The Research, Innovation and Digitalisation Programme for Economic Transformation in Bulgaria is one of the tools to respond to the country’s strategic needs and priorities for the implementation of a common research and innovation development policy in favour of the country’s accelerated economic development. It also responds to the need to speed up the processes of public sector digitalisation and to build an enabling digital environment that ensures high-quality and secure exchange of information between different spheres of life and enhance the effects of their interaction1 . Developing a useful hybrid spectral analysis model to track climate change is the aim of this research. The subject of research is the dynamics tracked by the hybrid model for spectral analysis of unregulated landfills. For this purpose, a database of several identical climatic seasons (10 years) was created and processed to verify and validate the research based on satellite and in situ data. The study covers an example from NUTS2, the North East (BG33) planning region (under the Regional Development and Improvement Act). The generated data is of high value according to the European Commission. They are for a period of at least five years. The study of the unregulated landfills is of national importance and the selected events from the territory of Bulgaria have been studied and monitored through a complex approach based on satellite data and ground-based innovative spectrometric equipment through a mobile spectrometer and a thermal camera. Indices such as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Differential Greenness Index (NDGI) and Tasseled cap transformation (TCT) are also applied. Data from Orthophoto, Landsat-9 OLI-2/TIRS-2, Sentinel 2MSI and Sentinel-3 SLTRS satellites were used. Data from Corine Land Cover 2018 Copernicus and Open data were also used in the study. Through this research, the data being generated for unregulated landfills can be supplemented and will be used to create of register and their use by various stakeholders.
Surface and ground air temperatures are one of the variables that best distinguish and characterize the specific climate in urbanized areas. Over the years, studies have shown that urbanized areas have experienced consistently higher temperatures, which is defined as the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect. The same effect can be observed in non-urbanized areas, such as places with industry, landfills for domestic waste and illegal dumps. This effect was also studied over the waste dump in Bratovo - West, Dolno Ezerovo residential district, Burgas region, South East planning region. The study covers example from the planning region defined in the Law on Regional Development of the Republic of Bulgaria under Art. 11, which will support the Integrated Territorial Development Strategy of NUTS 2 planning area as BG34 Sout-Еast region. These are areas that have extremely high economic and ecological importance for monitoring the normal course of natural processes, disasters and consequences of sudden changes in the area of the entire Black Sea coast, which is heavily populated in summer. Various indicators and indices from the optical and microwave range, such as Tasseled cap transformation (TCT), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Differential Greenness Index (NDGI), Land Surface Temperature (LST), etc., have been used for different areas of interest. Spectral reflectance characteristics of natural and anthropogenic objects have been used to classify temperature. Different methods and models for processing LST data from the Landsat and Copernicus programs were used for the study.
The study of unregulated and regulated (legal and illegal) landfills on the basis satellite and field data allows complex monitoring and analysis of waste sites. This approach combines high-resolution satellite imagery to identify and map landfills with detailed field observations to verify data and assess their condition. This provides up-to-date information on the location, volume and potential impact of landfills on the environment, which is critical for effective waste management and nature conservation. The study covers examples of different NUTS 2 planning areas (under the Regional Development and Improvement Act) such as South East (BG 41) and South Central (BG 42). The data generated is for a period of at least five years. Regulated landfills are of national importance and selected events from the territory of Bulgaria have been investigated and monitored through a complex approach based on satellite data, Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) and ground-based spectrometric equipment, a thermal camera and an Automatic recording weather station (AWG).The optical monitoring indices used are Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI),Tasseled cap transformation (TCT) and Normalized Differential Greenness Index (NDGI). The satellite data used are Sentinel 2MSI, Landsat 9 (OLI/TIRS), Sentinel 3 SLTRS and Sentinel 1SAR. The study of landfills based on complex methods of remote sensing and validation of the results through ground data brings significant benefits to the administration, society and NGOs. It facilitates the identification and monitoring of illegal landfills and dumps, supports the planning of cleanup measures and pollution prevention. This improves waste management, protects the environment and ensures a healthier life for people, while reducing costs for society and administration in the long term.
