Phosphate glasses can dissolve high concentrations of rare earths and have excellent spectroscopic properties making
them useful solid-state laser materials. Solid-state lasers doped with different rare-earth ions find applications in a wide range of LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) and sensing applications; phosphate glasses are useful host materials for many applications in the visible and near-infrared spectral regions. For example, trivalent erbium (Er3+) doped phosphate glasses operate at the eye-safe wavelength of 1.54 μm and are used for range finding and sensing applications. Tm3+ doped solid-state lasers operating at ~ 2 μm can be used for wind-shear and turbulence monitoring. Similarly, Nd-doped metaphosphate glasses are the preferred gain medium for high-peak-power lasers used for fusion energy research because they can store optical energy at greater densities than other glass-types and can be fabricated in large sizes with high rare-earth ion concentration. This paper discusses issues affecting glass quality, with particular focus on defect formation, especially crystallisation. Avoiding crystallisation during processing is essential to form high quality laser cavities. The work presented explores some of the factors controlling these defects including contamination during melting. The crystallisation behaviour of the glass was investigated for several different phosphate glass compositions and different melting conditions, including melting duration, temperature and crucible material.
We present the fabrication and characterisation of Dy3+-doped tellurite glasses and waveguides for applications in the mid-IR. The low phonon energy and large rare-earth ion solubility of tellurite glasses, as well as having infrared transmission ranges up to <5 μm, make them promising candidates for new mid-IR solid-state laser host materials. This paper presents recent achievements in the fabrication of tellurite glasses, glass characterisation and rare-earth ion spectroscopy which is compared to other glass hosts relevant to the mid-IR such as fluoride glasses. When excited with an 808 nm laser diode source, Dy3+ doped tellurite bulk glasses exhibited very broad fluorescence from the 6H13/2 - 6H15/2 transition which extends from 3 μm to 3.6 μm FWHM compared to 2.9 μm to 3.1 μm in Dy3+ doped ZBLAN glass. This broad and red-shifted fluorescence band in tellurite glass may find use in LIDAR and sensing applications as it coincides with an atmospheric transmission band, compared to the ~3 μm emission of Dy3+ doped ZBLAN lasers which is
absorbed by atmospheric water.
We present an overview of rare-earth doped heavy metal oxide and oxy-fluoride glasses which show promise as host
materials for lasers operating in the 2-5 μm spectral region for medical, military and sensing applications. By
engineering glass composition and purity, tellurite and germanate glasses can support transmission up to and beyond 5
μm and can have favourable thermal, mechanical and environmental stability compared to fluoride glasses. We discuss
techniques for glass purification and water removal for enhanced infrared transmission. By comparing the material
properties of the glass, and spectroscopic performance of selected rare-earth dopant ions we can identify promising
compositions for fibre and bulk lasers in the mid-infrared. Tellurite glass has recently been demonstrated to be a suitable
host material for efficient and compact lasers in the ~2 μm spectral region in fibre and bulk form and the next challenge
is to extend the operating range further into the infrared region where silica fibre is not sufficiently transparent, and
provide an alternative to fluoride glass and fibre.
The electronic states in trivalent rare-earth ions offer an excellent opportunity for designing efficient fibre and bulk lasers
for atmospheric remote sensing and LIDAR technology. The first part of this review article focuses on engineering passive fibres for 2-5 μm transmission. The fabrication of single-mode tungsten tellurite optical fibres from high purity bulk glass rods is described. Fibres with a numerical aperture of 0.1 and core diameter of 10±2 μm have been drawn using suction and rod-in-tube techniques of fibre preform fabrication. Losses of 2.3 dBm-1 at 974 nm have been measured. These fibres are of interest for use as passive transmission fibre or active fibres for lasing in the 2-5 μm spectral region. The use of heavy metal oxides in the fabrication of glass leads to extended infrared transmission. In the
2nd part of the review we compare the slope efficiencies of Tm3+ and Tm3+/Ho3+ doped glasses and fibres for 1950-2080 nm lasers using a range of pumping schemes in tellurite and germanium oxide hosts. We also explain the importance of choosing 1950-2080 nm tunable lasers as a pump source for stimulated emission at longer wavelengths.
The invited paper explains the transmission properties of a range of near-, mid-, and far-IR optical fibres for their
applications in chemical and biological sensing. Methods for the fabrication of single and multiple-core mid-IR fibres are
discussed in view of controlling the thermal and viscosity properties for fibre drawing. In particular, the need for
removing impurity bands in the 5000 to 1000 cm-1 range is explained. The importance of engineering multi-core fibres
is also discussed for simultaneous measurements of Raman, IR and surface plasmon enhanced modes together with say,
temperature using a mid-IR transmitting tellurite fibre e.g. in a chemical process. The paper explains the principles and
advantages of evanescent wave coupling of light at the resonant frequency bands for chemical sensing using a fibre
evanescent wave spectroscopic sensor having a GeTeSe chalcogenide fibre. Using fibre based techniques, measurements
for Cr6+ ions in solution and As3+ and As5+ in solids have been characterized at visible and mid-IR regions, respectively.
