LIDAR-based measurement systems can overcome several limitations in comparable technologies for the measurement and mapping of 3D static and dynamic objects in any given reference frame. As a result, they present distinct advantages for the determination of target velocity, acceleration, roll, pitch, yaw and position from long distances. Continuous, precise sensing and monitoring of remote targets has applications in various areas including military and commercial systems from ground, air or space. In this manuscript, we present the use of Maximum-Likelihood Estimation (MLE) methods for the extraction of precise object orientation and position information from a “waveform-sensing” LIDAR detector, where the finely-sampled (> GHz) temporal waveform of the signal generated by the diffuse-reflected laser pulse (i.e., laser pulse reflected off of the object and returned to collection optics) is used. In this method, multiple waveforms generated by the return pulse from various detectors stationed at optimized specific positions are collected. The time-of-flight (TOF), shape and the duration of waveforms indicate the radial extent of the object and distance to the receiver. Position and orientation are then extracted from the waveforms using MLE. First, we describe the forward-model simulation tool to generate LIDAR waveform data for an arbitrary object position and orientation. Next, we present a brief introduction into MLE followed by the application of this method to the extraction of position and orientation parameters from the simulated LIDAR data. Finally, results are presented to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed method in recovering the input object orientation and position under presence of noise.
Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) is a popular sensing technique to measure static and dynamic objects with applications in many areas of defense technology including robotics, aircraft navigation and guidance systems, autonomous vehicles and aircraft landing systems, as well as tracking and measuring attitude of hypersonic objects. Despite widespread use of LIDAR to map out objects and environments, there remains a need for advanced analytic techniques to recover quantitative information about objects from LIDAR data, for example, the position and trajectory of a foreign object. One major class of LIDAR systems are those that produce so-called point-cloud data, which is a threedimensional sampling of a scene. Technical demands for extraction of geometric parameters from point-cloud spatial models are increasing as 3D LIDAR sensors and their application technology is continuously developed and popularized. While classical techniques for feature extraction and estimation exist, these existing techniques are currently inadequate to recover geometric parameters with desired accuracy for precision applications. To address this challenge, we developed an algorithm based on principal component analysis (PCA) to extract precise geometric parameters from LIDAR point-cloud data of objects including pitch, yaw, roll and xyz-position, as well as the rates of change of these parameters. We present the basis of this algorithm, as well as initial results using point cloud data of a rotating cylindrical object. The results suggest that PCA-based analysis could provide a robust and high precision approach for recovering object position and orientation, particularly when combined with other analytical approaches such as machine learning.
We developed a web-based instructional and research tool that demonstrates the behavior of electromagnetic waves as they propagate through a homogenous medium and through an interface where the second medium can be characterized by an effective complex permittivity and permeability. Either p- or s-polarization wave components can be chosen and the graphical interface includes 2D wave and 3D component representations. The program enables the study of continuity of electromagnetic components, critical angle, Brewster angle, absorption and amplification, behavior of light in sub-unity and negative-index materials, Poynting vector and phase velocity behavior, and positive and negative Goos- Hänchen shifts.
At the Puerto Rico Photonics Institute we have responded to the need of a workforce competitively prepared for entry into the fields of lasers and photonics by creating a 1-year Photonics and Lasers Technical certificate, supported under a grant from the US Department of Labor. The project, entitled New Horizons: Puerto Rico Lasers and Photonics Career Pathways offers displaced workers, veterans, and others in Puerto Rico an opportunity to develop new and highly marketable skills for the 21st century. We give a roadmap of plans and pitfalls, and share our successes, challenges, solutions, and future expectations for those planning similar programs.
As the only photonics center in Puerto Rico and the Caribbean we have developed since 2014 and for the International Year of Light 2015 a comprehensive education and outreach program. We show how we have successfully reached an audience of more than 9,500 including K-12 students and teachers, general public, and specialized audiences, by partnering with other institutions and private companies to maximize resources. We present our experience, challenges, rewards and results or our activities and the types of partnerships we developed with institutions and private companies that were fundamental to achieve our goals.
Jonathan Friedman, Andres Diaz, Roger Saltares, Sarah Luciano, Nerivette Molina, Smailyn Martinez, Alejandro Hernandez, Johan de Jesus, Yesenia Rivera, Antonio Capeles, Felipe Alvear, Jesus Lopez, Miguel Rivera, Rey Saurez, Elsa Trujillo
As the only photonics center in Puerto Rico, the Puerto Rico Photonics Institute (PRPI) has developed education and outreach projects, partnering with other institutions and private companies to optimize the use of available resources. We present our experience, challenges, rewards, and results for the following projects:
- Tours: K-12 students visit our facilities in a science tour including a presentation on the Arecibo Observatory (AO)
and the Digital Planet Geodome. We present optics demonstrations and other information. In the first three months we hosted fifteen schools impacting over 1,400 students.
