Mr. Arie N. de Jong Profile

Arie N. de Jong

retired

SPIE Involvement:

Author | Instructor

Publications (43)

Proceedings Article | 21 October 2014 Paper

Characteristics of turbulence driven atmospheric blur over coastal water

Arie de Jong, Piet B. Schwering, Koen Benoist, Willem Gunter, George Vrahimis, Faith October

Proceedings Volume 9242, 92421H (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2066192

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Modulation transfer functions, Scintillation, Data conversion, Turbulence, Cameras, Wavefronts, Water, Electro optical sensors, Refractive index

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For users of Electro-Optical (EO) sensors at sea, knowledge on their resolution is of key operational importance for the prediction of the obtainable classification ranges. Small targets may be located at ranges of 20 km and more and the present day sensor pixel size may be as small as 10 μrad. In this type of scenarios, sensor resolution will be limited by blur, generated by atmospheric turbulence, easily being greater than 30 μrad (at 20 km range). Predictions of the blur size are generally based upon the theory, developed by Fried [1]. In this theory, the turbulence strength is characterized by the structure parameter for the refractive index C_n ², of which data are assumed to be available from secondary instruments. The theory predicts the atmospheric Modulation Transfer Function (MTF), which can be incorporated into the total system MTF, used in range performance predictions, as described by Holst [2]. Validation of blur predictions by measurements is a complex effort due to the rapid variations of the blur with time and the problems associated with the simultaneous acquisition of proper C_n ² data. During the FATMOSE trial, carried out over a range of 15.7 km in the False Bay near Simon’s Town (South Africa) from November 2009 to October 2010, these data were collected in a large variety of atmospheric conditions [3]. In stead of the atmospheric MTF, the horizontal and vertical line spread function (LSF) was measured with a camera with 5 μrad resolution. Various methods for the determination of the LSF and the associated problems are discussed in the paper. The width of the LSF is via its Fourier transform directly related to the MTF. C_n ² data were collected with a standard BLS scintillometer over a nearby range. Additional C_n ²data were obtained via conversion of the scintillation data from the same camera and from a high speed transmissometer, collecting data over the same range. Comparisons between blur and Beam Wander predictions and measurements from the FATMOSE campaign are discussed in the paper as well as their impact on the range performance of present day sensors at sea.

SPIE Journal Paper | 1 April 2013

Validation of atmospheric propagation models in littoral waters

Arie de Jong, Piet B. Schwering, Alexander M. van Eijk, Willem Gunter

OE, Vol. 52, Issue 04, 046002, (April 2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.OE.52.4.046002

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Proceedings Article | 8 November 2012 Paper

Characteristics of long-range scintillation data over maritime coastal areas

Arie de Jong, Piet Schwering, Willem Gunter, George Vrahimis, Faith October

Proceedings Volume 8535, 853504 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.970566

KEYWORDS: Scintillation, Turbulence, Receivers, Sensors, Radiometry, Humidity, Data conversion, Imaging systems, Cameras, Atmospheric turbulence

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Proceedings Article | 18 May 2012 Paper

Long-term measurements of atmospheric point-spread functions over littoral waters as determined by atmospheric turbulence

Arie de Jong, Piet B. Schwering, Koen Benoist, Willem Gunter, George Vrahimis, Faith October

Proceedings Volume 8355, 83550M (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.917718

KEYWORDS: Modulation transfer functions, Cameras, Scintillation, Turbulence, Sensors, Atmospheric turbulence, Spatial frequencies, Refraction, Visibility, Optical resolution

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Proceedings Article | 11 October 2011 Paper

Marine boundary layer investigations in the False Bay, supported by optical refraction and scintillation measurements

Arie de Jong, Alexander M. van Eijk, Koen Benoist, Willem Gunter, George Vrahimis, Faith October

Proceedings Volume 8178, 817808 (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.897461

KEYWORDS: Dysprosium, Refraction, Ocean optics, Scintillation, Data modeling, Humidity, Temperature metrology, Atmospheric modeling, Water, Turbulence

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Proceedings Article | 7 September 2011 Paper

Application of year-round atmospheric transmission data, collected with the MSRT multiband transmissometer during the FATMOSE trial in the False Bay area

Arie de Jong, Alexander van Eijk, Leo Cohen, Peter Fritz, Willem Gunter, George Vrahimis, Faith October

Proceedings Volume 8161, 81610A (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.892023

KEYWORDS: Humidity, Visibility, Aerosols, Atmospheric modeling, Atmospheric particles, Atmospheric propagation, Atmospheric optics, Particles, Atmospheric sensing, Sensors

