We compared different power distributions to design freeform progressive addition lenses (PALs) based on a minimization error function model. We employed straight line, trigonometric, eighth-order polynomial, and directly assigned function curvature laws to process the power distributions over an entire surface and assessed their effects on the PAL design. Four power distribution techniques were constructed to connect far vision and near vision areas. Correspondingly, four PALs were designed, simulated, and machined. The results showed that power distribution from the far vision point to the near vision point, according to the straight line curvature law, caused errors of 0.35 and 0.6 D in the distance and addition power, respectively. The error was reduced by the trigonometric curvature law and further reduced under the eighth-order polynomial curvature law. The assigned curvature law had the lowest error among the four lenses. These results indicate that the outcome of the PAL design is sensitive to different power distributions. The proposed method is expected to help advance the design procedure optimization of PALs in optometry.
In this paper, the bicubic spline interpolation and high-order polynomial methods were used to optimize the edge thickness of negative blended lenticular lens for patients having high myopia and astigmatism, which are large thickness and weight. For -8D lens with -2D cylinder in 180° axis, based on the setting a valid optical area, the outside area of the blended lenticular lens were designed . The optimized lenses were processed by CNC machine, measured and analyzed. The central optical area obtained via bicubic spline interpolation method is 48.98% greater than high-order polynomial method. The maximum thickness obtained using high polynomial method is 0.62% less than that obtained via bicubic spline interpolation method, which is 17.40% less than the original surface in 180° axis. The edge thickness under high polynomial method is 9.60% larger than bicubic spline interpolation method, which is 71.57% less than the original surface in 180° axis. Therefore, it was concluded that the bicubic spline interpolation method meets the requirements of the wearers. These methods are also suitable for designing other types of optical components.
Accurate measurement of ocular axis length (AL) is important for myopia control and vision recovery after cataract lens implantation. A low-coherence dual-beam external differential interference ocular AL measurement system (i.e. the new AL system) was built based on a modified Twyman-Green interferometer with a 790 nm infrared laser as the light source. Combined with digital signal processing techniques, the weak light interferometric signals acquired by DAQ card are processed synchronously. The FIR digital filter and signal envelope extraction method are designed to improve the signal-to-noise ratio, so as to obtain a high signal-to-noise ratio AL interference signal. To verify the effectiveness of the system, the correlation and consistency of AL between the new AL system and IOLMaster are analyzed. The results showed that the new AL system can provide valid AL measurements, indicating that the new AL system developed by our team can be used for routine clinical AL measurements.
The weight distributions (WDs) of spherical and cylindrical power deviations with the multiple convolution processing schemes indicate that the areas of the far and near zones can be increased by changing the WD without changing the distribution of the mean sphere. When the number of the multiple convolution processing schemes changed from 0 to 15, the areas of the far and near areas increase by 35.7% and 76.5%, respectively, and the maximum peripheral astigmatism increased from 0.75 to 1.5 ADD. The increasing maximum peripheral astigmatism will lengthen the period for the wearer to wear the PALs, and increase discomfort.
Spectacle lens are used to compensate refractive errors of the eyes. Therefore, the properties of human eyes were taken into consideration in our research. We not only designed and optimized the lens with the required optical performance in ZEMAX based on the eye-lens system, but also calculated the sag of the aspherical surface according to the optimized parameters. The back surface of the lens was aspherical surface for the better clinical effects than other types of aspherical lens. The results data were subsequently imported into the freeform verifier software (FFV) for analysis and the optical properties of the lens were calculated. It was found that the power distribution has been improved. The thickness of aspherical lens was much thinner than the spherical lens. Therefore, our research found a balance between thickness and optical performance.
