To realize automatic zooming of presbyopia glasses, we proposed a gaze distance detection method based on binocular tracking. A theoretical model was built to calculate gaze distance based on the gaze directions of two eyeballs. The gaze direction of each eyeball was obtained by the pupil center corneal reflection method. Three light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and two miniature cameras were placed on the glasses frame around the eyeball. Then, gaze direction was derived by calculating the distances between the pupil center and the positions of three LED reflection images by the corneal from the images captured by cameras. The experiment setup was built to test the gaze direction and gaze distance. The experimental result demonstrates that it is an effective way to obtain the user’s gaze distance for automatically adjusting the focal length of the zoom glasses.
A compact optical zoom camera module with Alvarez freeform elements is reported. A 3 × magnification in the optical zoom system was achieved by means of lateral shifting two pairs of Alvarez lenses. The optical design performances, profiles of the freeform surfaces, tolerance analysis results, and Monte Carlo yield simulation for mass production of the optical zoom system are presented. The optomechanical structures of the whole camera module including the barrels, actuators, and the slide-guiding systems are also described. The Alvarez elements and aspheric lenses were fabricated by precise injection molding and the movable elements are actuated by voice coil motors with a stroke of 3 mm. A camera module was developed with a size of 25 mm (width) × 25 mm (length) × 6 mm (height). The zooming and imaging capabilities of this Alvarez zoom lens were demonstrated experimentally.
We present and characterize an optical zoom system with lateral movement of an Alvarez freeform lens for imaging. Mathematical analysis for determining the required freeform surfaces is presented, and optical simulations are performed to confirm and refine the expected zooming behavior. A 3 × optical zoom system that was equivalent to a photographic objective lens with focal length ranging from 34.5 to 103.5 mm and field of view ranging from 60 deg to 22.4 deg is developed by using two pairs of Alvarez lenses and conventional aspheric lenses. The optical performances of the Alvarez zoom system are demonstrated experimentally.
Alvarez lenses can realize a large zoom ratio with minimal lateral movement. We analyzed the movement sensitivity in the x- and y-directions. An x–y polynomial model was used to describe the wavefront error introduced by the Alvarez lens decenter in the x- and y-directions. A 3× optical zoom system was developed with two pairs of Alvarez lenses and was used to verify the theoretical analysis results. The tolerance analysis result for the optical system is consistent with the theoretical analysis. The results showed that it is sensitive to Alvarez lens decentering, especially in the direction perpendicular to the movement direction.
The existence of Gravitational Wave (GW) is one of the greatest predictions of Einstein’s relative theory. It has played an important part in the radiation theory, black hole theory, space explore and so on. The GW detection has been an important aspect of modern physics. With the research proceeding further, there are still a lot of challenges existing in the interferometer which is the key instrument in GW detection especially the measurement of the super large radius optics. To solve this problem, one solution , Fizeau interference, for measuring the super large radius has been presented. We change the tradition that curved surface must be measured with a standard curved surface. We use a flat mirror as a reference flat and it can lower both the cost and the test requirement a lot. We select a concave mirror with the radius of 1600mm as a sample. After the precision measurement and analysis, the experimental results show that the relative error of radius is better than 3%, and it can fully meet the requirements of the measurement of super large radius optics. When calculating each pixel with standard cylinder, the edges are not sharp because of diffraction or some other reasons, we detect the edge and calculate the diameter of the cylinder automatically, and it can improve the precision a lot. In general, this method is simple, fast, non-traumatic, and highly precision, it can also provide us a new though in the measurement of super large radius optics.
In this paper, a high-accuracy calibration method for errors resulted from aberration in long focal length measurement, is presented. Generally, Gaussian Equation is used for calculation without consideration of the errors caused by aberration. However, the errors are the key factor affecting the accuracy in the measurement system of a large aperture and long focal length lens. We creatively introduce an effective way to calibrate the errors, with detailed analysis of the long focal length measurement based on divergent light and Talbot interferometry. Aberration errors are simulated by Zemax. Then, we achieve auto-correction with the help of Visual C++ software and the experimental results reveal that the relative accuracy is better than 0.01%.By comparing modified values with experimental results obtained in knife-edge testing measurement, the proposed method is proved to be highly effective and reliable.
An optical tilt sensor based on a phase-sensitive diffraction grating with direct intensity-modulated scheme is proposed in this paper. The tilt sensor consists of a coherent light source, an integrated grating, a mechanical sensing part, and an optical signal processing circuit. The mechanical sensing part consists of a bulk proof mass and two cantilevers that can be fabricated with a two-mask process on a silicon-on-insulator substrate. A phase-sensitive diffraction grating, which was formed with the integrated grating and the upper surface of the proof mass, acts as the sensing element for the tilt measurement. Experimental results show this tilt sensor provides the optimal tilt sensitivity of 1.15 V/° and resolution of about 0.0046°, and a measurement range of ±20° in a rotational plane that is perpendicular to the direction of the earth's gravity.
