Fiber reinforced composites have been utilized for a number of different applications, including aircraft, wind turbine, automobile, construction, manufacturing, and many other industries. During the fabrication, machining (waterjet, diamond and band saws) and assembly of these laminate composites, various edge and hole delamination, fiber pullout and other micro and nanocracks can be formed on the composite panels. The present study mainly focuses on the edge grinding and sealing of the machine damaged fiber reinforced composites, such as fiberglass, plain weave carbon fiber and unidirectional carbon fiber. The MTS tensile test results confirmed that the composite coupons from the grinding process usually produced better and consistent mechanical properties compared to the waterjet cut samples only. In addition to these studies, different types of high strength adhesives, such as EPON 828 and Loctite were applied on the edges of the prepared composite coupons and cured under vacuum. The mechanical tests conducted on these coupons indicated that the overall mechanical properties of the composite coupons were further improved. These processes can lower the labor costs on the edge treatment of the composites and useful for different industrial applications of fiber reinforced composites.
Water splitting using photocatalyst has become a topic of recent investigation since it has the potential of producing hydrogen for clean energy from sunlight. An extensive number of solid photocatalysts have been studied for overall water splitting in recent years. In this study, two methods were employed to synthesize two different photocatalysts for water splitting. The first method describes the synthesis of nickel oxide-loaded strontium titanate (NiO-SrTiO3) particles on electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers incorporated with graphene nanoplatelets for water splitting. The electrospun PAN fibers were first oxidized at 270°C for two hours and subsequently immersed in a solution containing ethanol, titanium (IV)-isopropoxide [C12H28O4Ti] and strontium nitrate [Sr(NO3)2]. This solution was then treated with NiO nanoparticles dispersed in toluene. The surface treated PAN fibers were annealed at 600°C in air for 1 hour to transform fibers into a crystalline form for improved photocatalyst performance. In the second method, coaxial electrospinning process was used to produce core/shell strontium titanate/nickel oxide (SrTiO3-NiO) nanofibers. In coaxial method, poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) was dissolved in deionized (DI) water, and then titanium (IV) isopropoxide [C12H28O4Ti] and strontium nitrate [Sr(NO3)2] were added into the solution to form the inner (core) layer. For outer (shell) solution, polyacrylonitrile (PAN) polymer was dissolved in dimethylformamide (DMF) at a weight ratio of 10:90 and then nickel oxide was mixed with the solution. Ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry and static contact angle measurement techniques were employed to characterize the structural properties of photocatalysts produced by both methods and a comparison was made between the two photocatalysts. The morphology and diameter of the nanofibers were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The structure and crystallinity of the calcined nanofibers were also observed by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD).
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) was dissolved in dimethylformamide (DMF), and then electrospun to generate
nanofibers using various electrospinning conditions, such as pump speeds, DC voltages and tip-to-collector
distances. The produced nanofibers were oxidized at 270 °C for 1 hr, and then carbonized at 850 °C in an argon gas
for additional 1 hr. The resultant carbonized PAN nanofibers were placed on top of the pre-preg carbon fiber
composites as top layers prior to the vacuum oven curing following the pre-preg composite curing procedures. The
major purpose of this study is to determine if the carbonized nanofibers on the fiber reinforced composites can
detect the structural defects on the composite, which may be useful for the structural health monitoring (SHM) of the
composites. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the electrospun PAN fibers were well integrated on
the pre-preg composites. Electrical conductivity studies under various tensile loads revealed that nanoscale carbon
fibers on the fiber reinforced composites detected small changes of loads by changing the resistance values.
Electrically conductive composite manufacturing can have huge benefits over the conventional composites primarily
used for the military and civilian aircraft and wind turbine blades.
KEYWORDS: Nanofibers, Graphene, Heat treatments, Dye sensitized solar cells, Solar energy, Scanning electron microscopy, Solar cells, Transmission electron microscopy, Visible radiation, Titanium dioxide
Solar energy has been used in many different ways, including solar water heater, solar cooking, space
heating, and electricity generation. The major drawbacks of the solar energy conversion systems are the lower
conversion efficiency and higher manufacturing and replacement costs. In order to eliminate these obstacles, many
studies were focused on the energy and cost efficiencies of the solar cells (particularly dye sensitized solar cells –
DSSC and thin film solar cells). In the present study, TiO2 nanofibers incorporated with graphene nanoflakes (0, 2,
4, and 8wt.%) were produced using electrospinning process. The chemical utilized for the electrospinning process
included poly (vinyle acetate), dimetylfomamide (DMF), titanium (IV) isopropoxide and acetic acid in the presence
and absence of graphene nanoflakes. The resultant nanofibers were heat treated at 300 °C for 2 hrs in a standard
oven to remove all the organic parts of the nanofibers, and then further heated up to 500 °C in an argon atmosphere
for additional 12 hrs to crystalline the nanofibers. SEM, TEM and XRD studies showed that graphene and TiO2
nanofibers are well integrated in the nanofiber structures. This study may guide some of the scientists and engineers
to tailor the energy bang gap structures of some of the semiconductor materials for different industrial applications,
including DSSC, water splitting, catalyst, batteries, and fuel cell.
The inexpensive sources of fossil fuels in the world are limited, and will deplete soon because of the huge
demand on the energy and growing economies worldwide. Thus, many research activities have been focused on the
non-fossil fuel based energy sources, and this will continue next few decades. Water splitting using photocatalysts is
one of the major alternative energy technologies to produce hydrogen directly from water using photon energy of the
sun. Numerous solid photocatalysts have been used by researchers for water splitting. In the present study, nickel
oxide and strontium titanata were chosen as photocatalysts for water splitting. Poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) was
incorporated with nickel oxide [Ni2O3] (co-catalyst), while poly (vinyl acetate) (PVAc) was mixed with titanium
(IV) isopropoxide [C12H28O4Ti] and strontium nitrate [Sr(NO3)2]. Then, two solutions were electrospun using
coaxial electrospinning technique to generate nanoscale fibers incorporated with NiOx nanoparticles. The fibers
were then heat treated at elevated temperatures for 2hr in order to transform the strontium titanata and nickel oxide
into crystalline form for a better photocatalytic efficiency. The morphology of fibers was characterized via scanning
electron microscopy (SEM), while the surface hydrophobicity was determined using water contact angle
goniometer. The UV-vis spectrophotometer was also used to determine the band gap energy values of the
nanofibers. This study may open up new possibilities to convert water into fuel directly using the novel
photocatalysts.
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