KEYWORDS: Free space optics, Modulation, Data modeling, Data transmission, Telecommunications, Atmospheric modeling, Signal attenuation, Systems modeling, Optical transmission, Fiber optic gyroscopes
The emerging technology of power-by-light enables power and data delivery over a single Free Space Optical (FSO) link for electrically isolated, interference-free remote operation. Telecom wavelength bands (λ ≈ 1550 nm) are well known for applications in data communication over optical fiber and overlap atmospheric transparency windows, extending the reach of FSO power and data systems through the air. This creates the opportunity to directionally deliver significant power (above 1mW) and high speed data wirelessly over long distances. FSO channels can experience turbulence and weather conditions that affect data and power transmission. Hence, they should be modeled and verified against measurements under varied atmospheric conditions. This will help improve model precision and robustness in predicting FSO channel performance. Accurate modeling of data transmission in FSO channels is urgently required to support the design of wireless optical communication systems for remote areas to which fiber deployment is difficult or uneconomic and instead long-range data communications between ground stations and High-Altitude Platform Systems (HAPS) may be employed. We have modelled an FSO channel transmitting data and power at 1550 and 1520 nm respectively under various meteorological conditions. The system model was developed in the commercially available OptiSystem software for modeling signals transmission. Different weather conditions translate directly to different FSO channel signal attenuations, impacting both data and power transmission. We also explore the impact of different modulation schemes such as Quadratic Amplitude Modulation (QAM), Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM), and Quadratic Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) on the bit error rate of the transmitted data thereby achieving the optimal required hardware design parameters. We found that QPSK is predicted to have the longest viable FSO range across all weather conditions and that power cannot be transmitted past 1 km in foggy weather.
OptiSystem software is a versatile software that can be used for designing, simulating, and optimizing photonic components, optical links, systems, and networks. The software tool can be used for teaching students at graduate or undergraduate levels. However, a free version of OptiSystem called OptiPerformer enables teaching optical communication, and other Photonics courses to students at the undergraduate level. Optiwave created sets of lab experiments to mimic lab environment teaching. The experiments have a description, tasks, questions, and a solution manual. Consequently, students can learn remotely under any sever condition such as COVID pandemic or weather-related situations. Additionally, universities would allow students to practice in a semi-realistic environment whenever there are no available experimental photonics labs.
Silicon photonics has established itself as a key integration platform, leveraging high-quality materials and large-scale manufacturing using mastered toolsets of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) foundries. Chip-scale photonics offer unique promises for dense integration of versatile optical functions through compact and high-performance building blocks. Integrated photonics is now competing technology for many applications, spanning from telecom/datacom and interconnects up to quantum sciences and light detection and ranging (LIDAR) systems, among others. However, the lack of low-loss input/output chip interfaces can be prohibitive to successfully deploy multi-diverse device applications. Low coupling loss is essential in reducing overall power budget in photonic systems, impacting on-chip integration level. The light coupling from an off-chip environment into the planar waveguide platforms has always been a challenging research problem since the early years of integrated photonics. Optical interfaces formed on a photonic chip surface, rather than implemented on a chip edge, have been widely used to access photonic circuits with optical fibers or enabling free-space coupling of light beams. Surface gratings can be positioned at arbitrary locations and/or arranged in pre-defined patterns on the chip, facilitating wafer-scale testing and optical packaging. In this work, we present our recent progress in the development of silicon-based surface gratings for use in fiber-to-chip and free-space beam coupling. In particular, we discuss prospective design approaches to develop low-loss surface grating couplers implemented on silicon-on-insulator (SOI), silicon nitride (SiN), and hybrid silicon-silicon nitride (Si-SiN) platforms, allowing to approach a coupling loss below -1 dB. Among these, we also cover contemporary advances in compact silicon metamaterial nano-antennas for dense optical phased arrays, obtaining high a diffraction performance (> 90%) and wideband operation (> 200 nm) simultaneously.
Optical phased arrays in silicon photonics are an emerging technology for free-space communications and light detection and ranging (LIDAR). While traditional LIDARs with discrete components and mechanical beam steering are difficult to integrate and scale, silicon-based arrays have taken a massive leap forward in developing beam steering systems with compact footprint and high performance on a single chip. Here, we report our results in the development of chip-scale circular phased arrays. Arrays formed in a grid of concentric rings are shown to suppress the sidelobes, expand the steering range and obtain narrower beamwidths, with large spacing between optical elements.
