In this work, quantum cascade laser (QCL) mid-infrared (MIR) reflectance spectroscopy is used to discriminate silicate and carbonate minerals in a standoff measurement setting. The tunable external cavity QCL source that was used allows measurements from 5.2 μm to 13.4 μm wavelength, where the fundamental vibrational bands of silicates and carbonates are observed. Spectra measured from a half-core sample were analyzed using multivariate analysis to extract and identify the end-member spectra from the mixtures. The end-member spectra were compared and validated using the ASTER database spectra and the spectra measured on reference samples with the same QCL MIR reflectance spectroscopy setup. Spectra of minerals commonly found in the mining industry were compared: quartz, microcline, albite, chlorite, muscovite, biotite, calcite and dolomite. MIR reflectance spectroscopy using compact QCL sources allow rapid spectral measurements at standoff distances and high spatial resolution. All these advantages show the potential of QCL MIR reflectance spectroscopy for in-the-field mining applications.
This paper reports recent developments on high-temperature, multi-element integrated ultrasonic transducers (IUTs). The multi-element IUTs are fabricated from a sol-gel route, where piezoelectric films are deposited, poled and machined into an array of 16 elements. Electrical wiring and insulation are also integrated into a practical, simple high-temperature assembly. These multi-element IUTs show a high potential for structural health monitoring at high temperatures (in the 200-500°C range): they can withstand thermal cycling and shocks, they can be integrated to complex geometries, and they have broadband and suitable operating frequency characteristics with a minimal footprint (no backing needed). The specifics of multi-element transducers, including the phased array approach, for structural health monitoring are discussed.
The detection of ultrasound in photoacoustic tomography (PAT) usually relies on ultrasonic transducers in contact with the biological tissue through a coupling medium. This is a major drawback for important potential applications such as surgery. Here we report the use of a remote optical method, derived from industrial laser-ultrasonics, to detect ultrasound in tissues. This approach enables non-contact PAT (NCPAT) without exceeding laser exposure safety limits. The sensitivity of the method is based on the use of suitably shaped detection laser pulses and a confocal Fabry-Perot interferometer in differential configuration. Reliable image reconstruction is obtained by measuring remotely the surface profile of the tissue with an optical coherence tomography system. The proposed method also allows non-contact ultrasound imaging (US) by applying a second reconstruction algorithm to the data acquired for NCPAT. Endogenous and exogenous inclusions exhibiting optical and acoustic contrasts were detected ex vivo in chicken breast and calf brain specimens. Inclusions down to 0.3 mm in size were detected at depths exceeding 1 cm. The method could expand the scope of photoacoustic and US to in-vivo biomedical applications where contact is impractical.
A naturally cracked aircraft stabilizer former has been examined. By using surface shear horizontal diagnostic acoustic
waves and a multi-point detection approach, a fretting crack, 0.2-inch long, 0.03-inch deep and at 0.06-inch to a rivet
hole has been clearly identified. The proposed approach provides a simple way to interpret sensor output without
imposing demanding transducer performance requirements.
Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) and ultrasonography (US) of biological tissues usually rely on ultrasonic transducers
for the detection of ultrasound. For an optimum sensitivity, transducers require a physical contact with the tissue using a
coupling fluid (water or gel). Such a contact is a major drawback in important potential applications such as surgical
procedures on human beings and small animal imaging in research laboratories. On the other hand, laser ultrasonics (LU)
is a well established optical technique for the non-contact generation and detection of ultrasound in industrial materials.
In this paper, the remote optical detection scheme used in industrial LU is adapted to allow the detection of ultrasound in
biological tissues while remaining below laser exposure safety limits. Both non-contact PAT (NCPAT) and non-contact
US (NCUS) are considered experimentally using a high-power single-frequency detection laser emitting suitably shaped
pulses and a confocal Fabry-Perot interferometer in differential configuration. It is shown that an acceptable sensitivity is
obtained while remaining below the maximum permissible exposure (MPE) of biological tissues. Results were obtained
ex vivo on chicken breast specimens with embedded inclusions simulating blood vessels optical properties. Sub-mm
inclusions are readily detected at depths approaching 1 cm. The method is expected to be applicable to living tissues.
Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) and ultrasonography (US) of biological tissues usually rely on transducer arrays for the
detection of ultrasound. Obtaining the best sensitivity requires a physical contact with the tissue using an intermediate
coupling fluid (water or gel). This type of contact is a major drawback for several applications such as neurosurgery.