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The FATMOSE trial (False Bay Atmospheric Experiment) is a continuation of the cooperative work between TNO and IMT on atmospheric propagation and point target detection and identification in a maritime environment (South Africa). The atmospheric transmission, being of major importance for target detection, was measured with the MSRT multiband optical/IR transmissometer over a path of 15.7 km over sea. Simultaneously a set of instruments was installed on a midpath lighthouse for collection of local meteorological data, including turbulence, scintillation, sea surface temperature and visibility. The multiband transmission data allow the retrieval of the size distribution (PSD) of the particles (aerosols) in the transmission path. The retrieved PSD's can be correlated with the weather data such as windspeed, wind direction, relative humidity and visibility. This knowledge will lead to better atmospheric propagation models. The measurement period covered nearly a full year, starting in November 2009 and ending in October 2010. The False Bay site is ideal for studies on propagation effects over sea because of the large variety of weather conditions, including high windspeed, expected from the South East with maritime air masses, as well as Northerly winds, expected to bring warm and dry air from the continent. From an operational point of view the False Bay area is interesting, being representative for the scenery around the African coast with warships in an active protecting role in the battle against piracy. The yearround transmission data are an important input for range performance calculations of electro-optical sensors against maritime targets. The data support the choice of the proper spectral band and contain statistical information about the detection ranges to be expected. In this paper details on the instrumentation will be explained as well as the methods of calibration and PSD retrieval. Data are presented for various weather conditions, showing correlations between different parameters and including statistical behaviour over the year. Examples will be shown of special conditions such as refractive gain, gravity waves and showers.

Proceedings Article | 12 October 2010 Paper

Preliminary results of the FATMOSE atmospheric propagation trials in the False Bay, South Africa, November 2009-July 2010

Arie de Jong, Peter Fritz, Koen Benoist, Alexander van Eijk, Piet Schwering, Willem Gunter, George Vrahimis, Faith October

Proceedings Volume 7828, 782809 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.864067

KEYWORDS: Visibility, Scintillation, Atmospheric propagation, Data modeling, Cameras, Sensors, Atmospheric modeling, Refraction, Aerosols, Imaging systems

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The FATMOSE trial (FAlse-bay ATMOSpheric Experiment) running over a period from November 2009 to July 2010, was a continuation of the cooperation between TNO and IMT on atmospheric propagation and point target detection and identification in a maritime environment. Instruments were installed for measuring scintillation, blurring- and refraction effects over a 15.7 km path over sea. Simultaneously, a set of instruments was installed on a mid-path lighthouse for collecting local meteorological data, including scintillation, sea surface temperature and visibility. The measurements covered summer and winter conditions with a prevailing high wind speed from the South East, bringing in maritime air masses. The weather conditions included variations in the Air-Sea Temperature Difference (ASTD), that may affect the vertical temperature gradient in the atmospheric boundary layer, causing refraction effects in the lightpath. This was measured with a theodolite camera, providing absolute Angles of Arrival (AOA). Blur data were collected with a high resolution camera system with 10 bits dynamic range. Specially designed image analysis software allows determination of the atmospheric blur, while simultaneously providing information on the Scintillation Index (S.I.). This S.I. was also measured by using the Multiband Spectral Radiometer Transmissometer (MSRT). The ratio of the transmission levels of this instrument contains information on the size distribution of the aerosols along the path. In the paper, experimental details on the set-up and the instrumentation are given as well as the methods of analysis. Preliminary results are shown, including a comparison of measured blur and scintillation data with Cn 2 data from the scintillometer, correlation between AOA and ASTD and comparison of transmission data with data from the visibility meter. Blur and scintillation data are compared with predictions from standard turbulence model predictions, using Cn 2. In future studies the data will be used for validation of propagation models such as EOSTAR.

Proceedings Article | 1 October 2009 Paper

Measurement and prediction of optical turbulence effects as function of altitude in the marine boundary layer

Arie de Jong, Piet B. W. Schwering, Peter Fritz

Proceedings Volume 7476, 747609 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.830108

KEYWORDS: Scintillation, Ocean optics, Turbulence, Sapphire, Coastal modeling, Data modeling, Cameras, Receivers, Statistical modeling, Optical turbulence

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Proceedings Article | 22 April 2009 Paper

Optical characteristics of small surface targets, measured in the False Bay, South Africa; June 2007

Arie de Jong, Piet Schwering, Peter Fritz, Willem Gunter

Proceedings Volume 7300, 730003 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.816859

