In response to the problem of common mode noise in transmission optical cables caused by external environmental factors during the long-term operation of underwater autonomous fiber optic hydrophone systems. This paper proposes a single-element fiber optic hydrophone based on a symmetrical structure for common mode noise suppression. The proposed symmetrical structure utilizes the characteristics of fiber optic couplers, where the output phase difference of the two interference lights is fixed, and then the two interference lights are output separately through an optical circulator. Subsequently, the detected two interference signals are used to noise cancellation processing, followed by phase demodulation, in order to suppress common mode noise and improve detection performance. A corresponding testing system was built, and the experimental results indicate that this measurement system has a simple optical circuit and does not require additional optical paths and time division channels compared with traditional structures. In addition, this measurement system can effectively reduce common mode noise. The actual test results of common mode intensity noise suppression are in good agreement with theoretical results. The symmetric system structure and common mode noise suppression method and theories reported in this article can also be extended to other interference systems, and hence have important value for large-scale multiplexing of hydrophone arrays.
The paper proposed an improved path-matched differential interference (PMDI) structure for noise suppression in remotely interrogated fiber-optics hydrophone (FOH) arrays. By setting a slight arm difference between two parts of the PMDI, the phase generation carrier (PGC) and phase modulation (PM) carriers are loaded into the passive PMDI and the Rayleigh scattering and stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) induced phase noises in a 50km transmission system are suppressed below the self-noise level of the short system. On this basis, an adjacent-matched optical structure is applied and the noise caused by the environment disturbance to the long-distance lead fiber is greatly reduced by about 30dB. Using this improved PMDI structure, noises associated with the remote transmission have been effectively suppressed. This structure can be applied in many large-scale remotely interrogated underwater sensing fields with advantages of low noise, simple array structure and low cost.
The temperature and salinity parameters of seawater are important observation elements in the marine environment. In this paper, the feasibility of applying the whispering gallery modes of a single mode fiber (SMF) ring with small radius to sensing is proposed. The temperature and salinity are mainly perceived by physical method. The variation of the bending loss with temperature and salinity of the SMF under small radius is studied. In order to solve the problem of cross sensitivity of temperature and salinity, the double-loop intercalibration method is proposed to achieve high-sensitivity salinity sensing under a specific bending radius. The experimental results show that the bending loss of the SMF ring with the circumference of 28.5 mm and 31 mm has not changed obviously in the temperature range of 10 ~ 40°C, but the salinity sensitivity is better. At room temperature, when the monocyclic circumference is 31 mm, the bending loss with the salinity change rate is -5.773 ×10-2 dB/‰, the residual R2 < 0.01. When the ring circumference is 28.5 mm, the bending loss with the salinity change rate is 5.256 ×10-2 dB /‰, and the residual R2 < 0.01. The high-sensitivity sensing of salinity can be realized by the double-ring SMF through intercalibration.
In this paper a novel optical fiber interferometer structure for ultra-large dynamic range detection is proposed. The structure combines conventional 3×3 interferometer with optical differential 3×3 interferometer. And the sensing fiber of the conventional interferometer is used as the transmission fiber of the differential interferometer while sensing. When the external signal acts on the sensing fiber, the conventional coherent detection and differential coherent detection can be carried out simultaneously. Conventional interferometer is used to detect the normal phase change of interferometric signals. However differential interferometer can detect the difference of the phase change, that is, the undistorted phase compression signal. Then the actual signal waveform can be obtained by integrating the compressed signal, so that the detection of large signal can be realized. The simulation analysis and experimental results show that the dynamic range of 200dB can be obtained within 20Hz-10kHz band. The structure of combined interferometer uses continuous light injection and has the advantages of simple structure and low cost. It can be used to detect wide-band and ultra-large signal and has good application prospects.
In this paper, nonlinear noises that characterize the performance of a long-haul optical fiber sensing system were investigated. In a 50 km transmission system, when stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) occurs seriously, the phase noise of the interferometer increases from -102dB (0dB=1rad/sqrt(Hz)) to -84dB due to the enlargement of the laser linewidth and the deterioration of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). While the phase modulation (PM) and the Phase-generated carrier (PGC) modulation to the laser frequency are applied simultaneously, the suppression of SBS is 35dB and 10dB respectively in the backscattering spectra and the interferometric phase noise caused by SBS is completely eliminated. When the input power continues to increase and exceeds the modulation instability (MI) threshold, the system performance also deteriorates significantly. The forward output spectra of the 50 km optical fiber and phase noise of the interferometer are measured. The results show that with the increase of the injection power, the increase trend of the MI component in the total power of the spectrum is approximately consistent with that of the phase noise. It can be concluded that the phase noise introduced by MI is mainly caused by the increase of light intensity noise and the deterioration of optical SNR. Therefore, in order to reduce the impact of MI in the sensor system, it is needed to avoid the generation of serious MI as far as possible, and then the ultra-narrow band filter should be used to filter the MI sideband for the improvement of the system SNR.
