Gold and silver nanoparticles attract broad scientific interest for their applications in chemical and biological sensing and imaging and for their potential in biomedical therapeutics. Pulse laser ablation in liquids has been extensively used as a clean alternative to chemical methods for the production of metal nanoparticles. Hence, the major aim of related research is to produce highly stable colloidal nanoparticles with finer nanoparticles and a narrower size distribution. The purpose is to compare the ability of various liquid media (ethanol, distilled water, and acetone) to reproduce the spectra and size distribution of gold and silver nanoparticles formed using the laser ablation technique. The analysis is conducted through the ultraviolet–visible–near infrared absorbance spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy images. Gold and silver nanoparticles that are synthesized in acetone display high spectral stability compared with that of the nanoparticles synthesized in distilled water and ethanol; this difference is mainly due to the ability of acetone to synthesize particles with a much smaller size and narrower particle size distribution.
Cerium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG : Ce3 + ) powder phosphor have been extensively studied as phosphors for blue to white light conversion. Y(3 − x)Al5O12 : x Ce3 + (x = 2.0 at. %) were successfully synthesized by microwave-assisted combustion (MW) using the organic fuel urea. A direct conversion from the amorphous phase to the cubic one was obtained at 1050°C for 5 h, together with an increase in the particle size into the range of 50 to 60 nm and decrease in the specific surface area. The as-prepared precursors and powder sintered at 1050°C were characterized for their structure, particle size, morphology, electroluminescence properties, and chromaticity by x-ray diffraction, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission-scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, electroluminescence, and standard CIE 1931 chromaticity analysis (CIE) chromaticity diagram, respectively. The results show that the obtained sintered YAG : Ce3 + phosphor powder has spherical-shaped particles and strong yellow emission compared to as-prepared phosphor powder. White light emitting diodes with proper color rendering index, and tunable correlated color temperature properties can be produced by controlling the injection currents and coating thickness of the sample, offering daylight white and neutral white LEDs.
Long exposure to ultraviolet A, UVA (315 nm - 400 nm) and ultraviolet B, UVB (280 nm - 315 nm) from the sunlight is harmful to human skin. It can cause unwanted pigmentation, skin aging, wrinkles and cancer. Thus, application of sunscreen lotion is necessary to protect us from these harmful ultraviolet. However, sunscreen lotion does not last for an entire day, its effectiveness degrades over time. In this study, we aim to investigate the effectiveness of various types of sunscreen lotion. The ingredient of the chosen sunscreen includes common ingredient such as ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate and titanium dioxide. In this experiment, ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate show degradation after exposed to tungsten-halogen lamp for 180 minutes. However, mixing titanium dioxide into ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate did improve its stability and protection against UVA and UVB.
This research article proposes an alternative method to measure the discoloration or the color changes of EBT3 films due
to exposure by solar ultraviolet (UV A+B) dose. Common methods to measure the color changes of EBT3 are through
imaging technique measured by flatbed scanner and through absorbance spectroscopy measured by visible spectrometer.
The research presented in this article measure the color changes of EBT3 through simplified optical system using the
combination of light emitting diode (LED) as the light source and photodiode as the detector. In this research, 50 pieces
of Gafchromic EBT3 films were prepared with the dimension of 3 cm x 2 cm. Color of the films changed from light
green to dark green based on the total accumulated UV dose (mJ/cm2) by each film that depends on the duration of
exposure, irradiance level (mW/cm2) and condition of the sky. The exposed films were then taken to the laboratory for its
color measurement using absorbance spectroscopy technique and using newly developed simplified optical instrument
using LED-photodiode. Results from spectroscopy technique indicate that wavelength within red region exhibit better
response in term of linearity and responsivity towards the colors of EBT3 films. Wavelength of 626 nm was then
selected as the peak emission wavelength for LED-photodiode absorbance system. UV dose measurement using LEDphotodiode
system produced good result with coefficient of determination, R2 of 0.97 and root mean square of error,
RMSE of 431.82 mJ/cm2 while comparatively, similar wavelength but analyzed from spectroscopy dataset produced R2
of 0.988 and RMSE of 268.94 mJ/cm2.