KEYWORDS: Polarization, Cameras, Optical filters, Target detection, Visualization, Reflection, Sensors, Sun, Foam, Infrared sensors

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Proceedings Article | 1 October 2008 Paper

Measurement of optical refraction, transmission, and turbulence effects in False Bay, South Africa: June 2007

Arie de Jong, Piet Schwering, Peter Fritz

Proceedings Volume 7108, 710803 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.797460

KEYWORDS: Data modeling, Atmospheric modeling, Scintillation, Refraction, Aerosols, Visibility, Cameras, Turbulence, Atmospheric propagation, Atmospheric particles

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Complementary to a measurement campaign of small surface targets in the False Bay, South Africa [1], a set-up could be arranged of atmospheric propagation experiments. This opportunity allowed us to collect another set of transmission data in a coastal area, where the environmental conditions are generally non-homogeneous and rapidly changing. It was found before, that the validity of models, predicting the aerosol size distribution, the vertical temperature profile or the structure constant for the refractive index Cn 2 tends to be questionable in this type of areas [2,3]. Proper knowledge of the relation between the range performance of electro-optical and infrared sensors and in-situ weather parameters is however of key importance for operational use of this type of sensors, so the collection of additional propagation data was very relevant. Refraction data were collected continuously by using a geodetic theodolite with camera system over a 15.7 km path in the False Bay. Transmission- and scintillation data were collected over a 9.6 km path by means of our MSRT (Multi- Spectral Radiometer Transmissometer) and a Celestron telescope (with camera) with a focal length of 1.25 m. Weather parameters were measured at a shore station and on a rock in the bay. The weather was greatly variable with many showers, while the visibility, cloudiness and ASTD (Air-Sea Temperature Difference) conditions were continuously changing. Analysis of the theodolite data delivered absolute AOA (Angle of Arrival) data, which have been compared with predictions from the bulk model for marine boundary layers and from two empirical two-parameter temperature profiles. Transmission data, collected in three spectral bands (around 0.6, 0.9 and 1.5 µm), provided information on the particle size distribution, assumed to be of a Junge type. Knowledge of this information allows the prediction of the atmospheric transmission in other spectral bands, including the IR. The transmission data were compared with the data from a visibility meter on the roof of the IMT building. Both data sets correlated reasonably well. From the high speed MSRT transmission data (integration time 10 ms, sampling rate 30 Hz) the scintillation index (SI) was calculated, which showed a reduction in SI value when it starts to rain, while the SI came back to normal shortly after the shower. The measured SI data were transformed into Cn 2 values (the atmospheric refractive index structure function) and compared with predictions from the bulk model with different type of stability functions for a selected set of measurement periods. The model predictions show deficiences for conditions with small ASTD. The SI data from the MSRT were compared with the scintillation data, collected with the Celestron imaging system, which showed interesting correspondences and differences, which are discussed in the paper. From the Celestron data also the beam wander was determined, providing, similar to the SI, a source of information on Cn 2. It was shown, that the beam wander (blur) also correlates with ASTD.

Proceedings Article | 20 August 2008 Paper

Transmissometer versus sun photometer measurements of the aerosol optical properties

Jolanta Kusmierczyk-Michulec, Alexander Van Eijk, M. Moerman, L. Cohen, A. de Jong, P. Fritz

Proceedings Volume 7090, 70900L (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.797837

KEYWORDS: Aerosols, Sun, Photometry, Atmospheric particles, Ocean optics, Calibration, Phase modulation, Atmospheric optics, Optical properties, Solar radiation

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Proceedings Article | 7 November 2007 Paper

Optical characterization of small surface targets

Piet Schwering, Dirk Bezuidenhout, Willem Gunter, Arie de Jong, Peter Fritz, Francois le Roux, Rheinhardt Sieberhagen, Mark Holloway, George Vrahimis, Faith October, Rob Kemp

Proceedings Volume 6739, 67390H (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.738507

KEYWORDS: Sun, Scintillation, Mid-IR, Sensors, Long wavelength infrared, Signal to noise ratio, Target detection, Imaging systems, Electro optical systems, Refraction

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Proceedings Article | 29 October 2007 Paper

Measurements of transmission in the visible and the IR in the Baltic coastal environment

Denis Dion, Lionel Gardenal, Arie de Jong, Henrik Vogel, Yvonick Hurtaud, Karin Stein, Luc Forand

Proceedings Volume 6747, 67470X (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.742342

