KEYWORDS: Cameras, X band, Transmitters, Interfaces, Data transmission, Satellites, Design, Data communications, Astronomical imaging, Power consumption
Due to advances in observation and imaging technologies, modern astronomical satellites generate large volumes of data. This necessitates efficient onboard data processing and high-speed data downlink. Reflecting this trend is the Visible Extragalactic background RadiaTion Exploration by CubeSat (VERTECS) 6U Astronomical Nanosatellite. Designed for the observation of Extragalactic Background Light (EBL), this mission is expected to generate a substantial amount of image data, particularly within the confines of CubeSat capabilities. This paper introduces the VERTECS Camera Control Board (CCB), an open-source payload interface board leveraging Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) components, with a Raspberry Pi Compute Module four at its core. The VERTECS CCB hardware and software have been designed from the ground up to serve as the sole interface between the VERTECS bus system and astronomical imaging payload, while providing compute capability not usually seen in nanosatellites of this class. Responsible for mission data processing, it will facilitate high-speed data transfer from the imaging payload via gigabit Ethernet, while also providing a high-bitrate serial connection to the payload x-band transmitter for mission data downlink. Additional interfaces for secondary payloads are provided via USB-C and standard 15-pin camera connectors. The Raspberry Pi embedded within the VERTECS CCB operates on a standard Linux distribution, streamlining the software development process. Beyond addressing the current mission’s payload control and data handling requirements, the CCB sets the stage for future missions with heightened data demands. Furthermore, it supports the adoption of machine learning and other compute-intensive applications in orbit. This paper delves into the development of the VERTECS CCB, offering insights into the design and validation of this next-generation payload interface, to ensure that it can survive the rigors of space flight.
The study focuses on flood susceptibility in the Nam Ngum River Basin, Lao PDR, an area prone to annual flooding due to monsoons and rainstorms. Flooding in this region significantly threatens human life, causes economic losses, and damages communities and agriculture. The study employs advanced remote sensing and machine learning techniques, including Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), to address these issues and create detailed flood susceptibility maps. The machine learning models used historical flood data, Sentinel-1 SAR imagery from 2018 to 2020, and open-source flood data for training and validation. Eleven flood factors were considered. With 776 samples, 70% were trained, and 30% tested the model. Flood susceptibility map accuracy is assessed using statistical techniques such as multicollinearity, Kappa index, and Area Under the curve of Receiver Operating Characteristics (AUROC). The generated flood susceptibility map is used to analyze the possible effect on the different land use/land cover classes and populations. RF outperforms SVM and ANN, achieving higher accuracy based on Receiver Operating Characteristics. The resulting flood susceptibility map reveals that 25-44% of the basin area is highly susceptible, predominantly in low-elevation and low-slope regions. Likewise, 85 to 90% of the people are highly vulnerable to flooding within 260 to 280 km2 of built-up area. The study proposes a new approach to using machine learning and readily available remote sensing data for flood susceptibility mapping. The findings of this study provide essential insights for policymakers, aiding in disaster risk reduction and facilitating sustainable development planning in Lao PDR.
Monitoring land cover classification and change detection based on remote sensing images using a machine learning algorithm has become one of the important factors. For our case study, we select Vientiane capital as the study area. Our proposed method aims to perform the land cover classification using random forest algorithm supervised classification in Google Earth Engine (GEE), and post classification comparison (PCC) of change detection using Arc GIS software, between 1990 and 2020, with five year interval periods are evaluated. In this paper, we utilize GEE combining with multiple sources of satellite optical image time-series from three main satellites, Landsat 5, Landsat 8, and Sentinel 2 integrating with multiple spectral, spatial, temporal, and textural features. Spectral indices such as NDVI and NDBI are calculated to enhance the accurate performance. Our results show that all six classes are obtained highly accurate land cover classification, with overall accuracy over 97.73% for training data and 90.35% for testing data, and kappa statistic of 0.97 for training data and 0.87 for testing data in 2020.
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