The study of unregulated and regulated (legal and illegal) landfills on the basis satellite and field data allows complex monitoring and analysis of waste sites. This approach combines high-resolution satellite imagery to identify and map landfills with detailed field observations to verify data and assess their condition. This provides up-to-date information on the location, volume and potential impact of landfills on the environment, which is critical for effective waste management and nature conservation. The study covers examples of different NUTS 2 planning areas (under the Regional Development and Improvement Act) such as South East (BG 41) and South Central (BG 42). The data generated is for a period of at least five years. Regulated landfills are of national importance and selected events from the territory of Bulgaria have been investigated and monitored through a complex approach based on satellite data, Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) and ground-based spectrometric equipment, a thermal camera and an Automatic recording weather station (AWG).The optical monitoring indices used are Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Tasseled Cap Transformation (TCT) and Normalized Differential Greenness Index (NDGI). The satellite data used are Sentinel-2MSI, Landsat 9 (OLI/TIRS), Sentinel 3 SLTRS and Sentinel -1 SAR. The study of landfills based on complex methods of remote sensing and validation of the results through ground data brings significant benefits to the administration, society and NGOs. It facilitates the identification and monitoring of illegal landfills and dumps, supports the planning of cleanup measures and pollution prevention. This improves waste management, protects the environment and ensures a healthier life for people, while reducing costs for society and administration in the long term.
Surface and ground air temperatures are one of the variables that best distinguish and characterize the specific climate in urbanized spaces. Over the years, research has shown that urbanized spaces have experienced persistently higher temperatures, which is defined as the urban heat island effect (Urban Heat Island-UHI). Wind turbines and solar panels are two of the main types of renewable energy sources used in Bulgaria. The presence of too many different facilities related to renewable energy sources often has an impact, but sometimes this impact can be negative for specific territories even if they are not highly urbanized, such as the selected territory in Western Pontic steppes, North-Еast Planning Region (BG33). The study covers examples from the planning region defined in the Law on Regional Development of the Republic of Bulgaria under Art. 11, which will support the Integrated Territorial Strategy for the Development of NUTS 2 planning district. These are territories whose selection is determined by the fact that they have extremely high economic and ecological importance for monitoring the normal course of natural processes, disasters and consequences of sudden changes. The aim of the research is to create a methodology for monitoring through a complex approach, to be used by experts and non-experts, in order to make decisions for the management of the territories occupied with renewable energy sources. Different indicators and indices from the optical range, such as Normalized Differential Greenness Index (NDGI), Tasseled Cap Transformation (TCT), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Land Surface Temperature (LST), were used for the different groups of objects. The spectral reflectance characteristics of natural and anthropogenic objects have been used to classify temperatures. Open data, data from the National Spatial Data Portal (Inspire). Orthophoto and aircraft images from 100 years ago were used for the needs of the methodology.
Monitoring through satellite data, in situ (including spectrometer data, GPS, thermal camera) , open data, data from various devices and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) in the selected anthropogenic sites is of extremely high ecological importance for tracking natural processes, the consequences of climate changes and the creation of a useful model for the analysis of spectral characteristics based on machine learning. The timeliness of the data and the spatial extent of the observed objects allow satellite information to be reliable in monitoring and making predictions about the risk and potential risk of natural disasters, rise of average air temperatures and anthropogenic pollution. The sites were pre-marked based on open data from Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and administration. Data from the Multispectral Instrument (MSI) of the Sentinel 2 platform and SAR of the European Space Agency's Copernicus program, spectrometer (380 nm to 780 nm) and drone data were used. Landsat sensors and data from Sentinel 3 (EUMETSAT) were used to calculate the surface temperature of renewable energy sites such as photovoltaic parks. Data from different years were used in order to track the studied territories according to NUTS2. The result is the development of a useful hybrid model for spectral analysis and tracking of spatial dynamics and surface changes of objects of interest based on satellite and field surveys. Data from the ground mobile and autonomous weather station AWG 1, powered by an environmentally friendly magnesium-air battery was improved specifically for the project. Another important task is the creation of an energy atlas for the benefit of the Earth's Digital Twins. The data is part of an open data catalog of the NGO Eco Global Monitoring TA2.
