Second generation anthropomorphic physical phantom for mammography and DBT: Incorporating voxelized 3D printing and inkjet printing of iodinated lesion inserts

Dhiraj Sikaria; Stephanie Musinsky; Gregory M. Sturgeon; Justin Solomon; Andrew Diao; Michael E. Gehm; Ehsan Samei; Stephen J. Glick; Joseph Y. Lo

doi:10.1117/12.2217667

22 March 2016 Second generation anthropomorphic physical phantom for mammography and DBT: Incorporating voxelized 3D printing and inkjet printing of iodinated lesion inserts

Dhiraj Sikaria, Stephanie Musinsky, Gregory M. Sturgeon, Justin Solomon, Andrew Diao, Michael E. Gehm, Ehsan Samei, Stephen J. Glick, Joseph Y. Lo

Author Affiliations +

Proceedings Volume 9783, Medical Imaging 2016: Physics of Medical Imaging; 978360 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2217667
Event: SPIE Medical Imaging, 2016, San Diego, California, United States

Abstract

Physical phantoms are needed for the evaluation and optimization of new digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) systems. Previously, we developed an anthropomorphic phantom based on human subject breast CT data and fabricated using commercial 3D printing. We now present three key advancements: voxelized 3D printing, photopolymer material doping, and 2D inkjet printing of lesion inserts. First, we bypassed the printer’s control software in order to print in voxelized form instead of conventional STL surfaces, thus improving resolution and allowing dithering to mix the two photopolymer materials into arbitrary proportions. We demonstrated ability to print details as small as 150μm, and dithering to combine VeroWhitePlus and TangoPlus in 10% increments. Second, to address the limited attenuation difference among commercial photopolymers, we evaluated a beta sample from Stratasys with increased TiO₂ doping concentration up to 2.5%, which corresponded to 98% breast density. By spanning 36% to 98% breast density, this doubles our previous contrast. Third, using inkjet printers modified to print with iopamidol, we created 2D lesion patterns on paper that can be sandwiched into the phantom. Inkjet printing has advantages of being inexpensive and easy, and more contrast can be delivered through overprinting. Printing resolution was maintained at 210 μm horizontally and 330 μm vertically even after 10 overprints. Contrast increased linearly with overprinting at 0.7% per overprint. Together, these three new features provide the basis for creating a new anthropomorphic physical breast phantom with improved resolution and contrast, as well as the ability to insert 2D lesions for task-based assessment of performance.

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Dhiraj Sikaria, Stephanie Musinsky, Gregory M. Sturgeon, Justin Solomon, Andrew Diao, Michael E. Gehm, Ehsan Samei, Stephen J. Glick, and Joseph Y. Lo "Second generation anthropomorphic physical phantom for mammography and DBT: Incorporating voxelized 3D printing and inkjet printing of iodinated lesion inserts", Proc. SPIE 9783, Medical Imaging 2016: Physics of Medical Imaging, 978360 (22 March 2016); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2217667

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