To fulfill continuous blood pressure measurement, we developed a cuff-less blood pressure (BP) monitoring method which was based on the pulse transit time (PTT). We measured photoplethysmography (PPG) signals at two different positions simultaneously to solve the disadvantages of the cuff-based BP measurement, which was unsuitable for those had stiff artery issues or atrial fibrillation problems. Therefore, we replaced the inflatable cuff with two PPG pods which required just simple contact to the skin surface. With two optical pods being placed at two different positions, the PTT was calculated from the PPG waveforms. The time difference between the R-peak of an electrocardiogram (ECG) and the PPG foot point was traditionally taken as the PTT parameter for blood pressure model calculation. We replaced the calculation between the ECG and the PPG signals by detecting two PPG waveforms at the same time. The relationship between the PTT and BP (including systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP)) has been investigated and shown with high correlation.
We designed a new non-contact photoplethysmographic (PPG) measurement system by adopting an imaging-PPG (iPPG) method which used specific wavelengths detection and signal processing algorithms. PPG signals can be used to obtain information about blood oxygen saturation and provide diagnostic data on cardiovascular condition and atrial fibrillation (AFib). Most traditional PPG detection methods requires contacting sensors to the measuring surface. In our study, we developed a non-contact iPPG system with its high-potential performance to reduce the processing time. The selective narrow-band filter and incorporated an active illumination lighting array are used to designed according to the blood absorption spectrum. After collecting a series of iPPG images of a preset duration, the iPPG signals were remotely analyzed using traditional methods and using our deep learning (DL) algorithms. The DL algorithm based on a long short-term memory (LSTM) model was developed to fulfill waveform improvement. An InGaAs camera and a monochrome Si camera, both set at a 50fps frame rate, were used for field image detection. The measurement data collected at 550nm wavelength are shown in the discussion. Several indicators such as heart rhythm, peak-to-peak interval error, similarity, and root mean squared errors (RMSE) were adopted to compare the DL detection iPPG signal with the ECG and PPG signals. Our newly developed iPPG system has a high potential application for personnel health monitoring.
In this study, we developed modified photonic Doppler velocimetry (PDV) measurement system which can measure a wide range of flight velocities of ejecting debris. Using a utilized collimated probe with an iris, we can measure a target with a wide movement range and enhance the signal to noise ratio (SNR) by eliminating unwanted scattering light. The Doppler interference signal can be detected and recorded with an InGaAs photodetector and a high-speed oscilloscope. We found the beat frequency to be proportional to the detected velocity so that we could measure the flight velocity of ejecting debris. In order to localize the Doppler interference signal temporally, we used a continuous wavelet transform (CWT) to obtain a three-dimensional (3D) mapping of frequency, magnitude and time. The velocity line tracing algorithm (VLTA) was developed based on image processing algorithms to retrieve the flight velocity curve from the corresponding scalograms. Using a confocal microscope, our surface morphology observations, along with simulations, were used to verify the velocities measured on our PDV system.
To realize continuous blood pressure (BP) measurement, we think the vibrational signal of pulsation waveform has good potential for BP model improvement. In this paper, we used a structured light projection method and a fringe analysis method to develop a non-contact measuring tool which used vibrational waveforms of arterial pulsation signals. Our method, based on a triangular configuration, used a digital light processing (DLP) projector and a camera with frame rate of 46 fps. The fringe pattern with pre-defined spatial carrier frequency was projected on the subject’s wrist. In our configuration design, instantaneous pulsation-induced skin vibrations of subtle amplitude can be observed and recorded within each frame of the fringe pattern. Using a two-dimensional Fourier transform, we chose a frequency region of interest (ROI) filter to collect the spectrum magnitude embedded with the deformation data to deliver the phase retrieval. The phase map was unwrapped using a non-iterative unweighted algorithm based on Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), we obtained the unwrapped phase map. After using a phase-to-height conversion, the results of the full-field dynamic vibrational field were analyzed. Several indicators such as heart rhythm (HR), heart rate variable (HRV), and root mean squared errors (RMSE) were adopted to compare the pulsation signal with the ECG and PPG signals. Our results demonstrated that the peak-to-peak arterial of a pulsation waveform amplitude was about 50-70μm which confirmed the suitability of structured light projection method for continuous pulsation signal monitoring.
Laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) is one of the recent applied technologies in optical detection, and it has become an important research topic recently. In this research work, a previous developed Laser Doppler velocimetry system has been modified and applied to the tube flow rate measurement. We used optical fiber components as waveguides to make it easier to guide and focus the sampling light to tube flow. The scattered light was collected and coupled with the reference light to produce an interference beam. When the fluid flowed in the tube, the Doppler shift frequency according to the flow rate would exist in the interference beam. The Doppler shift frequency is calculated by using short-time Fourier transformation (STFT) algorithm to obtain the flows velocities. The tube flow contained the microparticles, therefore Mie scattering phenomena needed to be investigated. In the experiments, the 1 micron polystyrene suspension was used with a concentration of 1:50 and a peristaltic pump was used to pump the fluid flowing through the tube at the velocity of 5 mm/s, 10mm/s, 20mm/s, and 30 mm/s. The STFT algorithm programmed by matlab was used to acquire the spectrum and the variation of frequency. The measurement results confirmed that the particle flow rate has a linear relationship with the frequency of the STFT analysis. In this study, an LDV system has been established, which can measure the flow rate of tube particles by Doppler shift measurement and can be easily manipulated during the process.