In this paper, we developed a novel photon sieve consisting of a large number of precisely positioned holes distributed according to an underlying Fresnel zone plate (FZP) geometry, while the holes at transparent and opaque circular rings of the FZP have a π phase shift. Compared to a conventional photon sieve which we call an amplitude-photon sieve (PS), the binary photon sieve has a transmission two times more amplitude-PS and a diffractive efficiency approximately four times than amplitude-PS. A 70-mm diameter, f/10 binary photon sieve has been fabricated for operation at visible light. Details of design, fabrication, and performance of the binary photon sieve are presented.
In this paper, a MOEMS accelerometer with integrated-grating-based optical interference detection is presented. The
acceleration sensor consists of an integrated grating on a transparent substrate and a mechanical part of a bulk silicon
proof mass suspended by cantilevers attached to the silicon support substrate. The proof mass and cantilevers were
fabricated with a two-mask process on one silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer. A phase sensitive diffractive grating was
formed with the grating and the upper surface of the proof mass, which acts as a reflective mirror. Illuminating the
grating with coherent light generates a series of diffracted optical beams, whose angles remain fixed, but whose
intensities are modulated by the relative distance between the grating and the proof mass. Distance alteration caused by
vibratory accelerations, changed the intensities of the diffracted beams, which could be detected by a differential circuit
to get the variety of acceleration. Experimental results demonstrated that this MOEMS accelerometer has good
performance with sensitivity of 3.63x104V/g and a dynamic range of ±5g.
To detect the wavefront of a long-focus lens, a new method is proposed in this paper. It is based on two dimensional
sub-aperture scanning and model method reconstruction. The number of stripes moved from one sub-aperture to another
has a relationship with the wavefront slope. In most cases it can be approached to linear relation. Through scanning the
initial wavefront slope data are achieved. Then with the slope data, the wavefront is reconstructed by model method with
Zernike polynomials. Singular value decomposition method is used in the process of solving the matrix equation.
Stripe-counting is one of the most important contents, which plays a decisive role in getting an accurate experimental
result. The method's precision is validated after comparing it with laser interferometer. It also works in some situations
that interferometer will not be suitable to detect a long-focus and large-diameter lens.
A new type of accelerometer is advanced which is based on optical fiber multi-mode interference (MMI). We use a
structure that a multi-mode fiber connected to two single mode fibers as the sensing part of the accelerometer. By
measuring the changes of the output spectrum can get the acceleration. This paper describes the principle of the
accelerometer based on multi-mode interference, and a theoretical simulation is performed. In the experiment a
Piezoelectric Ceramic is applied to simulate the Static Acceleration. The result manifests that this type of accelerometer
has a great dynamic range and a good resolution, also it's easy to fabricate and low cost.
An optical accelerometer with a bulk-micromachined silicon proof mass and a microfiber loop resonator (MLR) sensor was developed. The MLR was fixed on the surface of the cantilever beam. The proof mass and cantilever beam were fabricated with a two-mask process. An accelerometer with a range of ±20 g and output sensitivity 624.7 mV/g was fabricated. The design, simulation, fabrication, and preliminary results are presented.
A MOEMS (Micro-Optical Electronic Mechanical System) accelerometer based on a microfiber knot resonator is
proposed and demonstrated in this paper, and the microfiber knot resonator acts as the sensing device for vibration
measurement of the MOEMS structure. The diameters of the microfiber and microfiber knot are 1.1um and 386um,
respectively. The experimental results show that such an accelerometer has a sensitivity of 654.7 mV/g, and a dynamic
range over ±25g. This sensitivity can be increased significantly by increasing the Q factor of the microfiber knot resonators,
which can be achieved by improving fabrication of the microfiber.
Grating Light Valve (GLV) is a kind of optics device based on Micro-Opto-Electro-Mechanical System (MOEMS)
technology, utilizing diffraction principle to switch, attenuate and modulate light. In this paper, traditional GLV device's
structure and its working principle are illuminated, and a kind of modified GLV structure is presented, with details
introduction of the fabrication technology. The GLV structure includes single crystal silicon substrate, silicon dioxide
isolating layer, aluminum layer of fixed ribbons and silicon nitride of movable ribbons. In the fabrication, lots of
techniques are adopted, such as low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD), photolithography, etching and
evaporation. During the fabrication processes, Photolithography is a fundamental and fatal technology, which determines
etching result and GLV quality. Some methods are proposed through repeated experiments, to improve etching result
greatly and guide the practical application. This kind of GLV device can be made both small and inexpensively, and has
been tested to show proper range of actuation under DC bias, with good performance. The GLV device also has merits
such as low cost, simple technology, high fill ratio and low driving voltage. It can properly be well used and match the
demands of high light power needed in laser phototypesetting system, as a high-speed, high-resolution light modulator.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.