KEYWORDS: Visibility, Wind measurement, Signal attenuation, Meteorology, Black bodies, Temperature metrology, Aerosols, Visible radiation, Humidity, Mid-IR

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Proceedings Article | 29 October 2007 Paper

Refraction measurements and modeling over the Chesapeake Bay during the NATO (TG-51) SAPPHIRE trials, June 2006

Arie de Jong, Peter Fritz

Proceedings Volume 6747, 674707 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.730396

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Data modeling, Atmospheric modeling, Sapphire, Distortion, Temperature metrology, Refraction, Atmospheric propagation, Water, Cameras

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Optical refraction tends to occur frequently in the atmospheric boundary layer. Due to a gradient in the temperature as function of height, rays are bending down towards the earth (super-refraction), or up towards to the sky (sub-refraction). As a consequence, images of targets at long range may be distorted and mirages may occur, while the maximum detection range may be affected. In addition the irradiance, received from a point target at a sensor pupil, may increase or decrease due to atmospheric focusing effects. Sub-refraction tends to occur more frequently over sea-paths, as the air is normally cooler than the water. Currently available propagation models, like IRBLEM [1] and EOSTAR [2] adequately describe the mentioned effects for this condition. However sparse data are available for model validation in super-refractive conditions, when the air is warmer than the water. For this reason, the SAPPHIRE trial, (Ship and Atmospheric Propagation Phenomena Infrared Experiment), was organized in the Chesapeake Bay near Washington DC by NATO Task Group TG51 in June 2006. At this location and in this time of the year, the probability for having positive ASTD (Air to Sea Temperature Difference) conditions is high. In the bay a buoy was positioned, on which a set of precision temperature sensors was mounted. They provided as well ASTD values as temperature gradients at a height of 3.7 m. By means of a geodetic theodolite, absolute AOA's (Angle Of Arrival) were measured for a set of lights at various altitudes, located on the other side of the bay at a distance of 16.2 km. The buoy was located at about mid-path position. Positive ASTD conditions did occur on a number of days allowing validation of the values of the AOA, predicted by the models, based upon the meteorological data, simultaneously collected at the buoy. It was found, that the temperature profile, generated by the bulk model for the marine surface layer [3] is incorrect, resulting in deviations in the AOA, compared to the data from the theodolite. A set of empirical temperature profiles has been created, using the ASTD and the gradient in the temperature as function of height as input. One of them provides of predicted AOA values, which fit well with the measurements during the trials period. Errors in the prediction are resulting from the variability of the meteorological conditions, causing inhomogeneities along the path. Furthermore the measurement accuracy was limited due to image blur by atmospheric turbulence in a number of occasions.

Proceedings Article | 25 September 2007 Paper

The use of multi-band transmission data collected at Scripps pier in November 2006 for the investigation of aerosol characteristics

Arie de Jong, Alexander M. J. van Eijk, Peter Fritz, Leo Cohen, Marcel Moerman

Proceedings Volume 6708, 67080L (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.730479

KEYWORDS: Aerosols, Phase modulation, Particles, Atmospheric particles, Clouds, Lanthanum, Humidity, Scattering, Signal attenuation, Sensors

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The knowledge of the atmospheric aerosol characteristics is of great importance for the range performance of Infrared and Electro-Optical sensor systems. The composition, the concentration and the size distribution of aerosols determine their scattering behavior as function of wavelength and thus their attenuation of light beams. When studies are made on this attenuation, it is considered to be very useful to incorporate the spatial variation of the aerosol characteristics along the measurement path, such as found during a previous campaign, carried out over the San Diego Bay (August 2005). In a more recent experiment (November 2006) a trial was set-up at Scripps pier of the Institute of Oceanography near La Jolla (US-West Coast). This place is known for the high frequency of occurrence of hazy conditions, not only variable with location, but also in time. TNO did participate in this experiment with two Particle Measurement Systems (PMS), one on the shore and one at the end of the pier, a weather station and the Multi Spectral Radiometer Transmissometer (MSRT), used in previous trials. It was shown before, that the use of multi-band transmission data allows a more detailed analysis of the aerosol characteristics in the measurement path. The advantage of the MSRT concerns a larger measurement volume, thus providing a higher signal to noise (S/N) ratio and a shorter response time, compared to the in-situ PMS systems. A similar method, based on the spectral dependence of the scattering coefficient, has been used during the analysis of the data, collected in November 2006. In this paper representative data samples are presented, showing the variability of the transmission in each of the spectral bands. By using the weather data, a separation has been made between extinction by molecules and aerosols. A brief description is given of the retrieval method, just mentioned. The retrieved particle characteristics are compared to the data from the PMS systems, taking into account the fact, that part of the measurement path, having a length of 6.68 km, was grazing the shore-line. In general the particle density, as found by the PMS systems was less than the retrieved value, especially when the wind was from off-shore directions. At certain occasions, sinusoidal variations in the transmission level, with a period of about 5 minutes, were found, probably due to oscillatory motions of the air mass in the measurement path. It was found, that the value of the Junge exponent of the Particle Size Distribution (PSD) was rather frequently of the order of -3, showing that the concentration of bigger particles (> 3 μm) compared to the smaller particles (< 0.5 μm), was greater than the value, found in experiments at other locations. It is investigated how accurate the transmission levels of the IR bands can be predicted by using the retrieved PSD's and the absolute humidity, obtained from the weather data. Due to the low wind speed during the trial (< 4 m/s), it was not possible to find any particular effect from aerosols, potentially created in the surf zone at higher wind speeds.