The demand for self-measured blood pressure self-monitoring device has much increased due to cardiovascular diseases have become leading causes of death for aging population. Currently, the primary non-invasive blood pressure monitoring method is cuff-based. It is well developed and accurate. However, the measuring process is not comfortable, and it cannot provide a continuous measurement. To overcome this problem, methods such as tonometry, volume clamp method, photoplethysmography, pulse wave velocity, and pulse transit time are reported. However, the limited accuracy hindered its application for diagnostics. To perform sequential blood pressure measurement with a high accuracy and long-term examination, we apply moiré interferometry to measure wrist skin vibration induced by radial artery. To achieve this goal, we developed a miniaturized device that can perform moiré interferometry around the wrist region. The 0.4-mm-pitched binary grating and tattoo sticker with 0.46 mm-pitched stripe pattern are used to perform geometric moiré. We demonstrated that the sensitivity and accuracy of this integrated system were sufficient to monitor arterialinduced skin vibration non-invasively. Our developed system was validated with ECG signals collected by a commercial system. According to our studies from measurement, the repeatability of wrist pulsation measurement was achieved with an accuracy of 99.1% in heart rate. A good repeatability of wrist pulse measurement was achieved. Simulations and experiments are both conducted in this paper and prove of geometrical moiré method a suitable technique for arterial-induced skin vibration monitoring.
Studies have reported that propagating waves can be generated in a finite one-dimensional structure by using two piezoelectric actuators. However it is not easy to generate stable and continuous propagating waves due to the finite boundaries. Driving two piezoelectric actuators at two different locations with sinusoidal signals of 90° phase difference, the propagating waves can be generated on a one-dimensional structure. However, the correlation between the actuators and propagating waves is still not clear. In this paper, we adopt shadow Moiré technique to monitor the full-field out-of-plane deformation response of the generated propagating waves in the one-dimensional (1-D) plate with 180 mm in length. A 200-μm-pitch grating was used in this moiré interferometry setup. The moiré fringe images were captured by a high dynamic camera sequentially. Moiré fringes were analyzed by regions of interested (ROI) capturing technique and Fourier transform to retrieve phase information, which included 1-D plate deformation. After the phase was unwrapped and filtered, the instantaneous surface profile was reconstructed. Our experimental results demonstrated that our system can capture propagating waves generated by using the second (60.025 Hz) and the third (109.500 Hz) resonant modes.
A non-contact arterial-induced skin vibration inspection system is implemented. This optical metrology system is constructed with shadow Moiré configuration and the fringe analysis algorithm. Developed with the Region of Interested (ROI) capturing technique and the Two-dimensional Wavelet Transform (2D-CWT) method, this algorithm is able to retrieve the height-correlated phase information from the shadow Moiré fringe patterns. Using a commercial video camera or a CMOS image sensor, this system could monitor the skin-vibration induced by the cyclic deformation of inner layered artery. The cross-sectional variation and the rhythm of heart cycle could be continuously measured for health monitoring purposes. The average vibration amplitude of the artery at the wrist ranges between 20 μm and 50 μm, which is quite subtle comparing with the skin surface structure. Having the non-stationary motion of human body, the traditional phase shifting (PS) technique can be very unstable due to the requirement of several frames of images, especially for case that artery is continuously pumping. To bypass this fundamental issue, the shadow Moiré technique is introduced to enhance the surface deformation characteristic. And the phase information is retrieved by the means of spectrum filtering instead of PS technique, which the phase is calculated from intensity maps of multiple images. The instantaneous surface can therefore be reconstructed individually from each frame, enabling the subtle arterial-induced skin vibration measurement. The comparative results of phase reconstruction between different fringe analysis algorithms will be demonstrated numerically and experimentally. And the electrocardiography (ECG) results will used as the reference for the validity of health monitoring potential of the non-contact arterial-induced skin vibration inspection system.
A real-time three-dimensional surface profile metrology system was implemented by integrating Fourier
Transform (FT) based algorithms to convert interference intensity fringes to wrapped frequency phase maps and then to
unwrapped phase maps. The revival of this field can find its roots in recognizing the development of high-resolution high-speed
CCD/CMOS over the years. Two-dimensional Continuous Wavelet Transform (2D-CWT), which possesses the
ability to construct daughter wavelets of good time and frequency localization according to different fringes conditions
from a characteristic mother wavelet, was implemented with an attempt to reduce redundant fitting process of ordinary
Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT), also known as Windowed Fourier Transform (WFT), and therefore to accelerate
the FT-related algorithms needed. Implemented with the efficient wavelet construction process by using 2D-CWT,
Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometer (ESPI) was adopted to take advantage of this new process.
Different from using several phase shifting steps before to solve the direction ambiguity, which takes time to
capture multiple intensity maps during measurement, the phase maps needed were retrieved from a single frame
interference fringes. It is to be noted that this one-image interference fringe was captured by having a pre-introduced spatial
carrier frequency embedded within the experimental setup so as to remove the directional ambiguity. 2D-CWT dealing
with different signal-to-noise ratios was also designed by selecting wavelet parameters properly, which is expected to
achieve higher accuracy and faster processing speed. For phase unwrapping, Poisson’s equation with Neumann boundary
condition was solved by using FFT. The benefit of using 2D-CWTs with different wavelets as compared to WFT was
demonstrated experimentally.
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