A brain tumour is an abnormal growth of tissue in the brain. Most tumour volume measurement processes are carried out manually by the radiographer and radiologist without relying on any auto program. This manual method is a timeconsuming task and may give inaccurate results. Treatment, diagnosis, signs and symptoms of the brain tumours mainly depend on the tumour volume and its location. In this paper, an approach is proposed to improve volume measurement of brain tumors as well as using a new method to determine the brain tumour location. The current study presents a hybrid method that includes two methods. One method is hidden Markov random field - expectation maximization (HMRFEM), which employs a positive initial classification of the image. The other method employs the threshold, which enables the final segmentation. In this method, the tumour volume is calculated using voxel dimension measurements. The brain tumour location was determined accurately in T2- weighted MRI image using a new algorithm. According to the results, this process was proven to be more useful compared to the manual method. Thus, it provides the possibility of calculating the volume and determining location of a brain tumour.
The major issues concerning to food products are related to its authenticity. Honey is one of the common food products that suffer from adulteration, mainly due to its constant high market demand and price. Several studies on the authenticity detection have been done mainly on honey from genus Apis (GA), but less research has been conducted on Stingless Bee Honey (SBH) even the market demand for this food product is increasing, particularly in Malaysia due to its possible health benefits. Thus, identification of unadulterated and authenticity of honey is a very key issue for products processors, retailers, consumers and regulatory authorities. There is an increasing demand for appropriate instruments and methods to shield consumers against fraud and to guarantee a fair competition between honey producers. The study presented in this paper shows the effect of diluting pure honey from both genus Apis and Stingless Bee towards its physicochemical attributes (i.e. soluble solids content and pH) and VIS-NIR spectral absorbance features.
This study presents an alternative approach for the nondestructive assessment of fruit quality parameters with the use of a simplified optical fiber red–green–blue system (OF-RGB). The optical sensor system presented in this work is designed to rapidly measure the firmness, acidity, and soluble solid content of an intact Sala mango on the basis of color properties. The system consists of three light-emitting diodes with peak emission at 635 (red), 525 (green), and 470 nm (blue), as well as a single photodetector capable of sensing visible light. The measurements were conducted using the reflectance technique. The analyses were conducted by comparing the results obtained through the proposed system with those measured using two commercial spectrometers, namely, QE65000 and FieldSpec 3. The developed RGB system showed satisfactory accuracy in the measurement of acidity (R2=0.795) and firmness (R2=0.761), but a relatively lower accuracy in the measurement of soluble solid content (R2=0.593) of intact mangoes. The results obtained through OF-RGB are comparable with those measured by QE65000 and FieldSpec 3. This system is a promising new technology with rapid response, easy operation, and low cost with potential applications in the nondestructive assessment of quality attributes.
There are many techniques and instruments that are currently available to give better results for measuring the quality of human skin. In this study, two non-invasive spectroscopy instruments have been used namely NIRQuest spectrometer and ASD FieldSpec® 3 Spectroradiometer. Both of these spectroscopy instruments were used to find the correlation technique with the commercial instruments (DermaLab® USB Sebum Module). Initially an experiment was conducted to find intensities peak of the absorption of oleic acid as a part of sebum composition. From the spectra peak of the absorbance, the wavelength will be determined. Next step was to measure the reflectance of human skin sebum by using two spectroscopic instruments. The analysis will carry on at the wavelength that have been chosen from the previous study and also from the wavelength of the fatty acid to find the best wavelength that contribute in sebum composition. From several analyses, the wavelengths that contribute in sebum were 1208, 1414, 1726, and 1758 nm that obtained the value of R2 0.8444 for NIRQuest Spectrometer and 0.8532 for ASD FieldSpec® 3 Spectroradiometer. For future research this non- invasive techniques can be used in dermatology field for the use of various skin analysis. Besides that, the less wavelength used is an advantage to develop instruments with less amount of wavelength sensor. It can reduce the cost of development.
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