The SCALES instrument being developed at UC Observatories is designed to take spectra of directly imaged exoplanets in the thermal infrared (1-5 microns). The ability to switch from science imaging mode to pupil imaging mode to taking spectra at specific wavelengths requires precision mechanical subsystems to enable these different modes of operation at cryogenic temperatures. In this paper we discuss the design of a rotary stage that can position different Lyot masks, as well as different high precision metal optics to enable some of the broad functionality of SCALES. We will also review some of the analysis involved with validating the design, and specifics pertaining to the design of the precision mirrors mounted to this stage.
The Keck Adaptive Secondary Mirror (KASM) project will broaden the use of adaptive optics on the Keck I telescope by integrating the correction device into the secondary mirror. By replacing the static secondary with a high-actuator count convex deformable mirror, image sharpening will be available to all instrument ports. The KASM optical surface will be a thin shell polished to match the optical prescription of the existing Keck I secondary mirror to within a few microns. The final correction of the optical shape will be achieved with control of the ASM’s actuators. The calibration and verification equipment (CAVE) will be an optical metrology package designed to verify that the delivered KASM has the correct optical figure. CAVE will also be used to verify and calibrate the actuator motion, both spatially and temporally, forming the basis for the actuator influence functions used in closed-loop operations. CAVE will be used during testing at the University of California Observatories optical laboratory, as well as during commissioning and periodic verification at the W.M. Keck Observatory, necessitating a robust and repeatable kinematic mounting arrangement. We describe the design of CAVE and develop a concept for laboratory and telescope facility operations and calibration.
The challenges met in the design of cryogenic instruments for infrared astronomy involve a certain level of uncertainty in the dynamic responses of mechanical components when going from warm to cold. These types of responses include differential contraction of unlike materials, slipping between contact surfaces, and the potential for warping of mechanical components depending on stresses inherently present in the material. This paper will go over the design and manufacturing principles practiced to mitigate these types of variables that would result in detriment to performance. The optics, mounts, and alignment features detailed in this paper are to be used for the Slicer Combined with an Array of Lenslets for Exoplanet Spectroscopy (SCALES) instrument, a 2-5 micron coronagraphic integral field spectrograph under construction for Keck Observatory.
Design principles, such as monolithic mount structures, a bolt-and-go approach to mounts, flexure designs for the optical substrates, cryogenic compatible alignment features, and the approach taken to athermalize a titanium tip/tilt stage present in the forward optics section will be explained in detail in this paper. Manufacturing principles and techniques are discussed in this paper concerning the types of tolerances and features called out along with machining conditions to meet the technical requirements of the SCALES instrument.
We present preliminary laboratory cryogenic testing and validation results for the first rotary stage for SCALES (Slicer Combined with an Array of Lenslets for Exoplanet Spectroscopy). SCALES is a 2-5 micron high-contrast lenslet integral field spectrograph currently undergoing final design and testing for the W. M. Keck Observatory. The rotary stage, known as the Lyot mechanism, is a rotating wheel with 15 selectable pupil masks and optics. When deployed behind the Keck Adaptive Optics system, SCALES will be used to detect and characterize a wide variety of exoplanets. To minimize thermal emission, all optical and mechanical components of SCALES are fully cryogenic. Testing was first performed at ambient temperatures and pressures, then validated under vacuum at cryogenic temperatures.
SCALES (Slicer Combined with Array of Lenslets for Exoplanet Spectroscopy) is the next-generation, diffraction-limited, thermal infrared, fully cryogenic, coronagraphic exoplanet spectrograph and imager for W.M. Keck Observatory. SCALES is fed by the Keck II Adaptive Optics bench. Both modes use common fore-optics to simplify the optical design and have individual detectors, which are JWST flight spares. The imager mode operates from 1 to 5 microns with selectable narrow- and broadband filters over a field of view 12.3 arcseconds on a side, and the integral field spectrograph mode operates from 2 to 5 microns with both low and mid spectral resolutions (R∼ 100 to R∼ 7500) over a field of view 2.15 arcseconds on a side. The diamond-turned aluminum optics, most of which are already delivered, with the rest being fabricated, provide low distortion, low wavefront error, and high throughput for all modes. The slicing unit, located behind the lenslet array, allows SCALES to reach heretofore unheard-of spatially-resolved spectral resolution for exoplanet and disc observations from the ground with a coronagraphic integral field spectrograph. The SCALES consortium includes UC Observatories, CalTech, W.M. Keck Observatory, the Indian Institute of Astrophysics, and the University of Durham, with over 40 science team members. We report on the overall design and project status during its ongoing fabrication phase, which started in early 2023.