Proceedings Article | 1 September 2006 Paper

Investigation of aerosol particle size distributions in the San Diego Bay area by means of multiband transmissometry

Arie de Jong, Alexander van Eijk, Marcel Moerman, Leo Cohen

Proceedings Volume 6303, 63030L (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.680288

KEYWORDS: Atmospheric particles, Phase modulation, Aerosols, Particles, Scattering, Atmospheric modeling, Visibility, Atmospheric sensing, Atmospheric optics, Light scattering

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The presence of atmospheric aerosols along the line of sight of infrared and electro-optical sensors greatly determines the range performance of these devices. On the one hand the aerosol particles scatter background (including sun) radiance into the field of view of the sensor, on the other hand they contribute to the atmospheric contrast reduction of the target. Proper knowledge of aerosol characteristics such as composition, concentration and size distribution is of vital importance for the prediction of their scattering and extinction characteristics. It is however found to be very difficult to collect accurate information on the particle size distribution (PSD) of aerosols. One of the reasons is the variation of the PSD along the path, which is likely to occur in a coastal area such as the San Diego Bay. One way to overcome these problems is the use of a multi-band transmissometer, as was done in previous measurement campaigns in the Baltic Sea [1] and in the Persian Gulf area [2]. The TNO seven-band optical/IR transmissometer system, providing path averaged transmission data for the intervening atmosphere, is operating at wavelengths between 0.4 and 14 μm,. In this spectral band, scattering in light hazy conditions is dominated by particles with a diameter of less than 4 μm. In order to simulate the transmission losses by scattering in various spectral bands a special calculation tool has been developed. This tool, described in this paper, allows detailed investigation of the possibilities of the retrieval of the PSD from multi-band transmission data. The slope in the plots of the transmission versus wavelength is directly related to the slope of the (log-normal) PSD plots (known as Junge exponent). The average transmission in a selected number of spectral bands is directly correlated to the average particle concentration (known as Junge coefficient). The principle of the methodology is illustrated with data collected during a measurement campaign, carried out over the San Diego Bay in August 2005. In this campaign we used six of the seven spectral bands, providing data over a 7.2 km over water path. It is shown that the retrieval method is very successful and the data correspond well with those, simultaneously collected with in-situ Particle Measurement Systems (PMS), located on both sides of the path. In addition to the path averaging, another advantage of the transmissometer PSD's, is the accuracy, being an order of magnitude higher than that of the PMS probes due to the fact that the measurement volume is more than a million times larger. A detailed analysis is given of the transmission data, showing peculiar effects were in the 2.3μm band around 19.00 UTC during most of the days. These effects are especially well illustrated in plots where the transmission in one spectral band is plotted against the transmission in another band for various times of the day.

Proceedings Article | 14 October 2005 Paper

Two-way multi-band optical/IR transmission measurements in the Persian Gulf coastal region

Arie de Jong, Peter Fritz

Proceedings Volume 5981, 59810E (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.629501

KEYWORDS: Receivers, Atmospheric particles, Retroreflectors, Aerosols, Mirrors, Calibration, Atmospheric optics, Humidity, Particles, Ocean optics