KEYWORDS: Digital signal processing, Polarization, Modulation, Eye, Signal detection, Single mode fibers, Numerical simulations, Signal processing, Quadrature amplitude modulation, Data transmission
DP-PAM8 modulated signals with probabilistic constellation shaping (PCS) are investigated for ultrahigh-data rates with diverse shaping strengths and DGD values using direct detection for short distances mainly seen in data centers. The investigation is conducted using numerical simulation, where system performance improvement is achieved when PCS is used. The probabilistic shaping mitigated the uncompensated DGD and dispersion effects in the transmission system. We found that the high-powered symbols close the eye causing high symbol error. Applying PCS opens the eye of the highpowered symbols but closes the eye for low-powered ones. Thus, optimization of the strength of shaping is necessary to get the best performance. Experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of probabilistic shaping on PAM8 system amplified using an optical semiconductor amplifier (SOA). A single polarization PAM8 case was only demonstrated due to accessibility limitations of required parts for dual-polarization PAM8.
KEYWORDS: Free space optics, Receivers, Data centers, Multimode fibers, Modulation, Forward error correction, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Digital signal processing, Multiplexing, Signal processing
We demonstrate a high data rate and low-cost OM4 multimode fiber (MMF) and free-space optics (FSO)-based self-restorable 2 × 100 Gbps per wavelength intra data center interconnect between two pairs of servers. This transmission system is based on two vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers that are directly modulated with PAM-4 data at the rate of 100 Gbps and multiplexed using mode division multiplexing of two linearly polarized modes. In case a fault occurs in the MMF-based primary path, the traffic is shifted to FSO-based protection path through a specially designed triggering and switching mechanism. Offline digital signal processing is used at the receiver to process the received PAM-4 signal for compensating the effects of channel impairments. The performance of the proposed architecture is evaluated at link lengths of 35 and 70 m under normal and faulty scenarios. The effect of varying the refractive index structure parameter of the log-normal channel model and the effect of mode coupling between linearly polarized (LP) modes on the bit-error-rate performance is also analyzed under different conditions. We observe that the performance of the FSO-based protection path is better than the OM4-based primary path at a forward error correction limit of 3.8 × 10 − 3 bit-error-rate.
A high-capacity spectral-efficient dual-polarization quadrature phase-shift keying (DP-QPSK)-polarization shift-keying (PolSK) hybrid modulation scheme for terrestrial free-space optics (FSO) transmission link is proposed and investigated. A DP-QPSK signal modulated at 300 Gbps and a PolSK signal modulated at 40 Gbps are simultaneously transmitted using a single optical carrier over the FSO link. The proposed link performance is investigated under different weather conditions, where the bit error rate metric is used to evaluate the performance of the PolSK modulated signal and the error vector magnitude parameter is used for the DP-QPSK signal. The FSO link range and the required received power are carefully explored. The conducted numerical simulations of the proposed system showed reliable 340-Gbps data transmission over link ranges varying from 1.6125 to 50 km depending on the weather conditions. The impact of the channel scintillation due to atmospheric turbulence is also investigated. The proposed high-speed FSO transmission system offers a promising solution for high-bandwidth hungry systems used for the internet of things, 5G, and smart cities. It can also be used in developing fronthaul/backhaul links for future wireless networks and optical access networks. The performance of the proposed transmission system is compared with recently published work in the literature.
Two-dimensional (2-D) spectral/spatial codes are utilized for optical code division multiple access (OCDMA)-based passive optical network (PON). In this work, 2-D multidiagonal (2D-MD) codes are used for the first time to the best of our knowledge in OCDMA-PON at data rates up to 15 Gbps. 2D-MD codes are very easy to construct and offer zero cross correlation. We showed a simpler implementation compared to similar published work. A complete PON system addressing downstream as well as upstream communication link is demonstrated at data rates up to 15 Gbps. Four downstream wavelengths (1546, 1546.3, 1547.8, and 1548.1 nm) and four upstream wavelengths (1310, 1310.3, 1311.8, and 1312.1 nm) are used to carry the modulated signal over single-mode fiber length of 25 km. The system performance is analyzed using bit error rate and Q-factor parameters for different data rates.
A design of a broadband and high-efficiency SOI grating coupler (GC) for the TE mode is demonstrated. The periodic segments of the GC use Subwavelength Gratings (SWGC), where the width of the silicon segments is much smaller than the operating wavelengths and the width varies along the length of the GC. The SWGC is optimized for TE polarization with a peak CE of–4.5 dB at a wavelength of 1550 nm, with a 1-dB bandwidth of 68 nm ranging from 1521.4 nm to 1589.4 nm and a 3-dB bandwidth of 119 nm from 1497.4 nm to 1616.4nm. The back reflections in the SWGC are suppressed to - 22 dB. The broadband SWGC is integrated with cascaded ring resonators to demultiplex the incoming DWDM signal into individual channels and distribute them into sub-circuits. A layout of the GCs and ring resonators is generated, and systemlevel performance is evaluated.