High-contrast imaging has been used to discover and characterize dozens of exoplanets to date. The primary limiting performance factor for these instruments is contrast, the ratio of exoplanet to host star brightness that an instrument can successfully resolve. Contrast is largely determined by wavefront error, consisting of uncorrected atmospheric turbulence and optical aberrations downstream of AO correction. Single-point diamond turning allows for high-precision optics to be manufactured for use in astronomical instrumentation, presenting a cheaper and more versatile alternative to conventional glass polishing. This work presents measurements of wavefront error for diamond-turned aluminum optics in the Slicer Combined with an Array of Lenslets for Exoplanet Spectroscopy (SCALES) instrument, a 2 micron to 5 micron coronagraphic integral field spectrograph under construction for Keck Observatory. Wavefront error measurements for these optics are used to simulate SCALES’ point spread function using physical optics propagation software poppy, showing that SCALES’ contrast performance is not limited by wavefront error from internal instrument optics.
In this paper, we present the preliminary results for a three-sided reflective pyramid wavefront sensor (3-RPWFS) for Shane Telescope’s adaptive optics module. HCIPy simulations using a modulation radius of 5λ/D indicate comparable performance to the module’s existing Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor. An opto-mechanical design is modeled to meet the physical constraints for Shane AO installation and future on-sky testing. A closed-loop demonstration of a 3-RPWFS prototype is conducted using the SEAL testbed, and it yields promising results illustrating proof of concept. We discuss the details of the simulation, opto-mechanical design, and SEAL closed-loop results for the 3-RPWFS.
A next-generation instrument named, Slicer Combined with Array of Lenslets for Exoplanet Spectroscopy (SCALES), is being planned for the W. M. Keck Observatory. SCALES will have an integral field spectrograph (IFS) and a diffraction-limited imaging channel to discover and spectrally characterize the directly imaged exoplanets. Operating at thermal infrared wavelengths (1-5 μm, and a goal of 0.6-5 μm), the imaging channel of the SCALES is designed to cover a 12′′ × 12′′ field of view with low distortions and high throughput. Apart from expanding the mid-infrared science cases and providing a potential upgrade/alternative for the NIRC2, the H2RG detector of the imaging channel can take high-resolution images of the pupil to aid the alignment process. Further, the imaging camera would also assist in small field acquisition for the IFS arm. In this work, we present the optomechanical design of the imager and evaluate its capabilities and performances.
We present the design of SCALES (Slicer Combined with Array of Lenslets for Exoplanet Spectroscopy) a new 2-5 micron coronagraphic integral field spectrograph under construction for Keck Observatory. SCALES enables low-resolution (R∼50) spectroscopy, as well as medium-resolution (R∼4,000) spectroscopy with the goal of discovering and characterizing cold exoplanets that are brightest in the thermal infrared. Additionally, SCALES has a 12x12” field-of-view imager that will be used for general adaptive optics science at Keck. We present SCALES’s specifications, its science case, its overall design, and simulations of its expected performance. Additionally, we present progress on procuring, fabricating and testing long lead-time components.
SCALES is a high-contrast, infrared coronagraphic imager and integral field spectrograph (IFS) to be deployed behind the W.M. Keck Observatory adaptive optics system. A reflective optical design allows diffraction-limited imaging over a large wavelength range (1.0 - 5.0 µm). A microlens array-based IFS coupled with a lenslet reformatter (”slenslit”) allow spectroscopy at both low (R = 35 - 250) and moderate (R = 2000 - 6500) spectral resolutions. The large wavelength range, diffraction-limited performance, high contrast coronagraphy and cryogenic operation present a unique optical design challenge. We present the full SCALES optical design, including performance modeling and analysis and manufacturing.
We present preliminary laboratory cryogenic test results for the Coronagraph Slide mechanism, which allows observers the choice of up to 4 coronagraphic focal plane masks when using SCALES (Santa Cruz Array of Lenslets for Exoplanet Spectroscopy). SCALES is a 2-5 micron high-contrast lenslet integral field spectrograph currently undergoing preliminary design for the W. M. Keck Observatory. When deployed behind the Keck Adaptive Optics system, SCALES will be used to detect and characterize a wide variety of exoplanets. To minimize thermal emission, all optical and mechanical components of SCALES are fully cryogenic. The Coronagraph Slide is the first fully cryogenic mechanism for SCALES designed, built, and tested in-house at UCSC with mostly off-the-shelf components.
