission geometry are used. An approximately in-line geometry employing a slightly tilted reference beam to facilitate separation of various diffraction orders during holographic reconstruction is employed.