With the rising popularity of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) in display applications, demand for more efficient blue emitters has increased. We have recently synthesized a novel blue-emitting, donor-acceptor system employing carbazole as the donor and a benzothiazole derivative as the acceptor, BTZ-CBZ. We find that the solution-phase emission of BTZ-CBZ is highly dependent on solvent polarity, both in lineshape and emission maximum, showing a Stokes shift of 50 nm in methylcyclohexane and 150 nm in acetonitrile. This is expected behavior for donor-acceptor compounds due to the presence of a charge-transfer excited state. However, the solid state properties are more important for OLED devices. Using time-dependent density functional theory calculations employing the linear-response (LR) and state-specific (SS) polarizable continuum model (PCM), we explore the effects of solvent reorganization on the emission properties of BTZ-CBZ. SS-PCM reproduces the solvatochromism behavior of BTZ-CBZ in solution, but LR-PCM shows effectively no shift with solvent polarity. We surmise that this is because solvent reorganization is necessary for the solvatochromic effect to occur. The effect of rigid matrices on the emission of BTZ-CBZ has direct implications on its viability as a blue emitter in solid-state OLEDs and which molecular environments will be ideal for devices.
The phenomenon of electric field-induced emission quenching is important in organic light-emitting diodes because operating conditions involve large electric fields. Past experimental work on light-emitting polymers and oligomers showed that field-induced quenching (FIQ) efficiencies are higher in non-rigid molecules such as poly(pphenylene vinylene) or PPV, than in similar, more planar molecules. Based on this relationship, we previously proposed that the applied field enhances internal conversion decay channels. Our further studies built on this idea by examining FIQ in PPV oligomers of varying length using computational methods. Calculations performed at the INDO/S-CI level showed the presence of free electron-hole pair (FEHP) states which are stabilized by the uniform external electric field. These FEHP states undergo an avoided crossing with the fluorescent 1Bu bound exciton state at sufficiently high field magnitudes. The magnitude of the electronic coupling between the FEHP and 1Bu state, determined from these avoided crossings, is found to be a function of the field at which these states cross. This function is universal in that it applies to all FEHP states in PPV. This includes FEHP states on different length oligomers and the multiple FEHP states on a given length oligomer. Combining this universal function with simple models for the surrounding dielectric medium and effects of disorder allowed Marcus theory to be used to develop a model of FIQ. The resulting model yields reasonable quantitative agreement with FIQ magnitudes, dependence on oligomer length, and threshold field strengths at which quenching is observed. Here, the universal curve, relating electronic coupling to the field at which the FEHP and 1Bu states cross, is examined for planar, ordered oligomers of polyfluorene and ladder-type poly(p-phenylene). The dependence is similar to PPV, suggesting that this curve is universal not just across states, but also across this family of conjugated polymers. Given that the electronic couplings are similar, the observed differences in FIQ may be attributed to other factors, including especially the reduced degree of structural disorder present for these more rigid systems.
Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have received a significant attention over the past decade due to their energy-saving potential. We have recently synthesized two novel carbazole-based donor-acceptor compounds and analyzed their optical properties to determine their suitability for use as blue emitters in OLEDs. These compounds show remarkable photo-stability and high quantum yields in the blue region of the spectrum. In addition, they have highly solvatochromic emission. In non-polar solvents, bright, blue-shifted (λmax ≈ 398 nm), and highly structured emission is seen. With increasing solvent dielectric constant, the emission becomes weaker, red-shifted (λmax ≈ 507 nm), and broad. We aim to determine the underlying cause of these changes. Electronic structure calculations indicate the presence of multiple excited states with comparable oscillator strength. These states are of interest because there are several with charge-transfer (CT) character, and others centered on the donor moiety. We theorize that CT states play a role in the observed changes in emission lineshape and may promote charge mobility for electrofluorescence in OLEDs. In the future, we plan to use Stark spectroscopy to analyze the polarity of excited states and transient absorption spectroscopy to observe the dynamics in the excited state.
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