SCALES (Santa Cruz Array of Lenslets for Exoplanet Spectroscopy) is a 2-5 micron high-contrast lenslet integral-field spectrograph (IFS) driven by exoplanet characterization science requirements and will operate at W. M. Keck Observatory. Its fully cryogenic optical train uses a custom silicon lenslet array, selectable coronagraphs, and dispersive prisms to carry out integral field spectroscopy over a 2.2 arcsec field of view at Keck with low (< 300) spectral resolution. A small, dedicated section of the lenslet array feeds an image slicer module that allows for medium spectral resolution (5000 10000), which has not been available at the diffraction limit with a coronagraphic instrument before. Unlike previous IFS exoplanet instruments, SCALES is capable of characterizing cold exoplanet and brown dwarf atmospheres (< 600 K) at bandpasses where these bodies emit most of their radiation while capturing relevant molecular spectral features.
The new deployable tertiary mirror for the Keck I telescope (K1DM3) at the W. M. Keck Observatory has been assembled, tested and shipped to the telescope site, and is currently being installed. The mirror is capable of reflecting the beam to one of six positions around the telescope elevation ring or to retract out of the way to allow the use of Cassegrain instruments. This new functionality is intended to allow rapid instrument changes for transient event observations and improve telescope operations. This paper presents the final as-built design. Additionally, this paper presents detailed information about our alignment approach in the attempt to duplicate the instrument pointing orientation of the existing M3.
We present progress in efforts underway at the University of California Observatories to develop high performance durable silver-based mirror coatings for telescope and instruments. Silver-based coatings are extremely prone to tarnish and/or corrosion, and successful coatings depend not only on the materials used but also the deposition processes employed. Our physical vapor deposition (PVD) chamber allows both sputtering and ion-assisted e-beam depositions for head-to-head comparison of deposition processes, and we present results of these comparisons. In this paper, we review the problem and discuss our recent activities and findings. We discuss a systematic study to determine which oxides, nitrides and fluorides provide the best protection in environmental tests. We present initial results into the effects of stress in our specific thin films, and thee effects of stress on mirror coating durability. We also discuss studies using Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) over-coating of Ag, and we describe a large ALD research chamber currently under construction that will demonstrate ALD processes on larger substrates (70 cm diameter).
KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Telescopes, Astronomy, Calibration, Sensors, Distortion, Data modeling, Spectroscopy, James Webb Space Telescope, Magnetic resonance imaging
Motivated by the ever increasing pursuit of science with the transient sky (dubbed Time Domain Astronomy or TDA), we are fabricating and will commission a new deployable tertiary mirror for the Keck I telescope (K1DM3) at the W.M. Keck Observatory. This paper presents the detailed design of K1DM3 with emphasis on the opto- mechanics. This project has presented several design challenges. Foremost are the competing requirements to avoid vignetting the light path when retracted against a sufficiently rigid system for high-precision and repeatable pointing. The design utilizes an actuated swing arm to retract the mirror or deploy it into a kinematic coupling. The K1DM3 project has also required the design and development of custom connections to provide power, communications, and compressed air to the system. This NSF-MRI funded project is planned to be commissioned in Spring 2017.
The Lick Observatory's Shane 3-meter telescope has been upgraded with a new infrared instrument (ShARCS - Shane Adaptive optics infraRed Camera and Spectrograph) and dual-deformable mirror adaptive optics (AO) system (ShaneAO). We present first-light measurements of imaging sensitivity in the Ks band. We compare mea- sured results to predicted signal-to-noise ratio and magnitude limits from modeling the emissivity and throughput of ShaneAO and ShARCS. The model was validated by comparing its results to the Keck telescope adaptive optics system model and then by estimating the sky background and limiting magnitudes for IRCAL, the pre- vious infra-red detector on the Shane telescope, and comparing to measured, published results. We predict that the ShaneAO system will measure lower sky backgrounds and achieve 20% higher throughput across the JHK bands despite having more optical surfaces than the current system. It will enable imaging of fainter objects (by 1-2 magnitudes) and will be faster to reach a fiducial signal-to-noise ratio by a factor of 10-13. We highlight the improvements in performance over the previous AO system and its camera, IRCAL.
