We visualized the luminal structures generated by DCIS and UDH using a refraction-contrast X-ray CT technique, which provides a contrast close to stained tissue images, and showed that DCIS and UDH forms a bubble-like shape and a tube-like shape, respectively. To express the difference in the three-dimensional structure between these tissue clearly, the number of luminal spaces, luminal volume, luminal density, and path length of the luminal structures were introduced. As a result, it was found that DCIS has many smaller and shorter lumens than UDH, which can contribute to the development of 3D pathology.
Cribriform architecture is a histological pattern reminiscent of Swiss cheese that is commonly recognized in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast observed by microscope. However, there are only a few three-dimensional studies to elucidate whether each glandular cavities of cribriform pattern are connected or not. The main reason for paucity of three-dimensional studies is that the conventional reconstruction based on histological sections requires laborious and time-consuming works. In this research, we first performed three-dimensional reconstruction of the cribriform pattern using crystal analyzer-based phase contrast technique, X-ray dark field computed tomography (XDFI-CT), which provides high contrast image of biological soft tissue with non-destructive and non-staining approach. Then, we propose a machine-learning-based method to extract the cavity from XDFI-CT images. Finally, we show that the useful information to analyze the cribriform patterns in DCIS such as the density and volume of the cavity can be obtained from the XDFI-CT images.
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