Fiber-optics (FO) have great potential for distributed sensing in various harsh environment applications. Their advantages include high resolution and multiplexing capabilities, inherent immunity to electromagnetic interference, and low weight/volume. However, their widespread adoption in commercial applications has been considerably limited by the high cost, size, weight, and lack of capabilities of the readout unit used to interpret the FO signals. PARC has developed a breakthrough wavelength shift detection (WSD) technology that is capable of reading out signals from wavelength-encoded FO and other optical sensors with high sensitivity using a compact, high-speed and low-cost unit. In this paper, its calibration and noise performance is demonstrated for high-resolution (up to 1,45 fm/√Hz) acoustic emission (AE) detection of fast (up to 1 MHz) dynamic strain signals.
Photo enforcement devices for traffic rules such as red lights, toll, stops, and speed limits are increasingly being deployed in cities and counties around the world to ensure smooth traffic flow and public safety. These are typically unattended fielded systems, and so it is important to periodically check them for potential image/video quality problems that might interfere with their intended functionality. There is interest in automating such checks to reduce the operational overhead and human error involved in manually checking large camera device fleets. Examples of problems affecting such camera devices include exposure issues, focus drifts, obstructions, misalignment, download errors, and motion blur. Furthermore, in some cases, in addition to the sub-algorithms for individual problems, one also has to carefully design the overall algorithm and logic to check for and accurately classifying these individual problems. Some of these issues can occur in tandem or have the potential to be confused for each other by automated algorithms. Examples include camera misalignment that can cause some scene elements to go out of focus for wide-area scenes or download errors that can be misinterpreted as an obstruction. Therefore, the sequence in which the sub-algorithms are utilized is also important. This paper presents an overview of these problems along with no-reference and reduced reference image and video quality solutions to detect and classify such faults.
KEYWORDS: Sensors, Structural health monitoring, Temperature metrology, Actuators, Aluminum, Space operations, Transducers, Data modeling, Epoxies, Lab on a chip
Large thermal variations can cause significant changes in guided-wave (GW) propagation and transduction for
structural health monitoring (SHM). This work focuses on GW SHM using surface-bonded piezoelectric wafer
transducers in metallic plates for the temperature range encountered in internal spacecraft structures (20°C to 150°C).
First, studies done to determine a suitable bonding agent are documented. That was then used in controlled experiments
to examine changes in GW propagation and transduction using PZT-5A piezoelectric wafers under quasi-statically
varying temperature (also from 20°C to 150°C). Modeling efforts to explain the experimentally observed increase in
time-of-flight and change in sensor response amplitude with increasing temperature are detailed. Finally, these results
are used in detection and location of mild and moderate damage using the pulse-echo GW testing approach within the
temperature range.
Signal processing algorithms for guided wave pulse echo-based SHM must be capable of isolating individual reflections from defects in the structure, if any, which could be overlapping and multimodal. In addition, they should be able to estimate the time-frequency centers, the modes and individual energies of the reflections, which would be used to locate and characterize defects. Finally, they should be computationally efficient and amenable to automated processing. This work addresses these issues with a new algorithm employing chirplet matching pursuits followed by a mode correlation check for single point sensors. Its theoretical advantages over conventional time-frequency representations in all aspects are elaborated and these are demonstrated using numerical simulations and experiments in isotropic plate structures. The issue of in-plane triangulation is then discussed and experimental work done to explore this issue is presented. This work concludes with a description of how the algorithm can be extended to composite plate structures.
KEYWORDS: Actuators, Sensors, Structural health monitoring, 3D modeling, Transducers, Fourier transforms, Composites, Microsoft Foundation Class Library, Aerospace engineering, Waveguides
This work addresses the 3-D elasticity modeling of the guided wave (GW) fields excited by piezoelectric actuators in various configurations for isotropic structures. First, a general derivation for the GW field excited by an arbitrary shape, finite dimension, and surface-bonded piezo actuator in isotropic plates is presented. This is then used to generate solutions for the specific cases of ring-shaped and rectangular piezo actuators and rectangular Macro Fiber Composite actuators. An expression for the response of a piezo-sensor in a GW field is developed. Experimental verification supporting the model is provided. Excellent correlation is found between theoretical and experimental results.
Among the various schemes being considered for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM), Lamb-wave testing has shown great promise. While Lamb-wave testing using hand-held transducers for Non Destructive Evaluation (NDE) is a well-established technology, Lamb-wave testing for SHM using surface-bonded/embedded piezos is a relatively new field. Little effort has been made towards a precise characterization of Lamb-wave excitation using piezos and often the various parameters involved are chosen without mathematical foundation. In this work, modeling of transient plane and circular-crested Lamb-wave generation and sensing using surface-bonded piezos in isotropic plates based on the 3-D linear elasticity equations is explored. Equations for the output voltage response of surface-bonded piezo-sensors in Lamb-wave fields are presented and optimization of the actuator/sensor geometry and materials is done based on those. Finally, numerical and experimental results to examine the validity of these models are discussed.
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