The University of California Observatories will design and construct a deployable tertiary mirror (named K1DM3) for the Keck 1 telescope, which will complement technical and scientific advances in the area of time-domain astronomy. The K1DM3 device will enable astronomers to swap between any of the foci on Keck 1 in under 2 minutes, both to monitor varying sources (e.g. stars orbiting the Galactic center) and catch rapidly fading sources (e.g. supernovae, flares, gamma-ray bursts). In this paper, we report on the design development during our in-progress Preliminary Design phase. The design consists of a passive wiffle tree axial support system and a diaphragm lateral support system with a 5 arcminute field-of-view mirror. The mirror assembly is inserted into the light path with an actuation system and it relies on a kinematic mechanism for achieving repeatable, precise positioning. This project, funded by an NSF MRI grant, aspires to complete by the end of 2016.
A Cassegrain mounted adaptive optics instrument presents unique challenges for opto-mechanical design. The flexure and temperature tolerances for stability are tighter than those of seeing limited instruments. This criteria requires particular attention to material properties and mounting techniques. This paper addresses the mechanical designs developed to meet the optical functional requirements. One of the key considerations was to have gravitational deformations, which vary with telescope orientation, stay within the optical error budget, or ensure that we can compensate with a steering mirror by maintaining predictable elastic behavior. Here we look at several cases where deformation is predicted with finite element analysis and Hertzian deformation analysis and also tested. Techniques used to address thermal deformation compensation without the use of low CTE materials will also be discussed.
A new high-order adaptive optics system is now being commissioned at the Lick Observatory Shane 3-meter telescope in California. This system uses a high return efficiency sodium beacon and a combination of low and high-order deformable mirrors to achieve diffraction-limited imaging over a wide spectrum of infrared science wavelengths covering 0.8 to 2.2 microns. We present the design performance goals and the first on-sky test results. We discuss several innovations that make this system a pathfinder for next generation AO systems. These include a unique woofer-tweeter control that provides full dynamic range correction from tip/tilt to 16 cycles, variable pupil sampling wavefront sensor, new enhanced silver coatings developed at UC Observatories that improve science and LGS throughput, and tight mechanical rigidity that enables a multi-hour diffraction-limited exposure in LGS mode for faint object spectroscopy science.
We describe progress in the on-going effort at the University of California Observatories Advanced Coatings Lab to
develop efficient, durable silver-based coatings for telescope mirrors. We have continued to improve previously
identified recipes produced with e-beam ion-assisted deposition (IAD). We have started exploring nitride adhesion and
barrier layers added to or replacing layers in promising recipes. Our coating chamber now has one magnetron installed,
and two more will be added shortly so we can perform direct comparisons of e-beam IAD and sputtering processes for
the same recipes. We report on recent tests and findings relevant to protected-Ag coatings, including e-beam vs sputter
deposited silver; our current work with nitrides; and a comparison of certain fluorides. While focused on telescope
mirror coatings, we have also developed and tested two Ag-based coatings suitable for AO and for CCD-range
instruments. We also report on field-testing of earlier samples that have been exposed in the dome of the 3-m telescope
at Lick Observatory for a period of 2 years. Finally, we describe results of a pilot study using atomic-layer deposition
(ALD), a chemical vapor deposition technique, to produce barrier layers over silver. Optical quality ALD films are
smooth, conformal and have excellent uniformity and thickness control, and their barrier properties look extremely
promising for protecting silver from corrosion.
The Lick Observatory 3-meter telescope has a history of serving as a testbed for innovative adaptive optics techniques.
In 1996, it became one of the first astronomical observatories to employ laser guide star (LGS) adaptive optics as a
facility instrument available to the astronomy community. Work on a second-generation LGS adaptive optics system,
ShaneAO, is well underway, with plans to deploy on telescope in 2013. In this paper we discuss key design features and
implementation plans for the ShaneAO adaptive optics system. Once again, the Shane 3-m will host a number of new
techniques and technologies vital to the development of future adaptive optics systems on larger telescopes. Included is a
woofer-tweeter based wavefront correction system incorporating a voice-coil actuated, low spatial and temporal
bandwidth, high stroke deformable mirror in conjunction with a high order, high bandwidth MEMs deformable mirror.
The existing dye laser, in operation since 1996, will be replaced with a fiber laser recently developed at Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratories. The system will also incorporate a high-sensitivity, high bandwidth wavefront sensor
camera. Enhanced IR performance will be achieved by replacing the existing PICNIC infrared array with an Hawaii
2RG. The updated ShaneAO system will provide opportunities to test predictive control algorithms for adaptive optics.
Capabilities for astronomical spectroscopy, polarimetry, and visible-light adaptive optical astronomy will be supported.
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