KEYWORDS: Systems engineering, Process engineering, Observatories, Mirrors, Astronomy, Thirty Meter Telescope, Large telescopes, Telescopes, Databases, Optical instrument design
The new class of Extremely Large Telescopes (ELTs) has implemented more rigorous systems engineering processes and tools for requirements management than has been used in past observatory projects. The similarities and differences between these activities at the ESO-ELT, GMT, TMT, and NOIRLab US-ELTP projects are summarized. We show that, while the key steps of the requirements management process are common among the ELTs, each project has implemented its own variation of the processes and tools tailored to its needs.
KEYWORDS: Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, Imaging systems, System integration, Cameras, Telescopes, Observatories, Data processing, Interfaces, Control systems, Computing systems
The Commissioning Phase of the LSST Project is the final stage in the combined NSF and DOE funded LSST construction project. The LSST commission phase is planned to start early in 2020 and be completed near the end of 2022, ending with the LSST Observatory system ready to start survey operations. Commissioning includes the assembly of the three principal subsystems (Telescope, Camera and Data Management) into the LSST Observatory System and the integration and test (AI&T) efforts as well as the science verification activities. The LSST System AI&T and Commissioning Plan is driven by a combination of engineering and scientifically oriented activities to show compliance with technical requirements and readiness to conduct science operations (acquiring data, processing data, and serving data and derived data products to users). LSST System AI&T and Commissioning will be carried out over four phases of activity: Phase-0) Pre-commissioning preparations (work breakdown structure; Phase-1) Early System AI&T with a commissioning camera (ComCam); Phase-2) Full System AI&T when the LSST Science Camera is shipped to Chile, integrated on the telescope and the data management system (DMS) is exercised with full scale data; and Phase-3) Science Validation where a series of mini-surveys are used to characterize the system with respect to the survey performance specifications in the SRD/LSR and functionality of the, leading to operations readiness. The Science Validation Phase concludes with an Operations Readiness Review (ORR).
The LSST System Assembly, Integration and Test and Commissioning effort has been planned out over several phases The first phase of commissioning under Early AI&T is designed to test and verify the system level interfaces using ComCam – a 144Mpixel imager utilizing the same control components as the full science camera. During this period, the telescope active optics system will be brought into compliance with system requirements; the scheduler will be exercised and all safety checks verified for autonomous operation; and early DM algorithm testing will be performed with on-sky data from ComCam using a commissioning computing cluster at the Base Facility.
The second phase of activities under Full System AI&T is designed to complete the technical integration of the three principal subsystems and EPO, show full compliance with system level requirements as detailed in the Observatory System Specifications and system level interface control documents, and provide full scale data for further DM/EPO software and algorithmic testing and development. System level requirements that flow directly to subsystems without any further derivation will be tested for compliance, at the subsystem level and below, under the supervision of Project Systems Engineering. This document includes the general approach and goals for these tests. It is expected that roughly four (4) months into the Full System AI&T phase the telescope and camera will be fully integrated and routinely producing science grade images over the full field of view (FOV), at which point “System First Light” will be declared. Following System First Light will be an intensive data acquisition period design to test the image processing pipelines and validate the derived science products that are to be delivered by the LSST survey.
The third and final phase of activities under Science Validation is designed to fully characterize the system performance specifications detailed in LSST System Requirements Document and the range of demonstrated performance per the LSST Science Requirements. These activities are based on the measured “On-Sky” performance and informed simulations of the LSST system.
In this paper we describe the inputs and assumptions to the commissioning plan, a summary of the activities in each phase, management strategies and expected outcomes.
High spatial resolution thermal unsteady CFD simulations of LSST are performed and processed to provide image degradation due to dome seeing in FWHM. An analysis of the sensitivity of the image quality to certain important geometric features and aerothermal properties is presented. More specifically, the influence of the LSST vent light baffles and windscreen, the wind speed and the surface temperature of components such as the primary and secondary mirrors, the camera, the telescope structure and dome exterior is assessed and conclusions are drawn. The secondary mirror and camera surface temperatures are found to be among the most critical in minimizing LSST dome seeing.
The Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) is under construction in Chile. To make the delivered system meet the science goals, the project defines a set of performance metrics, and constantly monitors the system performance by evaluating the metrics against their requirements. In this paper, we describe the latest updates to the comprehensive tool set we have developed for evaluating the LSST system performance, which we collectively refer to as the LSST integrated model, and recent work on utilizing these tools for system verification. We also broaden our set of performance metrics and introduce an integrated-étendue-based metrics framework, which is useful for not just system verification, but also mitigation and optimization. Most of the major metrics currently being monitored fit under this framework, including image quality, system throughput, the single-visit point source 5σdetection limit, etc. We also mointor the Point Spread Function (PSF) ellipticity, which isn't part of this metrics framework, but is an output of the integrated model.
