Prof. Adam Kepecs Profile

Prof. Adam Kepecs

at Cold Spring Harbor Lab

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Proceedings Article | 19 April 2017 Presentation

Reconfigurable visible nanophotonic switch for optogenetic applications (Conference Presentation)

Aseema Mohanty, Qian Li, Mohammad Amin Tadayon, Gaurang Bhatt, Jaime Cardenas, Steven Miller, Adam Kepecs, Michal Lipson

Proceedings Volume 10052, 100520D (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2251663

KEYWORDS: Silicon photonics, Switches, Optogenetics, Integrated optics, Nanophotonics, Brain, Optical circuits, Switching, Optical resolution, Floods

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High spatiotemporal resolution deep-brain optical excitation for optogenetics would enable activation of specific neural populations and in-depth study of neural circuits. Conventionally, a single fiber is used to flood light into a large area of the brain with limited resolution. The scalability of silicon photonics could enable neural excitation over large areas with single-cell resolution similar to electrical probes. However, active control of these optical circuits has yet to be demonstrated for optogenetics. Here we demonstrate the first active integrated optical switch for neural excitation at 473 nm, enabling control of multiple beams for deep-brain neural stimulation. Using a silicon nitride waveguide platform, we develop a cascaded Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) network located outside the brain to direct light to 8 different grating emitters located at the tip of the neural probe. We use integrated platinum microheaters to induce a local thermo-optic phase shift in the MZI to control the switch output. We measure an ON/OFF extinction ratio of >8dB for a single switch and a switching speed of 20 microseconds. We characterize the optical output of the switch by imaging its excitation of fluorescent dye. Finally, we demonstrate in vivo single-neuron optical activation from different grating emitters using a fully packaged device inserted into a mouse brain. Directly activated neurons showed robust spike firing activities with low first-spike latency and small jitter. Active switching on a nanophotonic platform is necessary for eventually controlling highly-multiplexed reconfigurable optical circuits, enabling high-resolution optical stimulation in deep-brain regions.

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