Alepu marsh is a protected area in the category of natural landmarks, part of the Ropotamo Ramsar site and sand dunes Alepu. It is situated on the Bulgarian Black Sea coast, within Burgas Province, south of the resort town of Sozopol. It is also situated within the territory of the protected area of the European ecological network Natura 2000 under the Birds directive – Ropotamo Compex. Alepu marsh is covered with reeds and other swamp vegetation. The area is habitat for many rare animals and plant species. The main problem of this area is the overgrowing with reeds and the gradual swamping that leads to reduction of the open water areas in the protected area. This leads to the loss of valuable habitats, and respectively their inhabiting animal and plant species. In the study paper assessment of the dynamics of the marsh for a period of eight years (2013 – 2020) was done. Data from Landsat 8 and Sentinel 2 were used. Classification of NDVI was made for this study period. Sentinel 2 data were also used to apply an orthogonal transformation model that classifies and analyzes the processes associated with the dynamics of change affecting the main components of the earth's surface: soil, water and vegetation. The NDGI model was also used, which evaluates the dynamics of the vegetation in the marsh. The results obtained show a monitoring of the wetland for a sufficiently long period of time, which gives an idea of its condition and the need to take the necessary conservation measures for its protection.
The main purpose of this research is interoperability of data from different sources and creation of innovative models with high value data such as satellite information and Earth data and solutions for public administrations, business and citizens. Building base data to inform and train stakeholders and promote the adoption of good practices and innovations in environmental monitoring is also a leading goal. An assessment was made of several surface water bodies that have acquired personal types of permits for use and construction. The methodology contains a model of Open data processing steps, which are published in the Open Data Portal of the State Agency "E-Government" in Bulgaria, satellite data from Sentunel-1 and Sentune-2 and terrestrial data from many different monitoring devices. Different formats are integrated, and for this aim there must be transdisciplinary knowledge and a complex approach. Composite images of optical and SAR data, TCT and terrestrial data from Еnvironmental assessments and data from Basin Directorates in Bulgaria are combined. The model is further verified by the spectral characteristics of the objects, transformed images into dD (decibels) and statistical data. The interoperability of the data in this model will be a tool for restoring cooperation, coordination and communication between central and local administration, supply of services from the public sector, academia, business, NGOs and IT companies, development of solutions or information processing, in case of geospatial information and Environmental monitoring.
Fires, floods, water pollution and landfills are among some of the core environmental problems today. In the present work we consider the processes related to temperature pollution from landfills for municipal waste storage. Landfills where a temperature anomaly occurred as a result of a fire are also considered. Optical images from the multispectral instrument (MSI) of the Sentinel 2 platform and radar (SAR) data from the Sentinel 1 platform of the Copernicus program of the European Space Agency were used. The heat channel of the Landsat 5 - 7 (ETM) and Landsat 8 (OLI / TIRS) sensors was used to calculate the surface temperature from the landfill. By using orthogonation of satellite images, the dynamics of the individual components of the earth's surface - vegetation, soil and moisture - was traced. A combination of optical and radar imaging has been used to showcase the potential of this method by which landfills can be identified. Disturbance index was used as a quantitative indicator of the studied areas. Satellite data from different seasons and years have been selected to monitor the dynamics of thermal pollution from the landfills.
Sea ice plays a major role in our planet’s climate. It’ acts as a reflector of solar energy, mainly in spring and summer. Sea ice covered with fresh snow can reflect 75-90% of solar energy, the open sea reflects just 5-15%. Sea ice acts as an insulator in autumn and winter. This insulating effect limits the amount of both heat and moisture the ocean loses to the atmosphere. The declining sea ice disrupts the climate, societies and fauna of Polar areas, but encourages the econcmic and industrial development. The relevance of this study is related to current trends in the use of remote sensing in solving problems of a different nature in environmental monitoring. The sea ice was analyzed and mapped according to the European Space Agency data (ESA), acquired by sensors of Sentinel-1 SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar), Sentinel- 2MSI (Multi Spectral Instrument), Sentinel- 3 and GIS. The subject of the study is to demonstrate the dynamics, during the summer season from 2015 to 2019, around the coastline of Livingston Island, New Shetland Islands in Antarctica and Longyearbyen in the Arctic. Changes in environmental objects are indicated by radar images through different processing approaches. The results clearly show that sea ice melting can be best recorded by using SAR data through the C-band. The results obtained are data in the form of thematic maps showing the spatial reflectance of sea ice and its dynamics over time.