Freeform progressive addition lenses (PALs) are mainly divided into distance vision zone, near vision zone, astigmatism channel and peripheral astigmatism zone. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of the width of the astigmatism channel by changing the near vision area of PALs on the basis of the minimal model method. The change of the near vision area was mainly achieved by changing the distribution function of the main curvature difference and the average curvature weight. Firstly, two weight distribution matrices of different near vision areas were designed, and the second-order partial differential equations of the minimized model were solved by the finite element method. The surface shape of two PALs was obtained. Secondly, the freeform verifier software (FFV) (ROTLEX, Israel) was used to simulate the shapes of the obtained surfaces, and used computer numerical control machine tools to process two groups of PALs. Finally, the Visionix VM-2500 lens measuring instrument was used to measure the PALs. The simulated and measured power and astigmatism distribution contours showed that the width of the astigmatism channel increased with the increase of the near vision area, however, the peripheral astigmatism was increased. Therefore, the near vision zone with an appropriate area can provide a reference for the optimal design of PALs.
The purpose of this study was to compare the optical properties of different astigmatic optical surfaces by direct physical measurement of their surface shapes. The back-surface heights of different astigmatic optical lenses were measured with a freeform measuring machine (FMM). In order to calculate the function of the part point cloud fitting surface for the dispersed data points of the astigmatic lenses, the measured shape data were modeled through surface fitting of a bicubic spline. The principal curvatures of each point on the surface were calculated, and the optical properties of each surface and their combinations were generated as contour plots using custom MATLAB routines. The fitting surface of the actual measurement points was compared with the design surface to determine the surface error. Analyses showed that this nonoptical method using an FMM can be used to effectively evaluate a cylindrical lens by surface height measurements alone. Compared to the optical measurement method, the optical properties derived directly from the surface shape can provide information not accessible by other methods. Therefore, this approach is potentially useful to clinicians who want to better understand the design of astigmatic optical lenses for making better recommendations to their clients.
Smart dental detector uses UV LED light source with the wavelength of 405nm to stimulate auto-fluorescence of teeth and FH8610 camera is applied for fluorescence imaging. Then the images can be transferred to mobile phone through WIFI wireless transmission. According to those images, doctors can diagnose caries easily at the early stage of tooth demineralization. So far, more than 300 dentists have used it to diagnose tooth diseases in China. The new technology of diagnosing caries is consistent with traditional diagnosis results. In addition, smart dental detector is an effective and portable device and the artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm is utilized to realize auto-classification.
The incidence and mortality rate of the primary liver cancer are very high and its postoperative metastasis and recurrence
have become important factors to the prognosis of patients. Circulating tumor cells (CTC), as a new tumor marker, play
important roles in the early diagnosis and individualized treatment. This paper presents an effective method to
distinguish liver cancer based on the cellular scattering spectrum, which is a non-fluorescence technique based on the
fiber confocal microscopic spectrometer. Combining the principal component analysis (PCA) with back propagation
(BP) neural network were utilized to establish an automatic recognition model for backscatter spectrum of the liver
cancer cells from blood cell. PCA was applied to reduce the dimension of the scattering spectral data which obtained by
the fiber confocal microscopic spectrometer. After dimensionality reduction by PCA, a neural network pattern
recognition model with 2 input layer nodes, 11 hidden layer nodes, 3 output nodes was established. We trained the
network with 66 samples and also tested it. Results showed that the recognition rate of the three types of cells is more
than 90%, the relative standard deviation is only 2.36%. The experimental results showed that the fiber confocal
microscopic spectrometer combining with the algorithm of PCA and BP neural network can automatically identify the
liver cancer cell from the blood cells. This will provide a better tool for investigating the metastasis of liver cancers in
vivo, the biology metabolic characteristics of liver cancers and drug transportation. Additionally, it is obviously
referential in practical application.
Stiffness of arteries, especially small arteries, is an important marker for many diseases and a good parameter to evaluate the risks of cardiovascular problems. In this research, we proposed a new method for measurement of local arterial distensibility by using photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) technology. Taking advantages from its excellent sensitivity and high spatial resolution, PAM can evaluate the morphology and volume change of a small artery accurately without involving any contrast agent. When working in the linear elastic range of a vessel, measuring the initial and the distended diameters of the vessel before and after pressure change facilitates quantitative assessment of vessel distensibility. The preliminary experiment on well-controlled gel phantoms demonstrates the feasibility of this technology.
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