KEYWORDS: Systems modeling, Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, Data modeling, Systems engineering, Integrated modeling, Model-based design, Safety, Telescopes
This paper describes the evolution of the processes, methodologies and tools developed and utilized on the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) project that provide a complete end-to-end environment for verification planning, execution, and reporting. LSST utilizes No Magic’s MagicDraw Cameo Systems Modeler tool as the core tool for systems modeling, a Jira-based test case/test procedure/test plan tool called Test Management for Jira for verification execution, and Intercax’s Syndeia tool for bi-directional synchronization of data between Cameo Systems Modeler and Jira. Several additional supporting tools and services are also described to round out a complete solution. The paper describes the project’s needs, overall software platform architecture, and customizations developed to provide the end to- end solution.
KEYWORDS: Systems modeling, Systems engineering, Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, Observatories, Connectors, Data processing, Data archive systems, Astronomy, Camera shutters, Information technology
We† provide an overview of the Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) language, tool, and methodology being used in our development of the Operational Plan for Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) operations. LSST’s Systems Engineering (SE) team is using a model-based approach to operational plan development to: 1) capture the topdown stakeholders’ needs and functional allocations defining the scope, required tasks, and personnel needed for operations, and 2) capture the bottom-up operations and maintenance activities required to conduct the LSST survey across its distributed operations sites for the full ten year survey duration. To accomplish these complimentary goals and ensure that they result in self-consistent results, we have developed a holistic approach using the Sparx Enterprise Architect modeling tool and Systems Modeling Language (SysML). This approach utilizes SysML Use Cases, Actors, associated relationships, and Activity Diagrams to document and refine all of the major operations and maintenance activities that will be required to successfully operate the observatory and meet stakeholder expectations. We have developed several customized extensions of the SysML language including the creation of a custom stereotyped Use Case element with unique tagged values, as well as unique association connectors and Actor stereotypes. We demonstrate this customized MBSE methodology enables us to define: 1) the rolls each human Actor must take on to successfully carry out the activities associated with the Use Cases; 2) the skills each Actor must possess; 3) the functional allocation of all required stakeholder activities and Use Cases to organizational entities tasked with carrying them out; and 4) the organization structure required to successfully execute the operational survey. Our approach allows for continual refinement utilizing the systems engineering spiral method to expose finer levels of detail as necessary. For example, the bottom-up, Use Case-driven approach will be deployed in the future to develop the detailed work procedures required to successfully execute each operational activity.
Construction of the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope system involves several different organizations, a situation that poses many challenges at the time of the software integration of the components. To ensure commonality for the purposes of usability, maintainability, and robustness, the LSST software teams have agreed to the following for system software components: a summary state machine, a manner of managing settings, a flexible solution to specify controller/controllee relationships reliably as needed, and a paradigm for responding to and communicating alarms. This paper describes these agreed solutions and the factors that motivated these.
KEYWORDS: Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, Systems modeling, Systems engineering, Cameras, Telescopes, Observatories, Imaging systems, Data modeling, Control systems, Optical filters
The Large Synoptic Survey Telescope project was an early adopter of SysML and Model Based Systems Engineering
practices. The LSST project began using MBSE for requirements engineering beginning in 2006 shortly after the initial
release of the first SysML standard. Out of this early work the LSST’s MBSE effort has grown to include system
requirements, operational use cases, physical system definition, interfaces, and system states along with behavior
sequences and activities. In this paper we describe our approach and methodology for cross-linking these system
elements over the three classical systems engineering domains – requirement, functional and physical - into the LSST
System Architecture model. We also show how this model is used as the central element to the overall project systems
engineering effort. More recently we have begun to use the cross-linked modeled system architecture to develop and
plan the system verification and test process. In presenting this work we also describe “lessons learned” from several
missteps the project has had with MBSE. Lastly, we conclude by summarizing the overall status of the LSST’s System
Architecture model and our plans for the future as the LSST heads toward construction.
KEYWORDS: Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, Image quality, Systems modeling, Cameras, Systems engineering, Imaging systems, Telescopes, Image analysis, Quality testing methods, Control systems
This paper provides an overview of the tool, language, and methodology used for Verification and Validation Planning
on the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) Project. LSST has implemented a Model Based Systems Engineering
(MBSE) approach as a means of defining all systems engineering planning and definition activities that have historically
been captured in paper documents. Specifically, LSST has adopted the Systems Modeling Language (SysML) standard
and is utilizing a software tool called Enterprise Architect, developed by Sparx Systems. Much of the historical use of
SysML has focused on the early phases of the project life cycle. Our approach is to extend the advantages of MBSE into
later stages of the construction project. This paper details the methodology employed to use the tool to document the
verification planning phases, including the extension of the language to accommodate the project’s needs. The process
includes defining the Verification Plan for each requirement, which in turn consists of a Verification Requirement,
Success Criteria, Verification Method(s), Verification Level, and Verification Owner. Each Verification Method for
each Requirement is defined as a Verification Activity and mapped into Verification Events, which are collections of
activities that can be executed concurrently in an efficient and complementary way. Verification Event dependency and
sequences are modeled using Activity Diagrams. The methodology employed also ties in to the Project Management
Control System (PMCS), which utilizes Primavera P6 software, mapping each Verification Activity as a step in a
planned activity. This approach leads to full traceability from initial Requirement to scheduled, costed, and resource
loaded PMCS task-based activities, ensuring all requirements will be verified.
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