Laser-ultrasonics is an established optical technique for the non-contact generation and detection of ultrasound in
industrial materials. In this paper, the non-contact detection scheme used in laser-ultrasonics is adapted to allow probing
of ultrasound in biological tissues while remaining below laser exposure safety limits. Both non-contact PAT (NCPAT)
and non-contact US (NCUS) are demonstrated experimentally using a single-frequency detection laser emitting suitably
shaped pulses and a confocal Fabry-Perot interferometer. It is shown that an acceptable sensitivity is obtained while
remaining below the maximum permissible exposure (MPE) of biological tissues. Results obtained ex vivo with a calf
brain specimen show that sub-mm endogenous and exogenous inclusions can be detected at depths exceeding 1 cm.
When fully developed, the technique could be a unique diagnostic tool in neurosurgery providing deep imaging of blood
vessels, blood clots and blood oxygenation.
Ultrasound-modulated optical tomography (UOT) combines the spatial resolution of ultrasonic waves and the
spectroscopic properties of light to detect optically absorbing and/or scattering objects in highly scattering media. In this
work, a double-pass confocal Fabry-Perot interferometer is used as a bandpass filter to selectively detect the ultrasoundtagged
photons. The limited etendue of the confocal Fabry-Perot interferometer is compensated by using a singlefrequency
laser emitting high-peak-power optical pulses. Compared to photoacoustic tomography, UOT is not only
sensitive to optical absorption but also to scattering properties. In this paper, we consider the detection of absorbing and
scattering objects embedded in thick (30 to 60 mm) tissue-mimicking phantoms and biological tissues. The experimental
evaluation of the spatial resolution of the technique is compared to that expected from the ultrasonic beam intensity
profile. Preliminary results indicate that the edge spread function is influenced by the level of absorption of the
embedded object.
Ultrasound-modulated optical imaging combines the good spatial resolution of ultrasonic waves (mm scale) and the
spectroscopic properties of light to detect optically absorbing objects inside thick (cm scale) highly scattering media.
Light propagating in a scattering medium can interact with an ultrasonic wave thereby being tagged by a frequency shift
equal to the ultrasound frequency or its harmonics. In this paper, a confocal Fabry-Perot interferometer (CFPI) is used as
a tunable spectral filter to detect selectively the ultrasound-tagged photons. The CFPI allows obtaining high spectral
resolution (MHz scale) while maintaining a high light gathering power when compared to other spectroscopic devices of
comparable resolution. The contrast between the tagged photons and the untagged photons can be further enhanced by
cascading CFPI. Moreover, the fast response of the CFPI allows performing measurements within the speckle
decorrelation time typically encountered in biomedical applications. In this paper, the use of a single-frequency laser
emitting powerful optical pulses allows illuminating the scattering medium only during the transit time of the probing
ultrasonic pulses. Consequently, the acoustic and the optical power are both concentrated in time to enhance the signal-to-
noise ratio of the technique while remaining below the biomedical safety limits. The detection of optically absorbing
objects (mm size) inside 30- and 60-mm thick scattering media is presented.
Ultrasound-modulated optical imaging is an emerging biodiagnostic technique which provides the optical spectroscopic
signature and the spatial localization of an optically absorbing object embedded in a strongly scattering medium. The
transverse resolution of the technique is determined by the lateral extent of ultrasound beam focal zone while the axial
resolution is obtained by using short ultrasound pulses. The practical application of this technique is presently limited by
its poor sensitivity. Moreover, any method to enhance the
signal-to-noise ratio must satisfy the biomedical safety limits.
In this paper, we propose to use a pulsed single-frequency laser source to raise the optical peak power applied to the
scattering medium and to collect more ultrasonically tagged photons. Such a laser source allows illuminating the tissues
mainly during the transit time of the ultrasonic wave. A
single-frequency Nd:YAG laser emitting 500-μs pulses with a
peak power superior to 100 W was used. Tagged photons were detected with a GaAs photorefractive interferometer
characterized by a large optical etendue. When pumped by high intensity laser pulses, such an interferometer provides
the fast response time essential to obtain an apparatus insensitive to the speckle decorrelation encountered in biomedical
applications. Consequently, the combination of a large-etendue photorefractive interferometer with a high-power pulsed
laser could allow obtaining both the sensitivity and the fast response time necessary for biomedical applications.
Measurements performed in 30- and 60-mm thick optical phantoms made of titanium dioxide particles dispersed in
sunflower oil are presented. Results obtained in 30- and 60-mm thick chicken breast samples are also reported.