One of the main issues that concerns mankind today is the problem of domestic waste and how it affects climate change, air pollution and the environment. In the present work the heat pollution from the waste disposal site is tracked at various time points. The waste disposal site near Vidin was selected for the purpose of the research. Optical satellite data from the Sentinel 2 multi-spectral instrument (MSI) and synthetic – aperture radar (SAR) data from the Sentinel 1 platform of the Copernicus program of the European Space Agency were used. The Landsat 5 -7 (ETM) and Landsat 8 (OLI / TIRS) sensors were used to calculate the surface thermal pollution of the waste disposal sites. Orthogonalization of satellite imagery was made to trace the dynamics of the main components of the Earth's surface - vegetation, moisture and soil. On this basis, a correlation is made to trace the link between the different components of the Earth's surface at different time points. Climate data on average air temperature, evapotranspiration, radiation and rainfall was used and a comparative analysis of surface temperature from landfill and climatic data was made.
The temperature of Earth's surface is one of the most frequently used parameters when researching chemical and physical processes and phenomena. This paper analyses temperature changes in some waste disposal sites (WDS) on the territory of Bulgaria and they are different according to their spatial distribution. The results for different points in time are obtained using remote sensing methods and GIS. Spectral reflectance characteristics of the WDS are used for the evaluation of these changes (collected through the satellite data by multispectral instrument (MSI) of the platform Sentinel 2 of the Copernicus program). The data evaluated is for average air temperature, evapotranspiration, radiation and rainfall. The heat thermal band of the sensors Landsat 5 – 7 (ЕТМ) and Landsat 8 (OLI/TIRS) is used for the measurement of land surface temperature, especially the heat transfer from the WDS, as this band has a high spatial resolution and is suitable for the observation of the dynamics in the processes on surface of the Earth. The satellite images selected for this purpose are from different seasons in different years. A comparative analysis between the surface temperature of the WDS and the climate data used has been carried out. In order to trace the dynamics of the main components of the surface (vegetation, soil, moisture) the satellite images have been orthogonalised.
Nowadays, the ecosystem service framework can be accepted for designing and completion of different management strategies to preserve and restore ecosystems. The present study will contribute to increase the stakeholders’ interest to wetlands condition and possibilities for better management aiming at improving the ecosystems services they provide. For the research of the wetland in the area of quarry lakes in Negovan village interim ecological monitoring (IEM) using remote sensing data after restoration measures have been implemented. The aim of IEM is to obtain results for the wetland actual condition and restoration process efficiency for ecosystems services assessment. Based on the generated data an interim ecological monitoring methodology (MIEM) implying different remote sensing data (different temporal intervals, spectral and spatial resolution) has been designed. The model functions entirely within Geographical Information System (GIS). It generates data for the actual environmental condition of the wetland in different temporal intervals. The obtained results for the wetland actual condition have been used for defining the values of Disturbance Index (DI), which in turn is defined based on orthogonalization of multispectral satellite data from Sentinel 2 - Multi Spectral Instrument (MSI) and Landsat for different temporal intervals. DI rates are determined through Wetness component and Greenness component. Ecosystem services are assigned based on the correlation between vegetation and water surface area that is connected to water balance/budget. The space distribution of vegetation is specified on the base of Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Differential Greenness Index (NDGI) for different temporal intervals of the research. This paper presents results for evaluation the potential for delivery of ecosystem services taking into consideration the environmental and ecological processes behind the services that have been assessed at a relevant scale generated.
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