Novel implementations of fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) and phase shifter in loop mirror configurations enable monitoring of environmental conditions at both terminals of the loop. These implementations allow accessing the sensed signals in both directions (east and west) at locations far from the sensing position using regular fiber transmission schemes. Optical light of a 1550 nm wideband LED diode (100nm) is launched into the fiber loop that has the FBG and phase shifter. The center wavelength of the FBG varies with changes of conditions affecting the grating such as temperature, pressure, stress and strain. As a result, the center wavelength of the generated continuous wave (CW) optical signal in the fiber loop mirror sensor shifts based on these conditions at the sensing location. Controlling the phase of the phase shifter determines the direction of the generated CW sensed signal to the transmission path or reflection path of the optical loop mirror. Numerical simulations were conducted, which demonstrated the operation of the fiber sensor design.
The interaction of fiber dispersion and nonlinearities enable optimal regimes of operation of amplified optical
communication systems that use XFP transceivers. System performance is described using OSNR tolerances for
OC-192 and OTU2 modulated signals. An improvement in OSNR of 3-dB is achieved when allowing
approximately -500ps/nm residual dispersion in the link which enabled about 45dB link budget.
Novel CWDM multilayer structure demultiplexer in silica is proposed and investigated. The refractive index of each
layer in the structure follows fiber graded index profile with α-parameter less than one. The demultiplexer structure
depends on the refractive index profile parameter, thickness, incidence angle, number of layers and channel's spacing.
The effect of all of these parameters on the amount of spatial shift and the separation between adjacent channels is
investigated.
The performance of optical telecommunication system is mainly limited by optical signal to noise ratio
(OSNR) at the receiver, fiber dispersion and nonlinearities. The limiting factors of optical communication
systems that employ pluggable XFPs are investigated experimentally by characterizing and correlating the
information regarding pulses evolution of 10Gbps signals in optical fiber under the influence of dispersion
and different nonlinear effects.
Pluggable transceivers; either small form factor (SFP) that operates up to 2.5Gbps or XFPs that operates at
9.95Gbps, transmitter's laser characteristics are investigated experimentally. The laser linewidth and chirp in
addition to stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) threshold for different transceivers are measured over many
kinds of optical fiber. The measured transceiver's parameters are correlated and used to explain different
system performance penalties encountered during data transmission over different kinds of optical fiber. This
knowledge is valuable to system engineers as it is not available and not provided by transceivers' vendors.
System performance penalties for different kind of fibers with positive and negative accumulative dispersion
are measured experimentally at OC-192 and OC-48 modulated signals for different XFPs and SFPs,
respectively.
Stability and linewidth (FWHM & 20-dB) measurements of a tuneable, high power, narrow linewidth multiwavelength Hybrid Cavity Semiconductor Fibre Ring Laser (HC-SFRL) are presented. The laser incorporates a SOA, a polarization controller (PC), and a tuneable optical filter. The ring cavity itself is composed of Single Mode Fibre (SMF) and a 1-m long Polarization Maintaining Fibre (PMF). The laser is capable of single, dual and triple lasing wavelengths with ultra-narrow wavelength spacing (less than 30 pm) with good stability for periods over 2 hours.
Tunable fiber Bragg gratings (TFBGs) are investigated for single-channel and for dual-channels drop applications. The TFBGs are capable of dropping single DWDM channel or two consecutive DWDM channels in an 8-nm bandwidth in the C-band while allowing the rest of the C-band channels to passthrough. Extensive stability, reproducibility and system characterization in addition to numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the feasibility of using TFBG for ROADM applications in metro-edge optical communication networks.
We have investigated tunable fiber Bragg gratings (TFBGs) for single channel and for dual channels drop applications.
The TFBGs are cable of dropping single DWDM channel or two consecutives DWDM channels in 8 nm bandwidth in
the C-band. This feature is desirable in metro-edge network applications where low channel count (up to eight)
dominates. Extensive stability, reproducibility and system characterization in addition to numerical simulations were
conducted to investigate the feasibility of TFBG in optical communication networks.
A novel SOA based fibre ring laser is presented. An S-band optimized SOA is added to the cavity of a C-band SOA fibre
ring laser resulting in significant improvements in the ring laser characteristics. Three main linewidth control parameters
are identified: 1) Bias current of C-band SOA, 2) Bias current of S-band SOA, and 3) SOP of lasing light in ring's
cavity. Experimental measurements suggest the SOP of the lasing light to be the dominant control parameter for
reduction or enhancement of the laser's linewidth. An output power level of 5.27 dBm (corresponding to 10.54 dBm
cavity power) and less than 20 kHz FWHM (limited by equipment resolution) and 190 kHz 20-dB linewidth at 1558 nm
is demonstrated. The measured 20-dB linewidths displayed stronger variations to changes in the bias currents of the ring
lasers compared to variations in the FWHM. This suggests that the optical spectrum of the ring lasers becomes
asymmetric at high bias currents and is no longer pure Lorentzian.