Acousto-optical imaging is an emerging biodiagnostic technique which provides an optical spectroscopic signature and a
spatial localization of an optically absorbing target embedded in a strongly scattering medium. The transverse resolution
of the technique is determined by the lateral extent of ultrasound beam focal zone while the axial resolution is obtained
by using short ultrasound pulses. Although very promising for medical diagnostic, the practical application of this
technique is presently limited by its poor sensitivity. Moreover, any method to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio must
obviously satisfy the in vivo safety limits regarding the acceptable power level of both the ultrasonic pressure wave and
the laser beam. In this paper, we propose to improve the sensitivity by using a pulsed single-frequency laser source to
raise the optical peak power applied to the scattering medium and to collect more ultrasonically tagged photons. Such a
laser source also allows illuminating the tissues mainly during the transit time of the ultrasonic wave to maintain the
average optical power below the maximum permissible exposure. In our experiment, a single-frequency Nd:YAG laser
emitting 500-μs pulses with a peak power superior to 100 W was used. Photons were tagged in few-cm thick optical
phantoms with tone bursts generated by an ultrasonic transducer. Tagged photons were detected with a GaAs
photorefractive interferometer characterized by a large optical etendue to process simultaneously a large number of
speckle grains. When pumped by high intensity laser pulses, such an interferometer also provides the fast response time
essential to obtain an apparatus insensitive to the speckle decorrelation due to mechanical vibrations or tissues
movements. The use of a powerful long pulse laser appears promising to enhance the signal level in ultrasound
modulated optical imaging. When combined with a photorefractive interferometer of large optical etendue, such a source
could allow obtaining both the sensitivity and the fast response time necessary for biodiagnostic applications.
Acousto-optical imaging is based on the detection of strongly scattered light which is in part modulated by its interaction
with an ultrasonic wave. This method benefits from the acoustic uniformity (low acoustic scattering and absorption) of
an optically diffusive medium and the spectrally selective absorption of photons. In this work, we consider the use a
pulsed single-frequency laser to increase the instantaneous optical power applied to the diffusive medium while
maintaining the average power below the maximum permissible exposure. Such a laser source concentrates the
illumination of the diffusive medium during the transit time of the ultrasonic toneburst. This allows collecting more
ultrasound-modulated photons for a given ultrasonic wave amplitude. We found, however, that a pulsed laser of this kind
generates additional noise which limits the sensitivity gain expected from its high peak power. Progress toward sensitive
imaging was achieved by developing methods to reduce the impact of this additional noise. Results obtained with
differential detection, laser beam spatio-temporal homogenization and variable delay synchronization are presented.
With such measures, the use of a pulsed laser appears a promising solution for enhancing the sensitivity in acousto-optical
imaging.
In this paper we explore laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) at relatively low energies in the range 10 -
350 tJ. We present measurements ofthe threshold laser energy needed for LIBS and the scaling of plasma size and crater
size with energy. The effects of the laser pulse length and gating of the detector on the LIB spectra are studied and we also
assess the use ofmicrojoule LIBS for the identification ofAl alloys.
An improved phase demodulator for the detection of ultrasound based on two wave mixing (TWM) in semi-insulating
photorefractive GaAs crystal is presented. A new optical layout is proposed in which the total laser power is injected into the
crystal to reduce the grating buildup time. The device is then less sensitive to ambient vibrations or motion of the inspected
part. To reduce the sensitivity of the device to amplitude fluctuations, a balanced receiver with a large etendue was
developed. The measured rejection ratio of this balanced receiver is 50 dB. However, in this new optical configuration the
signal and pump beam paths cannot be made equal which results in some sensitivity to high frequency laser phase noise. In
this paper the results and performances of this novel configuration operating with CW and pulsed lasers are discussed. A
comparison with the conventional confocal Fabry-Perot demodulator is also presented.
We present and describe different techniques based on the photorefractive effect that are used for the optical detection of ultrasonic signals. These techniques use the wavefront adaptation properties of the photorefractive effect. They are: the photorefractive beam combiner, the double phase conjugate heterodyne detection and the adaptive photodetector based on non steady state photoelectromotive force. Their respective advantages and drawbacks, are overviewed. We insist on the latest development and performances obtained with the photorefractive beam combiner that seems to use the most promising technique for the detection of ultrasonic signals on rough surfaces. We show that a sensor with near optimum sensitivity can be developed with the same photorefractive crystal at different wavelength in the range of 1 micrometer to 1.55 micrometer.
We present and describe two techniques used for optical detection of ultrasonic signals based on the photorefractive effect. These techniques used the wavefront adaptation properties of the photorefractive effect. In the photorefractive beam combiner, a local oscillator matched to the signal wavefront is created, leading to an homodyne detection system having a large etendue. In the double phase conjugate heterodyne detection system the signal beam wavefront is cleaned by a double phase conjugate mirror and transformed in a plane wave that is sent on a classical heterodyne detection system. Both systems are characterized and used to detect ultrasound.
The index change induced by two-photon absorption of green light in Ge-doped optical fiber is partly anisotropic. We review the experimental facts that form the basis for a physical model of bleachable oriented defects. We also describe how a density matrix formalism, based on a simili three-level system, can be used to determine the tensorial properties of the photoinduced index change.
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