- Outreach: We have newly active outreach and recruiting activities for Puerto Rico (PR) schools.
- Teachers: With the PR Math-Science Partnership (MSP) Program, we have given a full-day workshop on optics and photonics experiments for 5th-12th grade teachers, and a master class at the annual MSP Congress. We have impacted over 500 teachers through these initiatives.
- Continuing Education: We have given continuing education courses in addition to the MSP workshops.
- General Public: We partner with museums in PR, the University of Turabo, and the AO Visitor Center to build optics exhibits, many developed by students.
- Video: PRPI is promoting the 2015 International Year of Light, creating: 1. A short video with students and faculty from the Universidad Metropolitana (UMET) Schools of Communication and Business Administration; 2. A longer video with the production company Geoambiente.
- Apps: Our website will include ray tracing and wave propagation applications, developed by UMET Computer
Science students.
- Capstone: Engineering students at the School of Engineering at Universidad del Turabo are developing laser pattern generators.
Andres Diaz, Jonathan Friedman, Sarah Luciano, Smailyn Martinez, Alejandro Hernandez, Johan de Jesus, Nerivette Molina, Jose Ramos, Alexander Casañas, Pedro Maldonado
Two web-based educational tools have been developed for the Puerto Photonics Institute by undergraduate students of Computer Science at Universidad Metropolitana. These show how light propagates, refracts, and is reflected from different media. The first is a ray-tracing application to visually represent the propagation of light as a ray through diverse media. Beams can interact with multiple quadratic surfaces defined by the user. The second tool analytically and graphically studies the behavior of electromagnetic waves as they propagate through space and through an interface between two dielectric media. The animated simulation allows users to manipulate model parameters and acquire an intuitive understanding of how electromagnetic p- and s-waves propagate in a homogeneous medium and are modified as they are refracted and reflected at the material interface. Some interesting particular cases that can be modelled are: normal incidence, critical angle, Brewster angle, and absorptive/amplifying media. The development of these programs has brought research into the undergraduate curriculum for Computer Science students, who were introduced to the concepts of geometric and wave optics by taking a course in optics and through mentoring. These projects also address the gap of inadequate or overly costly software in these areas. These programs will be used in our Technical Certificate Program in Optics and Photonics and in our undergraduate optics courses, as well as being available as tools on our website.
We study the enhancement and control of the refractive index of liquid crystals with
dispersed gold and silver nanoparticles. The maximum obtainable variation in the real
and imaginary parts of the effective refractive index of the solution by reorientation of
the liquid crystal molecules is calculated, and the results obtained with gold and silver
nanospheres are compared. The effect of size, concentration, and composition of the
nano-particulates (solid spheres vs. silver- or gold-coated silica nanoshells) on the
refractive index and its wavelength dependence is also considered.
Metamaterials are of substantial current interest because they may exhibit unusual and/or configurable optical responses. We studied the optical properties of gold and silver nanoparticles dispersed in different organic liquids in the visible to near-IR. Calculation of the refractive indices of metallic nanospheres or metallic-coated silica spheres in liquid crystals show the possibility of tuning and varying the refractive index by reorientation of the liquid crystal molecules. Measurements of the refractive indices of gold nanoparticles in dodecane were experimentally studied by using spectroscopic ellipsometry and a reasonable agreement with the theoretical results based on Mie scattering was obtained. Finally, the effect of gold and silver nanospheres on the nonlinear absorption properties of an organic liquid (L34, a 4,4'-dialkyl phenyleneethynylene) was studied. The results suggest that metallic nanoparticles dispersed in a host organic fluids can be good materials for fabrication of low and tunable index materials in the visible to near-IR wavelength range, and for the enhancement of the nonlinear absorption of liquids used in switching applications.
We present a theoretical model and some experiment demonstrations of all-optical passive switching processes with 90°
twist-aligned nano-doped nematic liquid crystal cells sandwiched between two crossed polarizers. The photosensitive
dopants give rise to laser induced dye-assisted director axis reorientation and order parameter modifications, which in
turn produce an intensity dependent polarization switching and hence a transmission modulation capability.
Experimental observations are in good agreement with our expectation derived from modified Jones matrix analysis and
also demonstrate the feasibility of an efficient [microwatt power] low threshold polarization and fast switching
[microseconds] all optical limiting device for visible as well as infrared lasers or bright light sources.
Stimulated Orientational Scattering (SOS) uses the angular reorientation of the director axis in liquid crystals to produce
cross-polarized light amplification. Akin to photorefractivity, SOS uses grating formation and the resulting phase-matching
to scatter incident radiation into a coherent, cross-polarized signal beam. This paper provides a brief review of
the theory underlying SOS, a discussion of the simulation of SOS dynamics, and empirical results of the SOS effect
acting in a thin film (300 μm) planar sample of the liquid crystal E7 induced by an Argon ion laser at a wavelength of
488 nm.