In this paper, a pressure and acceleration insensitive reference Interferometer is used to obtain laser and public noise introduced by transmission fiber and laser. By using direct subtraction and adaptive filtering, this paper attempts to eliminate and estimation the transmission noise of sensing probe. This paper compares the noise suppression effect of four methods, including the direct subtraction (DS), the least mean square error adaptive elimination (LMS), the normalized least mean square error adaptive elimination (NLMS) and the least square (RLS) adaptive filtering. The experimental results show that the noise reduction effect of RLS and NLMS are almost the same, better than LMS and DS, which can reach 8dB (@100Hz). But considering the workload, RLS is not conducive to the real-time operating system. When it comes to the same treatment effect, the practicability of NLMS is higher than RLS. The noise reduction effect of LMS is slightly worse than that of RLS and NLMS, about 6dB (@100Hz), but its computational complexity is small, which is beneficial to the real time system implementation. It can also be seen that the DS method has the least amount of computational complexity, but the noise suppression effect is worse than that of the adaptive filter due to the difference of the noise amplitude between the RI and the SI, only 4dB (@100Hz) can be reached. The adaptive filter can basically eliminate the influence of the transmission noise, and the simulation signal of the sensor is kept intact.
A novel interferometric fiber optic geophone is introduced in this paper. This geophone is mainly used for geo-acoustic signal detection. The geophone use one of the three orthogonal components of mandrel type push-pull structure in mechanically and single-mode fiber optic Michelson interferometer structure with Faraday Rotation Mirror (FRM) elements in optically. The resonance frequency of the geophone is larger than 1000Hz. The acceleration sensitivity is as high as 56.6 dB (0dB re 1rad/g) with a slight sensitivity fluctuation of ±0. 2dB within the frequency band from 20Hz to 200Hz. The geo-acoustic signals generated by underwater blasting are detected successfully. All the channels show good uniformity in the detected wave shape and the amplitudes exhibit very slight differences. The geo-acoustic signal excitated by the engine of surface vehicles was also detected successfully.
We designed and constructed a 400km interrogated fiber-optics hydrophone (FOH) array for the bottom mounted applications. The experimental results show that the phase noise level of the remote array is -97dB re 1rad/sqrt(Hz) @1kHz, the maximum time division multiplexing (TDM) crosstalk level is -54dB, the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) crosstalk level is better than -73dB and the signal correlation between two sensors is better than 0.98. The results demonstrate that the performance of this remote array has reached to an acceptable high level, so this architecture would be of great importance in the practical applications.
Transmission-link induced-intensity noise, as well as the conversion of intensity fluctuation to demodulated phase noise in a 400-km interrogated hydrophone array with a phase-generated carrier (PGC) scheme are investigated. Theoretical and experimental results all show that a PGC scheme can increase the erbium-doped fiber amplifiers-induced phase noise level by ∼3.7 dB in intensity to phase noise conversion. However, it can significantly reduce the coherent double Rayleigh scattering (DRS)-induced phase noise by ∼11.7 dB when compared with the unmodulated DRS intensity noise. Considering the effects of these two kinds of noises, a PGC scheme still has significant advantages for noise suppression in the remote system, and the total phase noise of the 400-km hydrophone system is shown to be only 11 to 14 μrad/sqrt (Hz) . Moreover, it is demonstrated that the spectra of DRS-induced relative intensity noise and phase noise all have Lorentzian line shapes and the full widths at half maximum are twice the width of the laser source. This result is helpful for us to choose a suitable laser source in long-distance hydrophone systems.
This paper presents a demodulation scheme using phase-generated carrier (PGC) for a fiber Fabry-Pérot interferometric (FFPI) sensor with high finesse. The FFPI is constructed by a polarization maintaining fiber ring resonator with dual-coupler (PMDC-FRR), which can eliminate the polarization induced fading phenomenon. Compared with the former phase demodulation methods, the PGC scheme in this paper does not assume a two-beam interferometric approximation for the Fabry-Pérot cavity, and can work at arbitrary value of finesse in theory. Two PMDC-FRRs with reflective coefficients of 0.5 and 0.9 are made in experiments for demodulation. Both the single-frequency and the wideband signals are successfully demodulated from the transmission intensities using the PGC demodulation scheme. The experimental results demonstrate that the PGC demodulation scheme is feasible for the FFPI sensor with high finesse. The effects of the reflective coefficient and the intensity loss to the finesse are also discussed.
We propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel fiber optic acoustic/rotation sensor array based on the Sangac
interferometer. The feasibility of sensing acoustic signal and rotation with a simpler signal processing in an array is
illustrated.
This paper describes the structure and operation of a stable, fast-tuning, narrow-linewidth, all
polarization-maintaining fibre ring laser using erbium-doped fibre as a saturable absorber. The optimum pump power for
single-mode operation in the laser is identified. Laser output power is ~4.0mW at 1536nm for a pump power of 80mW,
the polarization extinction ratio is 25.0dB, the SNR is larger than 60dB, the relative intensity noise is below -118dB/Hz
at frequencies above 90kHz. The phase noise achieves −107dB at 1kHz while the modulation frequency of lasing optical
frequency is 12.5kHz.
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