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The atmospheric conditions in the Persian Gulf region are significantly different from other places in the world. The particle size distribution may vary daily and during the day. The aerosols can contribute to the amount of rainfall over land, important for the nations around the Gulf. In 2004 NASNGSFC and NRL (Naval Research Laboratory) introduced a proposal to improve the modelling of aerosol transport for the Persian Gulf area. The proposal included a measurement campaign in the UAE (United Arabian Emirates), held in the summer/fall of 2004, sponsored by the DWRS (Department of Water Resources Studies) in Abu Dhabi: UAEz (Unified Aerosol Experiment in the UAE). In this campaign NASA installed a number of multi-spectral sun-photometers at various locations in the UAE (http://aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov). NRL installed ground based and airborne particle samplers. In addition, TNO (the Netherlands) installed its multi-band opticaUIR transmissometer, in order to collect horizontal, path-integrated transmission data. This device provides additional information on the scattering behaviour of the aerosols compared to the other instruments, which either integrate scattering over the full vertical path (the NASA sun-photometers, providing the Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD)) or sample the particles in-situ (the NRL particle samplers, providing size distribution and composition). This paper deals with our transmission measurement set-up, which was located in a coastal area near Abu Dhabi. This location allowed the investigation of the local variability of the atmospheric conditions: from desert dust to pollution, such as fossil fuel and biomass burning, depending on the wind direction. For logistic reasons a set-up was chosen with a retro-reflector. This choice implies consequences for the calibration procedure and measurement accuracy, which are discussed in detail. Also the effects of path-inhomogeneity and scintillation for such a two-way set-up are considered. Results are presented for the measurement period of two weeks in September, showing interesting transmission effects due to temporal changes in aerosol particle composition. These phenomena cannot be explained by scattering theory for spherical particles. More knowledge is required on the shape and composition of the particles. Comparison of the transmission data with the data from other instruments will be done in a next phase.

Proceedings Article | 11 November 2004 Paper

Geometrical image distortion and aberration for long-range targets in a non-homogeneous atmosphere

Arie de Jong

Proceedings Volume 5572, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.565690

KEYWORDS: Distortion, Cameras, Atmospheric modeling, Refractive index, Gases, Sensors, Receivers, Atmospheric optics, Refraction, Data modeling

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Proceedings Article | 11 November 2004 Paper

Multiband optical/IR transmissometry during the VAMPIRA trials, Spring 2004

Arie de Jong, Leo Cohen, Marcel Moerman

Proceedings Volume 5572, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.581278

KEYWORDS: Atmospheric particles, Aerosols, Particles, Scattering, Atmospheric modeling, Atmospheric optics, Sensors, Receivers, Visibility, Phase modulation

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Proceedings Article | 6 February 2004 Paper

Intensity variations of small airborne incoming targets popping up above the horizon

Arie de Jong

Proceedings Volume 5237, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.515084

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Target detection, Scintillation, Receivers, Infrared search and track, Signal detection, Diffraction, Clouds, Atmospheric propagation, Cameras

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Proceedings Article | 6 February 2004 Paper

Refraction effects of atmospheric inhomogeneities along the path

Arie de Jong

Proceedings Volume 5237, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.515085

KEYWORDS: Receivers, Atmospheric propagation, Sensors, Refraction, Target detection, Temperature metrology, Distortion, Ocean optics, Free space, Atmospheric modeling

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Proceedings Article | 10 October 2003 Paper

IR panoramic alerting sensor concepts and applications

Arie de Jong, Piet Schwering

Proceedings Volume 5074, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.488788

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Cameras, Missiles, Mirrors, Infrared sensors, Infrared search and track, Detector arrays, Panoramic photography, Spatial resolution, Imaging systems

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Proceedings Article | 7 March 2003 Paper

Characterication in the laboratory of VISIR, the mid-infrared imager and spectrometer for the VLT

Pierre-Olivier Lagage, Jan-Willem Pel, Arnaud Claret, Sieds Damstra, Didier Dubreuil, Gilles Durand, Eddy Elswijk, Philippe Galdemard, Arie de Jong, Gabby Kroes, Charles Lyraud, Eric Pantin, Johan Pragt, Yvon Rio, Anton Schoenmaker, Martial Authier, Jean Belorgey, Jean-Francois Gournay, Michel Lortholary, Yves Lussignol, Christian Veyssiere

Proceedings Volume 4841, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.461101

KEYWORDS: Spectroscopy, Sensors, Imaging systems, Mid-IR, Image quality, Mirrors, Telescopes, Detector arrays, Calibration, Spectral resolution

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 March 2003

Alternative measurement techniques for infrared sensor performance

Arie de Jong, Eric Franken, Hans Winkel

OE, Vol. 42, Issue 03, (March 2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.1541000

KEYWORDS: Cameras, Minimum resolvable temperature difference, Collimators, Zoom lenses, Infrared cameras, Modulation transfer functions, Spatial frequencies, Sensors, Target recognition, Infrared sensors