We present the results of nonlinear transmission in various ordered and disordered mesophases of liquid crystals,
and demonstrate that in bulk or guided wave geometry, they are capable of clamping the transmission of pulsed or cw
lasers to below the Maximum Permissible Exposure level of eyes and optical sensors in the entire visible - infrared
region.
We describe a class of liquid crystalline photonic metamaterials that exhibit tunable negative-zero-positive refractive
indices. As a result of the extreme sensitivity of the nematic liquid crystal constituent, these metamaterials also exhibit
extraordinarily large optical nonlinearities associated with the optical field induced director axis reorientation and
birefringence change. Incorporation of a gain medium such as laser dye reduces losses of the metamaterial.
We described a nonlinear optical metamaterial formed by randomly dispersing coated core-shell nano-spheres in
aligned nematic liquid crystals. Such material will exhibit effective refractive indices ranging from negative, through
zero to positive values. The nano-spheres dispersed liquid crystal possesses an effective birefringence that is larger than
the natural birefringence of the host liquid crystal, which effectively enhances the nonlinear optical response associated
with optical field induced director axis reorientation.
We demonstrate how liquid crystal cladded metallo-dielectric and all-dielectric frequency selective surfaces (FSS) can perform as broadband tunable optical filters and planar negative index optical materials. Structures are designed using a genetic algorithm technique that takes into account the specifics of nanofabrication techniques to maximize the effective optical material response and minimize losses as the birefringent nematic liquid crystal (NLC) overlayer is tuned.
We have performed a critical analysis of optical limiting materials exhibiting the two typical absorption mechanisms of reverse saturable absorption (RSA) and two-photon absorption (TPA). The limiting characteristics of beam propagation in nonlinear liquids that exhibit RSA and TPA are discussed, and guidelines for materials and parameter optimization that will result in practical large dynamic range devices are given.
We have performed quantitative theoretical and experimental studies of all-optical self-induced polarization switching in thin films and waveguides of nematic liquid crystals, and demonstrated the feasibility of such processes over the entire visible-near infrared [0.4 - 1.55 microns] spectrum. We have also studied the detailed dynamics of the nonlinear optical interaction with the nematic crystalline axis, and observed interesting frequency selective beam amplification and stimulated scattering effects.
We report theoretical and experimental studies of supra-photorefractive nematic liquid crystals doped with C60 and/or Carbon nanotubes. Theoretical estimate shows that the nonlinear refractive index change coefficient n2 in such systems can be >> 1 cm2/Watt. Experimentally, we have observed n2 of ~ 10 cm2/W, with typical nematic response times.
A detailed theoretical study of nonlinear molecular photonic processes accompanying the propagation of short intense laser pulses through a thin organic liquid cell and an organic liquid cored fiber array is presented. A model is proposed to account for the measurements of a recently developed organic liquid, and a comparison with pure two-photon and excited state absorption mechanisms is performed.
Feasibility studies and statistical analyses generated using specially tailored software tools of 2D photonic bandgap waveguides containing structural deviations are presented. Waveguide structures comprising two wide angle bends within a photonic bandgap structure were used in this analysis. The results demonstrate that small variations in the location and size of ordered media create significant changes in the photonic bandgap properties of the material. Deviations with a statistical mean of 20 nm in locaiton and size of this particular model designed for 1.55 μm wavelength are enough to cause the waveguide transmission to reduce by up to 90%.
We report on theoretical and experimental studies of all-optical polarization conversion of cw 1.55 μm lasers using nematic liquid crystal in their ordered and isotropic phases. Almost complete conversion of the linearly polarized laser is achieved in a 400 μm thick film at mW power.
We report theoretical and experimental studies of 1-D and 2-d tunable nonlinear photonic crystals made of liquid crystal or liquid crystal infiltrated periodic structures. Theoretical modeling shows that such structures exhibit tunable bandgap, and sugar-prism effect. Experimentally, we have demonstrated the possibility of writing dynamic or permanent [but switchable] index gratings to dye-doped LC films that act as planar waveguides.
A quantitative model for nonlinear photonic absorption processes in a liquid and their effects in the nonlinear transmission and limiting of a laser pulse are studied. The theoretical simulation results accounting for two-photon- and excited-state absorption processes, and the dynamic evolution of the molecular level populations and propagation of picosecond and nanosecond laser pulses through a fiber core formed by such liquid are in good agreement with experimental observations. In pump-prove studies using picosecond and nanosecond laser pump pulses and cw probe, we have also observed oscillatory transmission associated with laser induced thermal/density effects. We also discuss applications of the supra optical nonlinearity of nematic liquid crystal film for anti-laser jamming and optical limiting operation against long-pulse or cw lasers.
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