We establish a systematic framework of photonic device discovery using a physics-based deep learning approach. The computationally expensive physics simulations are removed from the critical loop to generate data and perform one-time training of the deep learning models. Consequently, the trained deep learning models achieve massive speed up on the iterative design process. Our approach reduces the computational time from days to minutes. Using a silicon power divider as an example, we demonstrate discovery of a spectrum of devices that simultaneously satisfy compact footprints, ultralow losses, ultrawide bandwidth, and exceptional robustness against fabrication randomness.
SiOxNy shows promises for bright emitters of single photons. We successfully fabricated ultra-low-loss SiOxNy waveguide and AWG with low insertion loss <1dB and <3dB total loss (<2dB on-chip loss and <1dB coupling loss) at 1310nm.
Recent advances in optical waveguides have brought long-awaited technologies closer to practical realization. Although the concept of a single-mode (SM) waveguide has been around for a while, SM condition usually posed very stringent conditions in fabrication for small waveguides. Researchers have developed low loss silicon nitride (Si3N4) at 1550nm wavelength, the developments in specific application have down converted to 1310nm (O-band) so they do not have to compete with internet data for bandwidth and could share the existing optical fiber infrastructure. However, wavelengthdemultiplexer technology at this band is not readily commercial available. Custom-made O-band optical devices for wavelength-demultiplexing have typical losses. Such high losses deplete more than 75% of the already-scarce photons. We studied Si3N4 channel waveguide with ultra-thin slab for (SM) condition at 1310nm wavelength using finite element method (FEM) and 3-D imaginary beam propagation method (IDBPM). We have shown that SM condition is possible for ultra-thin slab with wide waveguide width; such condition can ease the constraint of photolithography, allowing deposition of thin Si3N4 layer to be accomplished in minutes. Studies show that for ultra-thin layer, for example, at 60nm, we can achieve a wide range of widths that fulfilled the SM condition, ranging from 2μm to 5μm. SM condition becomes more stringent when the Si3N4 layer increases. Substrate losses are estimated at 0.001 dB/cm, 0.003 dB/cm, and 0.1 dB/cm for slab height at 100nm, 80nm, and 60nm respectively.
Diffraction properties of a two-dimensional photonic crystal is presented. Diffraction experiments are carried out using a
ring beam and the relevant experimental designs are shown. Drastic ring deformations are observed after diffractions, for
different kind of ring beams. The diffraction properties are analyzed using the equ-frequency surface and the photonic
band structure of a photonic crystal. The paper also describes the fundamental difference between the diffraction
properties of photonic crystals with weak and finite modulation in their dielectric property.
Large and controllable polarization splitting effects are demonstrated based on liquid crystal infiltrated two-dimensional photonic crystals with silicon as a background material. Due to the strong birefringence of the liquid crystal, the dispersion curves of the two polarizations are distinctly different, resulting in large splitting between the two polarizations. Extremely large splitting, as large as 90 degree, can be obtained. Moreover, the splitting can be substantially tuned upon re-orienting the optic axis of liquid crystal. The influence of incident angle and the birefringence of the LC to the polarization splitting are also analyzed.
The band gap characteristics of one-dimensional and two-dimensional photonic crystals made of uniaxial anisotropic materials were analyzed with a focus on the band gap characteristics as a function of optical axis orientation in the aniostropic material. For one-dimensional case, with optical axis normal to periodicity axis, the two polarization of on axis light will experience different refractive indexes and thus the degeneracy in photonic band will disappear. Theoretically we show that in some nonlinear materials, with presence of certain symmetry, the band lines correspond to two polarizations will degenerate under a high electric field. It is also shown that the gap position and size varies as the position of the optical axis varies and the range is limited by the birefringence of the anisotropic material. In two dimensional photonic crystal, we showed that, changing the position of optical axis in the propagation plane is simply change of symmetry in photonic band structure. If the position of the optical axis is varied in the transversal direction, we can open or close the band gap. The characteristic of anisotropic material, the direction dependant refractive index can be used to improve the band structure of conventional isotropic photonic crystal.
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