In this paper we also explain the importance of using mid-IR fibres for engineering novel laser and broadband sources
for chemical sensing.
We report the first use of a Semiconductor Disk Laser (SDL) as a pump source for ~2μm-emitting Tm3+ (,Ho3+)-doped
dielectric lasers. The ~1213nm GaInNAs/GaAs SDL produces >1W of CW output power, a maximum power transfer net
slope efficiency of 18.5%, and a full width half maximum wavelength tuning range of ~24nm. Free-running operation of
a Tm3+-doped tellurite glass laser under 1213nm SDL pumping generated up to 60mW output power with 22.4% slope
efficiency. Wavelength tunable output is also obtained from 1845 to 2043nm. Improved performance with output powers
of ~200mW and a slope efficiency of ~35% are achieved by replacing the Tm3+-doped glass with a Tm3+-doped KYW
active medium. Emission of a Tm3+,Ho3+-codoped tellurite glass laser is also reported with maximum output power of
~12mW and a ~7% slope efficiency. Finally, preliminary investigations of 1213nm-pumping of a Tm3+,Ho3+-codoped
silica fibre laser lead to 36mW output power with ~19.3% slope efficiency.
We present efficient CW lasing Tm3+/Ho3+/Yb3+-triply-doped tellurite fibre at ~2.1 μm. Two different pump schemes
have been demonstrated for this laser: a 1.088 μm
Yb3+-doped silica fibre laser simultaneously pumping the Tm3+: 3H5,
Ho3+: 5I6 and Yb3+: 2F5/2 levels, and a 1.6 μm
Er3+/Yb3+-doped silica fibre laser directly pumping the Tm3+: 3F4 level. For
the 1.6 μm pumping, a slope efficiency of 62% has been achieved in a 76 cm long fibre which is close to the Stokes
efficiency limit of ~75%. An output power of 160 mW has also been achieved, but with no signs of saturation or fibre
damage suggesting that higher output powers should be possible. For the 1.088 μm pumping there is very strong pump
ESA resulting in bright blue (480 nm) and near-IR (800 nm) fluorescence due to the 1G4 → 3H6 and 3H4 →
3H6
transitions of Tm3+, respectively, and this limits the achievable slope efficiency, which in this case was a maximum of
25% for a 17 cm long fibre. With this pump scheme, the highest observed output power was 60 mW, and further power
scaling was limited due to the intense ESA and thermal damage to the pump end of the fibre. We also present results on
the active Q-switching of the 1.6 μm pumped fibre laser using a mechanical chopper operating at 19.4 kHz. Average
powers of 26 mW and pulse energies of 0.65 μJ were measured with pulse widths in the range 100-160 ns.
Near- and mid-infrared fibre lasers find many applications in areas such as remote and chemical sensing, lidar and
medicine, and tellurite fibres offer advantages over other common fibre glasses such a lower phonon energy and higher
rare-earth ion solubility than silicate glasses, and greater chemical and environmental stability than fluoride glasses. Rate
equation modelling is a very useful tool for the characterisation and performance prediction of new rare earth transitions
in these novel fibre materials. We present the numerical rate equation modelling results for a ~2 μm Tm3+-doped tellurite
fibre laser when pumped with a 1.6 μm Er3+/Yb3+-doped double-clad silica fibre laser. A maximum slope efficiency of
76% with respect to launched pump power was achieved in the experimental fibre laser set up with a 32 cm long fibre.
The high slope efficiency is very close to the Stokes efficiency limit of ~82% which is due to the in-band pumping
scheme employed and the lack of pump excited state absorption. The two-level rate equations involving absorption and
emission between the Tm3+: 3H6 and 3F4 levels have been solved iteratively using a fourth-order Runge-Kutta algorithm
and the results compared with the experimental results. For the 32 cm fibre with output coupler reflectivities of 12%,
50%, 70% and 90%, the respective theoretical slope efficiencies of 73%, 64%, 53% and 29% are in very good agreement
with the experimentally measured values of 76%, 60%, 48% and 33%.