Proceedings Article | 23 January 2003 Paper

TG16 point target detection experiment POLLEX, Livorno 2001

Arie de Jong, Hans Winkel, Marcel Moerman, Karin Stein, Karin Weiss-Wrana, J. Luc Forand, Guy Potvin, James Buss, Andrea Cini, Henrik Vogel, Espen Stark

Proceedings Volume 4820, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.450543

KEYWORDS: Cameras, Scintillation, Sensors, Refraction, Target detection, Visualization, Temperature metrology, Data modeling, Coastal modeling, Turbulence

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Proceedings Article | 23 January 2003 Paper

Enhanced IR point target detection by atmospheric effects

Arie de Jong, Hans Winkel

Proceedings Volume 4820, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.450545

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Infrared search and track, Target detection, Scintillation, Atmospheric sensing, Humidity, Signal attenuation, Atmospheric modeling, Atmospheric particles, Infrared detectors

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Proceedings Article | 18 October 2001 Paper

Active multispectral near-IR detection of small surface targets

Arie de Jong, Hans Winkel, Marco Roos

Proceedings Volume 4394, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.445487

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Lamps, Target detection, Optical filters, Short wave infrared radiation, Scanners, CCD cameras, Laser scanners, Cameras, Radiometry

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Proceedings Article | 18 September 2001 Paper

Infrared polarization measurements of targets and backgrounds in a marine environment

Frank Cremer, Piet Schwering, Wim de Jong, Klamer Schutte, Arie de Jong

Proceedings Volume 4370, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.440074

KEYWORDS: Polarization, Infrared radiation, Cameras, Sun, Infrared imaging, Optical filters, Polarizers, Ocean optics, Mid-IR, Visualization

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Proceedings Article | 10 September 2001 Paper

IR sensor performance testing with a double-slit method

Arie de Jong, Hans Winkel, Rick Ghauharali

Proceedings Volume 4372, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.439141

KEYWORDS: Cameras, Modulation, Minimum resolvable temperature difference, Sensors, Double patterning technology, Spatial frequencies, Phase shift keying, Staring arrays, Electronics, Phase measurement

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Proceedings Article | 20 August 2001 Paper

Band selection from a hyperspectral data-cube for a real-time multispectral 3CCD camera

Paul Withagen, Eric den Breejen, Eric Franken, Arie de Jong, Hans Winkel

Proceedings Volume 4381, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.437054

KEYWORDS: Cameras, Mining, Image sensors, Feature selection, Image classification, Imaging systems, Land mines, Hyperspectral imaging, Distance measurement, Spatial resolution

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Proceedings Article | 15 December 2000 Paper

Encountering bird alarms in full-stare IRSTs

Arie de Jong, Hans Winkel, Rob Kemp

Proceedings Volume 4130, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.409914

KEYWORDS: Infrared search and track, Sensors, Missiles, Cameras, Ranging, Target detection, Infrared signatures, Signal processing, Radar, Medium wave

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Proceedings Article | 17 July 2000 Paper

TOD predicts target acquisition performance for staring and scanning thermal imagers

Piet Bijl, J. Valeton, Arie de Jong

Proceedings Volume 4030, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.391771

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Minimum resolvable temperature difference, Target recognition, Staring arrays, Target acquisition, Scanners, Thermography, Systems modeling, Imaging systems, Sensor performance

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Proceedings Article | 3 November 1998 Paper

Extensive analysis of low-level IR transmission measurements taken over a 15-km path during EOPACE with IRBLEM

J. Luc Forand, Denis Dion, Mike Duffy, Stuart Gathman, Kathleen Littfin, Arie de Jong, Gerrit de Leeuw, Kenneth Davidson

Proceedings Volume 3433, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.330207

KEYWORDS: Aerosols, Transmittance, Atmospheric modeling, Visibility, Temperature metrology, Meteorology, Water, Refractive index, Refraction, Far infrared

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Proceedings Article | 3 November 1998 Paper

Scintillation measurements during the EOPACE November '96 and August '97 campaigns

Arie de Jong, Marco Roos, Hans Winkel, Peter Fritz, Gerrit de Leeuw, Paul Frederickson, Kenneth Davidson

Proceedings Volume 3433, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.330243

KEYWORDS: Scintillation, Medium wave, Modulation, Cameras, CCD cameras, Receivers, Infrared search and track, Data modeling, Signal detection, Sensors

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Proceedings Article | 23 September 1997 Paper