An innovative optical infrastructure sharing solution for triple play services is described. A "black-link" type of architecture is proposed. We outline the commercial and architectural benefits delivered by this new model. We also present experimental results that demonstrate how wavelength translation (WT) can be used to upgrade existing optical fiber communication systems through improvements in the system dispersion or attenuation tolerances by using dense wavelength division (DWDM) and corase wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM) SFPs.
Small form factor pluggable (SFPs) transceivers have been used to demonstrate that legacy optical networks operating in the metro-core-edge region of the network can be upgraded cost effectively through optical-electrical-optical (OEO) wavelength translation (WT). The WT technique involves detection of the original communication signal, re-timing and retransmission at a new laser wavelength and linewidth. The change is a deliberate one and gives rise to better optical transmission characteristics, resulting in longer system reach. In this paper we present experimental results that demonstrate how WT can be used to upgrade existing fiber systems through improvements in system dispersion or attenuation or by making optical amplification possible.
Small form factor pluggable (SFPs) transceivers have been used to demonstrate that legacy optical networks operating in the metro-core-edge region of the network can be upgraded cost effectively through optical-electrical-optical (OEO) wavelength translation (WT). The WT technique involves detection of the original communication signal, re-timing and retransmission at a new laser wavelength and linewidth. The change is a deliberate one and gives rise to better optical transmission characteristics, resulting in longer system reach. In this paper, we present experimental results that demonstrate how WT can be used to upgrade existing optical fiber communication systems through improvements in system dispersion by using dense wavelength division (DWDM) SFPs and single-channel dispersion-compensation modules (DCM).
The dominant limiting factors affecting the performance of an amplified 10-Gbps CWDM data transmission system with an inline semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) are investigated. More than 3 dB of system penalty at a BER of 1x10-9 can be attributed to ASE and cross-gain-modulation (XGM) effects.
We report an extremely flat (better than 3-dB), ultra-wide band (over 160-nm) supercontinuum source for use ni the C and L wavelength bands. The supercontinuum is generated using approximately 2.2 Km of commercially available single mode non-zero dispersion shifted fiber by exploiting soliton decomposition and Raman self-frequency shift nonlinear effects. A supercontinuum spectral flatness of better than 1-dB over a 115-nm wavelength range is achieved.
Two novel simple and flexible WDM laser sources are demonstrated using loop erbium-doped fiber amplifier configuration. The loop serves as a mirror and as an amplification medium. The laser cavity was made form loop mirror and either a set of fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) in the first design, or a 100 percent reflecting mirror in the second scheme. The FBGs select the proper lasing wavelengths in the first technique, while a combination of stress induced effect of erbium-doped fiber and the presence of fused fiber filter in the laser cavity determine the lasing wavelengths in the second design. The FBGs can be placed either in parallel or in series at the input of the loop configuration. Optical attenuators are placed in front of the FBG to control the flatness of the laser source output and determine the required lasing condition for each wavelength to avoid competition of the different lasing wavelengths. This configuration is flexible for adding any number of wavelengths as long as enough amplified spontaneous emission is generated in the loop. Signal to noise ratio as high as 55-dB can be achieved.
Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers noise figure reduction using ioop mirror filter is demonstrated. At least O.6-dB noise
figure reduction is. The insertion loss of the device is less than 2-dB.
All-optical automatic gain control in loop erbium-doped fiber amplifiers is investigated using single Bragg reflecting fiber grating. Reflecting back part of the filtered amplifier spontaneous emission to the loop mirror generates a lasing signal. The lasing wavelength is selected at 1525 nm, which is outside the amplifier bandwidth, to avoid interference between the signal and laser oscillation, and away from the amplifier surveillance wavelength at 1510 nm. This technique avoids tapping part of the amplifier output signal for generating the lasing signal. The loop amplifier has 20 nm flat gain spectrum with peak to peak gain variation less than 0.5 dB. Adjusting the lasing threshold using variable optical attenuator placed before the fiber Bragg grating controls the achieved gain clamping. An input signal consists from 8 channels picked up on the ITU frequency grid in the range from 1540 nm to 1560 nm and two laser diode pumps at 980 nm each with 60 mW pumping power are used in the experiments. The power excursion when adding or dropping any number of the 8 channels with -25 dBm input power per channel is less than 0.3 dB. The transient response time of the surviving channel(s) is measured to less than 200 microsecond(s) .
The Raman time constant (TR) used in the generalized nonlinear Schrodinger equation is determined experimentally to be around 1550 nm, based on the Raman self-frequency shift in standard single mode fiber. The measured effective value of the TR is found to be 3.0 fs. Detailed error analysis shows that the uncertainty in the measurement is less than +/- 1.0 fs. Accurate knowledge of the value of the TR is essential in modeling subpicosecond pulse propagation in optical fibers.
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