We report a Tm3+/Yb3+-doped tellurite fibre laser operating at wavelengths in the range 1879 - 1994 nm. Two different pump schemes have been demonstrated for this laser: a 1088 nm Yb3+-doped silica fibre laser simultaneously pumping the Tm3+: 3H5 and Yb3+: 2F5/2 levels, and a 1610 nm Er3+/Yb3+-doped silica fibre laser directly pumping the Tm3+: 3F4 upper laser level. For the 1610 nm pumping, a slope efficiency of 76% has been achieved in a 32 cm long fibre which is very close to the Stoke efficiency limit of ~80%. An output power of 283 mW has also been achieved, but with no signs of saturation or fibre damage suggesting that higher output powers should be possible. For the 1088 nm pumping there is very strong pump ESA resulting in bright blue (480 nm) and near-IR (800 nm) emission and this limits the achievable slope efficiency, which in this case was a maximum of 10% for a 16 cm long fibre. With this pump scheme, the highest observed output power was 67 mW, and further power scaling was limited due to the intense ESA and thermal damage to the pump end of the fibre. Lasing has been achieved in <10 cm lengths of this fibre making this material a promising candidate for ultra compact medium power mid-IR laser sources for range-finding, medical and atmospheric monitoring and sensing applications.
This paper examines the steady state and time resolved emission spectroscopy of Tm3+ doped and Tm3+-Ho3+, Tm3+-Yb3+ co-doped tellurite fibers for mid-IR fiber laser design which find applications for lidar. These doped fibers show promising properties for compact and tunable laser sources in the visible and mid-IR when pumped at 800 nm, 980 nm and 1480 nm which can be used for remote chemical sensing and atmospheric monitoring. Tellurite glass has a lower cut-off phonon energy than silica glass and is more environmentally stable than fluoride glass, and coupling these properties with its high rare-earth ion solubility and high refractive index make this glass a very interesting material in which to study the fluorescence properties of these rare earth ions. We have measured the mid-IR fluorescence properties in varying lengths of multi-mode and single-mode fiber for the 3H4-3H6 (~1.85 μm), 3H4-3F4 (~1.46 μm) transitions in Tm3+ and the 5I7-5I8 (~2.05 μm) transition in Ho3+. We have also measured the visible emission from these fibers due to excited state absorption (ESA) as there is blue and green emission in Tm3+ and Tm3+-Ho3+ doped fibers respectively when pumped at 800 nm, and strong red and blue emission in the Tm3+-Yb3+ when pumped at 980 nm. These results in fiber are compared to bulk glass results and are used to describe the pumping schemes and energy transfer mechanisms of these rare earth ions in tellurite fiber.
The radiative transition in Tm3+-doped fibre at 1.47 μm (3H4 → 3F4) remains a potential route for designing efficient fibre
and waveguide amplifiers for the S-band (1420-1520 nm). The transition however suffers from a long metastable
lifetime (5 times longer) than the 3H4 level, which means that the 3F4 level must be depopulated rapidly for efficient
inversion for laser and amplifiers applications. One of the known means so far for depopulation of the lower 3F4 level is
via co-doping with other rare-earth ions, essential for modest gain. For the Tm3+ - Ho3+ and Tm3+ - Tb3+ doped tellurite
glasses, the IR static and time-resolve fluorescence spectra and the lifetimes of the upper 3H4 and lower 3F4 lasing levels
for 1.47 μm of Tm3+ were measured. The energy transfer rate and non-radiative transfer efficiency between donors and
acceptors are compared. The quenching mechanism has been explained. Both the Ho3+and Tb3+ ions reduce the lifetimes
of the upper and lower lasing levels, with Tb3+ ions proving more effective than the effects observed for Ho3+ ions.
The paper discusses the application of Tm3+ and Tm3+/Ho3+-co-doped tellurium oxide fibres for LIDAR applications. Suitably co-doped tellurium oxide glass offers an excellent opportunity for developing high-power tunable laser compact devices, using both the 800 nm, 980 nm, and 1480 nm pumping schemes. Rare-earth ions have large solubility in tellurite glass, which we aim to exploit for designing Tm3+ and Tm3+/Ho3+ lasers operating in the 1.8μm and 2.9μm ranges. The importance of this wavelength band in characterising atmospheric CO2 and OH measurements will be explained, using the following transitions in Tm3+:3F4 - 3H6 (1.8 μm), 3H4 - 3H5 (2.3 μm) and in Ho3+: 5I7 - 5I8 (2.1 μm) and 5I6 - 5I7 (2.9 μm), all of which can be achieved via the pumping schemes at above wavelengths. The paper discusses the spectroscopic characterisations of bulk glass and their applications in the design of single-mode fibres for laser experiments. For 980 nm pumping scheme, the efficient energy transfer via Yb3+-ion co-doping to the respective lasing levels in Tm3+ and Ho3+ is explained. The results from the steady state fluorescence spectroscopy measurements for the energy transfer analysis are explained for laser design. The paper also explains the fibre pumping scheme and laser experiments in the 1.8 μm and 2.05 μm region.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.