Point target extinction and scintillation as function of range at LAPTEX, Crete

Arie de Jong, Hans Winkel

Proceedings Volume 3125, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.279021

KEYWORDS: Scintillation, Sensors, Medium wave, Atmospheric modeling, Infrared search and track, Atmospheric propagation, Data modeling, Calcium, Atmospheric sensing, Atmospheric optics

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Proceedings Article | 23 September 1997 Paper

Low-elevation transmission measurements at EOPACE I. Molecular and aerosol effects

Carl Zeisse, Stuart Gathman, Douglas Jensen, Kathleen Littfin, William Moision, Kenneth Davidson, Paul Frederickson, Arie de Jong, Peter Fritz, Gerrit de Leeuw, J. Luc Forand, Denis Dion

Proceedings Volume 3125, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.279018

KEYWORDS: Aerosols, Infrared radiation, Humidity, Sensors, Transmitters, Receivers, Refractive index, Scintillation, Signal to noise ratio, Atmospheric particles

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Proceedings Article | 23 September 1997 Paper

Low-elevation transmission measurements at EOPACE III. Scintillation effects

Arie de Jong, Gerrit de Leeuw

Proceedings Volume 3125, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.279019

KEYWORDS: Scintillation, Sensors, Signal detection, Target detection, Atmospheric modeling, Receivers, Chlorine, Turbulence, Staring arrays, Modulation

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Proceedings Article | 23 September 1997 Paper

Atmospheric effects on low-elevation transmission measurements at EOPACE

J. Luc Forand, Mike Duffy, Carl Zeisse, Stuart Gathman, Arie de Jong, Denis Dion

Proceedings Volume 3125, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.283883

KEYWORDS: Aerosols, Transmittance, Atmospheric modeling, Refractive index, Humidity, Visibility, Mid-IR, Atmospheric particles, Refraction, Meteorology

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Proceedings Article | 17 June 1996 Paper

Multispectral maritime background and clutter effects on small-surface-target detection

Arie de Jong

Proceedings Volume 2742, (1996) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.243004

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Visualization, Target detection, Long wavelength infrared, Reflectivity, Water, Sun, Image sensors, Mid-IR, Detection and tracking algorithms

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Proceedings Article | 31 May 1996 Paper

Detection of surface-laid and buried mines with IR and CCD cameras: an evaluation based on measurements

Yvonne Janssen, Arie de Jong, Hans Winkel, Frank van Putten

Proceedings Volume 2765, (1996) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.241248

KEYWORDS: Mining, Land mines, Metals, Imaging systems, Infrared cameras, Thermography, Temperature metrology, Calibration, Cameras, Black bodies

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Proceedings Article | 8 September 1995 Paper

IRST and its perspective

Arie de Jong

Proceedings Volume 2552, (1995) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.218217

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Infrared search and track, Target detection, Atmospheric optics, Interference (communication), Detection and tracking algorithms, Electronics, Radar, Control systems, Atmospheric sensing

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Proceedings Article | 1 November 1993 Paper

Ship infrared detection/vulnerability

Arie de Jong

Proceedings Volume 2020, (1993) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.160544

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Radiometry, Data modeling, Reflection, Infrared technology, Atmospheric modeling, Infrared imaging, Infrared detectors, Infrared radiation, Data acquisition

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Proceedings Article | 1 November 1993 Paper

Review of infrared technology in The Netherlands

Arie de Jong

Proceedings Volume 2020, (1993) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.160540

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Infrared sensors, Infrared technology, Target detection, Atmospheric sensing, Modeling, Temperature metrology, Radiometry, Infrared signatures, Signal processing

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Showing 5 of 43 publications

Proceedings Volume Editor (1)

SPIE Conference Volume | 1 November 1993

Infrared Technology XIX

Conference Committee Involvement (1)

Infrared Technology XIX

12 July 1993 | San Diego, CA, United States

Course Instructor

SC628: IR Threat Detection Systems

This short course provides an overview of the role that IR Search and Alerting systems (IRSA) may give in the protection of military and non-military platforms. All system aspects including the definition of the threat and associated scenarios, requirements, target signatures, background- and atmospheric (including spectral) effects, sources of false alarm, sensor design, signal processing, range performance, test and evaluation, situational awareness, coupling with candidate weapon and countermeasure systems, survivability and kill assessment will be discussed. The applications include the defense of tanks, helicopters and ships as they are used in peace keeping and peace-enforcing operations. The threat includes small arms weapons, rocket propelled grenades, missiles, unmanned aerial vehicles, small surface targets, operating in complex (including littoral) backgrounds.

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